The Impact of Village-Specific Factors on Household Income in Rural China

Subject. We assess the impact of tight financial and monetary policy of the government of the Russian Federation and the Bank of Russia on the level of household income and poverty reduction in Russia. Objectives. The purpose of the study is to analyze the results of financial and monetary policy in Russia and determine why the situation with household income and poverty has not changed for the recent six years, and the GDP growth rate in Russia is significantly lagging behind the global average. Methods. The study employs methods of analysis of scientific and information base, and synthesis of obtained data. The methodology and theoretical framework draw upon works of domestic and foreign scientists on economic and financial support to economy and population’s income. Results. We offer measures for liberalization of the financial and monetary policy of the government and the Central Bank to ensure changes in the structure of the Russian economy. The proposed alternative economic and financial policy of the State will enable the growth of real incomes of the population, poverty reduction by half by 2024, and annual GDP growth up to 6 per cent. Conclusions. It is crucial to change budget priorities, increase the salaries of public employees, introduce a progressive tax rate for individuals; to reduce the key rate to the value of annual inflation and limit the bank margin. The country needs a phased program to increase the population's income, which will ensure consumer demand.

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Impact of firm’s specific factors on audit fee of quoted consumer goods firms

Corporate Governance and Sustainability Review ◽

10.22495/cgsrv4i1p4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 47-55

Author(s):

Wasiu Ajani Musa ◽

Ramat Titilayo Salman ◽

Ibrahim Olayiwola Amoo ◽

Muhammed Lawal Subair

Keyword(s):

Consumer Goods ◽

Audit Quality ◽

Audit Fees ◽

Ordinary Least Squares ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Ifrs Adoption ◽

Audit Fee ◽

Specific Factors ◽

The Impact

Greater pricing presume on audit service has been put by the regulations of the auditing and accounting practices for the disclosure of audit fees, since audit fee is directly related to audit quality. However, the audit fees perceived by the client is often different from the amount charged by the auditors. Hence, this study investigated the impact of firm-specific characteristics on audit fees of quoted consumer goods firms in Nigeria using a purposive sampling technique. Secondary data were obtained from annual reports of the companies for the period from 2009-2016. The empirical result from Breusch-Pagan Lagrange Multiplier Test (BP-LM) produced a chi-square value of 13.94 with p-value of 0.0001 indicating that pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) will not be appropriate for the study. The Hausman test showed a chi-square of 23.55 with a p-value of 0.001 indicating that the null hypothesis is strongly rejected. Thus, the only estimate from the fixed effect model was interpreted to explain the relationship between firm-specific characteristics and audit fees of quoted consumer goods firms in Nigeria. The result revealed that auditee size, auditee risk, auditee profitability and IFRS adoption are the firm specific characteristics that impact on audit fees with only auditee size and IFRS adoption being positively related to audit fees while the other factors are negatively related to audit fees. Based on this finding, this study concluded that the firm’s specific factors are the major drivers of audit fees in Nigeria consumer goods firms. This study recommends among others that companies should implement corporate governance principles that address issues relating to board independence and committee sizes to guide activities in the consumer goods sector since profitability behave negatively with audit fees.

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Zastosowanie modelu logitowego do analizy czynników wpływających na bezrobocie wśród ludności wiejskiej

Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej ◽

10.22630/eiogz.2015.110.18 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 33-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dorota Kmieć

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Rural Population ◽

Household Income ◽

Logit Model ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

Explanatory Factors ◽

Personal Competencies ◽

The Impact

The paper attempts to identify the causes of unemployment among the rural population. Logit model was used to determine the size of the impact of explanatory factors examined the situation in the labor market. The following potential predictors were considered: socio-demographic characteristics and household income, improving one’s skills through training and personal competencies.

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Understanding Rising Income Inequality and Stagnating Ordinary Living Standards in Germany

10.1093/oso/9780198807032.003.0007 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Gerhard Bosch ◽

Thorsten Kalina

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Labour Market ◽

Economic Crisis ◽

Household Income ◽

Wage Bargaining ◽

Living Standards ◽

Social Model ◽

Real Wages ◽

The Impact ◽

Over Time

This chapter describes how inequality and real incomes have evolved in Germany through the period from the 1980s, through reunification, up to the economic Crisis and its aftermath. It brings out how reunification was associated with a prolonged stagnation in real wages. It emphasizes how the distinctive German structures for wage bargaining were eroded over time, and the labour market and tax/transfer reforms of the late 1990s-early/mid-2000s led to increasing dualization in the labour market. The consequence was a marked increase in household income inequality, which went together with wage stagnation for much of the 1990s and subsequently. Coordination between government, employers, and unions still sufficed to avoid the impact the economic Crisis had on unemployment elsewhere, but the German social model has been altered fundamentally over the period

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Does Social Support Affect the Health of the Elderly in Rural China? A Meta-Analysis Approach

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16183471 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (18) ◽

pp. 3471 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Natuya Zhuori ◽

Yu Cai ◽

Yan Yan ◽

Yu Cui ◽

Minjuan Zhao

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Rural China ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Relevant Literature ◽

The Elderly ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Meta Regression ◽

