Social Representations About the Functions of Deliberate Self-Harm: Construction and Validation of a Questionnaire for Portuguese Adults

AbstractThe present article focuses on the validation of the Questionnaire of Social Representations about the Functions of Deliberate Self-Harm for adults. The understanding of the social representations about deliberate self-harm can be relevant for clinical intervention and prevention. However, there is still a lack of instruments to assess these representations. The basis for this instrument was the translation of the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury. To complement this instrument, we conducted semi-directive interviews with adults without deliberate self-harm and analysed the Portuguese written press. Results from these studies complemented the questionnaire with new items and functions. Study 1 consisted of an exploratory factor analysis with a sample of 462 adults. Results revealed a two-factor structure of interpersonal and intrapersonal dimensions. After item reduction, the factorial analysis of the independent functions was also acceptable. This structure was then corroborated in Study 2 by a confirmatory factor analysis with a new sample of 474 adults, revealing an acceptable model fit. This questionnaire presents a relatively solid structure and is based on acceptable psychometric properties, which allows its use in future research.

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How Do Families Represent the Functions of Deliberate Self-Harm? A Comparison between the Social Representations from Adolescents and Their Parents

Archives of Suicide Research ◽

10.1080/13811118.2018.1545713 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (sup1) ◽

pp. 173-189 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eva Duarte ◽

Maria Gouveia-Pereira ◽

Hugo S. Gomes ◽

Daniel Sampaio

Keyword(s):

Social Representations ◽

Deliberate Self Harm ◽

The Social ◽

Self Harm

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Why Hazing? Measuring the Motivational Mechanisms of Newcomer Induction in College Fraternities

Journal of Cognition and Culture ◽

10.1163/15685373-12340063 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (3-4) ◽

pp. 343-365 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gentry R. McCreary ◽

Joshua W. Schutts

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Moral Disengagement ◽

Factor Model ◽

Model Fit ◽

Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽

The Social ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Acceptable Model ◽

International College ◽

Group Members

AbstractHazing behaviors as a part of group initiations have been theorized to contribute to a sense of group solidarity, to ensure loyalty and commitment of group members, to teach group-relevant skills and attitudes to group members, and to reinforce the social hierarchy within groups. In a survey of members of an international college fraternity (n=2833), researchers propose and test a four-dimensional model of hazing motivation. Using exploratory factor analysis, the proposed four-factor model explains 74 percent of the overall variance and confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated acceptable model fit. Correlation and regression analysis suggested that social dominance- motivated hazing is strongly associated with hazing tolerance, moral disengagement, and a variety of measures related to organizational commitment and attachment.

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The Social Entrepreneurial Antecedents Scale (SEAS): a validation study

Social Enterprise Journal ◽

10.1108/sej-05-2014-0026 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 260-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Kai Hockerts

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Factor Analysis ◽

Social Entrepreneurship ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Moral Obligation ◽

Future Research ◽

Content Type ◽

The Social ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Nomological Validity

Purpose – This paper aims to develop and validate measures of four constructs that have often been identified as antecedents of social entrepreneurial behavior: empathy with marginalized people, a feeling of moral obligation to help these, a high level of self-efficacy concerning the ability to effect social change and perceived availability of social support. Nomological validity is demonstrated by showing that, as specified by Mair and Noboa (2006), empathy and moral obligation are positively associated with perceived desirability and self-efficacy and social support with perceived feasibility of starting a social venture. The Social Entrepreneurial Antecedents Scale (SEAS) provides a basis for future research into the effectiveness of social entrepreneurship education, allowing us to study how different educational interventions impact the four SEAS constructs. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on data from two surveys of business school students. Data analysis used both exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis for this study. Exploratory factor analysis was used on a first sample to establish the number of factors best representing the data, as well as to identify possibly issues with cross-loadings. Next confirmatory factor analysis was used on the second sample to verify the goodness of fit for the model. Finally, nomological validity was confirmed. Findings – First, this article develops and refines measures of empathy, moral obligation, self-efficacy and perceived social support within the context of social entrepreneurship. Second, the article tests the dimensionality of the constructs and shows that they are distinctive. Originality/value – The resulting SEAS instrument adapts constructs such as empathy, moral obligation, self-efficacy and perceived social support to the context of social entrepreneurship and thus provides the basis for future research into the effectiveness of social entrepreneurship education.

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Investigating Chinese University Students’ Enjoyment in a Web-Based Language Learning Environment: Validation of the Online Foreign Language Enjoyment Scale

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.1177/00315125211041714 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 003151252110417

Author(s):

Xin Wang ◽

Yang Wang ◽

Yizhi Yang ◽

Lu Wang

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Learning Environment ◽

Foreign Language ◽

Language Learning ◽

First Language ◽

Pedagogical Practices ◽

Future Research ◽

Web Based ◽

Chinese University ◽

Confirmatory Factor

The revolution in web-based technologies has enriched pedagogical practices and motivated scholars to address learners’ positive and negative emotions in the web-based language learning environment. In this study, we first examined the psychometric properties of the Foreign Language Enjoyment Scale (FLES) and then developed the Online Foreign Language Enjoyment Scale (OFLES). We adopted a mixed-method approach using a sample of 383 first language Chinese EFL undergraduates. In stage one of the research, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis supported an 11-item and 4-factor OFLES structure with an ideal model fit. The four sub-domains of the new enjoyment construct were OFLES- Teacher, Private, Interaction, and Competence. The Teacher domain accounted for most variance. In stage two, the qualitative analyses of feedback on an open-ended question concerning enjoyable episodes from 56 of the 383 participants revealed various sources of enjoyment for Chinese university EFL learners attending online English courses. Our findings contribute to an emerging wave of research examining the cross-contextual application of the FLES and provide important pedagogical implications for L2 practitioners and researchers. We discuss suggestions for future research.

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Scale development of occupational identity and testing model of antecedents and outcome variables of occupational identity

The Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology ◽

10.24230/kjiop.v27i4.617-642 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 617-642 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

HongJoon Yoo ◽

TaeYong Yoo ◽

TaeIn Chung ◽

Seongho Bae ◽

AReum Jo

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Common Factor ◽

Occupational Identity ◽

Future Research ◽

Workplace Satisfaction ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Intention To Continue ◽

Three Factor

The first purpose of this study was to define the construct of occupational identity and develop the scale of occupational identity, the second purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure of occupational identity using exploratory common factor analysis and test the discriminant validity of occupational identity with workplace satisfaction, and third purpose of this study was to test the model of antecedents and outcome variables of occupational identity using confirmatory factor analysis. For fulfilling these purposes, three studies were conducted. Data were gathered from 390 workers in study 1, 505 workers in study 2, 1,115 workers in study 3. As a result, the three-factor structure of occupational identity was stably replicated, although the sample was changed. The occupational identity had discriminant validity with workplace satisfaction. Except for person-occupation fit(a subfactor of occupational identity) had a high correlation with general, occupational satisfaction(a subfactor of workplace satisfaction), other subfactors of occupational identity generally had low correlations with other subfactors of workplace satisfaction. It was found that the occupational identity was derived from occupational reputation, dedication to the occupation, occupational pride, and mission to the occupation. And the occupational identity resulted in the purpose of the worker’s life and intention to continue the worker’s occupation. Based on these results, We made discussions about implications, limitations, and future research tasks.

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Suicide and Parasuicide in Childhood and Early Adolescence

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.146.5.459 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 146 (5) ◽

pp. 459-463 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Donald J. Brooksbank

Keyword(s):

Early Adolescence ◽

Attempted Suicide ◽

Psychiatric Services ◽

Age Group ◽

Deliberate Self Harm ◽

England And Wales ◽

The Social ◽

Self Harm ◽

Age Range

Suicide is intentional self-killing, and parasuicide an act of deliberate self-harm—either by injury, ingestion or inhalation—not resulting in death (Blacket al,1982). Both are rare under the age of 12 and the rate of suicide in those under 16 remains consistently low. Referrals to psychiatric services reported by Shaffer (1974) indicated that 7–10% were for threatened or attempted suicide, while Hawton (1982) quoted studies giving the incidence as 10–33% for children aged six to 12; in England and Wales (1962–1968), suicide accounted for 0.6% of deaths in the 10–14 age-range. McClure (1984) found that between 1975 and 1980, only ten such deaths were recorded in the 13-and-under range, and 26 deaths in the 14 year-olds, after which the number of suicides rose sharply with each successive year. That study also showed that parasuicide was most common in the 15–24 age-group, but at younger ages there was a higher proportion of undetermined deaths, as against officially recorded suicides. The social taboos associated with suicide may lead to its systematic under-reporting, but even allowing for that, the phenomenon is still a rare one under the age of 16.

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The American Meritocracy Myth Stress: Scale Development and Initial Validation

The Counseling Psychologist ◽

10.1177/0011000020962072 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 80-105

Author(s):

Yunkyoung Loh Garrison ◽

Alexander Rice ◽

William Ming Liu

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Social Class ◽

Psychological Stress ◽

Empirical Support ◽

Hard Work ◽

Future Research ◽

Stress Scale ◽

Class Mobility ◽

The Social ◽

Test Retest Reliability

The purpose of this study is to develop the American Meritocracy Myth Stress Scale (AMMSS), capable of assessing college students’ psychological stress within the context of the pervasive myth of meritocracy. This psychological stress stems from the association between their perceptions of their own hard work and social class mobility. Underpinned by the social class worldview model-revised, American meritocracy myth stress is conceptualized as the psychological stress that individuals experience when disequilibrium exists between the dominant and pervasive meritocracy ideology and their efforts to climb the social ladder through hard work. Three substudies were conducted for exploratory factor analysis (Study 1: n = 887); confirmatory factor analysis, validity, and measurement invariance (Study 2: n = 903); and 2-week test–retest reliability (Study 3: n = 37). The results of these studies provide empirical support for the AMMSS. We discuss implications for practice, advocacy, training, and future research.

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Tour Conductor Playfulness: Conceptualizing and Scale Development

Journal of Travel Research ◽

10.1177/0047287519888284 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 197-207

Author(s):

Tien-Ming Cheng ◽

Mei-Tsun Chen ◽

Cheng-Ho Wu

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Content Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Human Resource ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Future Research ◽

Tourism Research ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Depth Interviews

The purpose of this study is to conceptualize a construct of Tour Conductor Playfulness (TCP) and establish a set of reliable and valid measures for TCP. The construct of TCP introduces a new concept in tourism research, while also extending the application of playfulness theory. TCP also can help businesses train employees and serve as a tool for human resource management. Study 1 produced initial items through in-depth interviews and content analysis, and study 2 conducted two sample collections. First, an exploratory factor analysis was performed by investigating 253 tour conductors, and four factors were identified: playful guiding, enthusiastic guiding, creative guiding, and engaged guiding. Second, this scale was validated with a new sample of 396 tour conductors. We verified the reliability of the TCP scale through confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, and discriminant validity to finally obtain 23 items. Implications and suggestions for future research are provided.

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Development and Initial Validation of the Perceived Classism Experiences Scale

The Counseling Psychologist ◽

10.1177/0011000019899395 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 310-341

Author(s):

Klaus E. Cavalhieri ◽

Kathleen Chwalisz

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Well Being ◽

Academic Environments ◽

Self Rated Health ◽

Initial Validation ◽

The Social ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

State And Trait Anxiety ◽

Is Theory ◽

Practical Implications

This article describes the development and initial validation of the Perceived Classism Experiences Scale (PCES), a scale created to measure experiences of classism based on the Social Class Worldview Model. In Study 1, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis on a sample of 309 participants, revealing three distinct factors: Downward Classism, Upward Classism, and Lateral Classism. In Study 2, a confirmatory factor analysis with data from a distinct sample of 341 participants provided further support for the bifactor structure of the PCES. Significant correlations with subjective social status, self-rated health, stress, state and trait anxiety, life satisfaction, and well-being further supported criterion validity of the PCES. The PCES advances on previous scales of classism, as it is theory-driven and it is not restricted to academic environments. We discuss research and practical implications of the PCES.

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