The Impact

As the trend of aging in rural China has intensified, research on the factors affecting the health of the elderly in rural areas has become a hot issue. However, the conclusions of existing studies are inconsistent and even contradictory, making it difficult to form constructive policies with practical value. To explore the reasons for the inconsistent conclusions drawn by relevant research, in this paper we constructed a meta-regression database based on 65 pieces of relevant literature published in the past 25 years. For more valid samples to reduce publication bias, we also set the statistical significance of social support to the health of the elderly in rural areas as a dependent variable. Finally, combined with multi-dimensional social support and its implications for the health of the elderly, meta-regression analysis was carried out on the results of 171 empirical studies. The results show that (1) subjective support rather than objective support can have a significant impact on the health of the elderly in rural areas, and there is no significant difference between other dimensions of social support and objective support; (2) the health status of the elderly in rural areas in samples involving western regions is more sensitive to social support than that in samples not involving the western regions; (3) among the elderly in rural areas, social support for the older male elderly is more likely to improve their health than that for the younger female elderly; and (4) besides this, both data sources and econometric models greatly affect the heterogeneity of the effect of social support on the health of the elderly in rural areas, but neither the published year nor the journal is significant. Finally, relevant policies and follow-up studies on the impact of social support on the health of the elderly in rural areas are discussed.

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The impact of a minimum wage change on the distribution of wages and household income

Oxford Economic Papers ◽

10.1093/oep/gpaa048 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Paul Redmond ◽

Karina Doorley ◽

Seamus McGuinness

Keyword(s):

Income Distribution ◽

Minimum Wage ◽

Wage Inequality ◽

Household Income ◽

Spillover Effects ◽

Wage Distribution ◽

Wage Increase ◽

Minimum Wage Increase ◽

Wage Change ◽

The Impact

Abstract We use distribution regression analysis to study the impact of a 6% increase in the Irish minimum wage on the distribution of hourly wages and household income. Wage inequality, measured by the ratio of wages in the 90th and 10th percentiles and the 75th and 25th percentiles, decreased by approximately 8 and 4%, respectively. The results point towards wage spillover effects up to the 30th percentile of the wage distribution. We show that minimum wage workers are spread throughout the household income distribution and are often located in high-income households. Therefore, while we observe strong effects on the wage distribution, the impact of a minimum wage increase on the household income distribution is quite limited.

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Polygenic burden has broader impact on health, cognition, and socioeconomic outcomes than most rare and high-risk copy number variants

Molecular Psychiatry ◽

10.1038/s41380-021-01026-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Elmo Christian Saarentaus ◽

Aki Samuli Havulinna ◽

Nina Mars ◽

Ari Ahola-Olli ◽

Tuomo Tapio Johannes Kiiskinen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Educational Attainment ◽

Household Income ◽

Copy Number ◽

Copy Number Variants ◽

Well Being ◽

Subjective Health ◽

Polygenic Risk Score ◽

The Impact ◽

Health Cognition

AbstractCopy number variants (CNVs) are associated with syndromic and severe neurological and psychiatric disorders (SNPDs), such as intellectual disability, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Although considered high-impact, CNVs are also observed in the general population. This presents a diagnostic challenge in evaluating their clinical significance. To estimate the phenotypic differences between CNV carriers and non-carriers regarding general health and well-being, we compared the impact of SNPD-associated CNVs on health, cognition, and socioeconomic phenotypes to the impact of three genome-wide polygenic risk score (PRS) in two Finnish cohorts (FINRISK, n = 23,053 and NFBC1966, n = 4895). The focus was on CNV carriers and PRS extremes who do not have an SNPD diagnosis. We identified high-risk CNVs (DECIPHER CNVs, risk gene deletions, or large [>1 Mb] CNVs) in 744 study participants (2.66%), 36 (4.8%) of whom had a diagnosed SNPD. In the remaining 708 unaffected carriers, we observed lower educational attainment (EA; OR = 0.77 [95% CI 0.66–0.89]) and lower household income (OR = 0.77 [0.66–0.89]). Income-associated CNVs also lowered household income (OR = 0.50 [0.38–0.66]), and CNVs with medical consequences lowered subjective health (OR = 0.48 [0.32–0.72]). The impact of PRSs was broader. At the lowest extreme of PRS for EA, we observed lower EA (OR = 0.31 [0.26–0.37]), lower-income (OR = 0.66 [0.57–0.77]), lower subjective health (OR = 0.72 [0.61–0.83]), and increased mortality (Cox’s HR = 1.55 [1.21–1.98]). PRS for intelligence had a similar impact, whereas PRS for schizophrenia did not affect these traits. We conclude that the majority of working-age individuals carrying high-risk CNVs without SNPD diagnosis have a modest impact on morbidity and mortality, as well as the limited impact on income and educational attainment, compared to individuals at the extreme end of common genetic variation. Our findings highlight that the contribution of traditional high-risk variants such as CNVs should be analyzed in a broader genetic context, rather than evaluated in isolation.

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Adoption of improved agricultural technology and its impact on household income: a propensity score matching estimation in eastern Ethiopia

Agriculture & Food Security ◽

10.1186/s40066-020-00278-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Muluken G. Wordofa ◽

Jemal Y. Hassen ◽

Getachew S. Endris ◽

Chanyalew S. Aweke ◽

Dereje K. Moges ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Propensity Score ◽

Propensity Score Matching ◽

Technology Use ◽

Household Income ◽

Agricultural Technology ◽

Primary Data ◽

Farm Income ◽

Agricultural Technologies ◽

Eastern Ethiopia ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Adoption of improved agricultural technologies remains to be a promising strategy to achieve food security and poverty reduction in many developing countries. However, there are limited rigorous impact evaluations on the contributions of such technologies on household welfare. This paper investigates the impact of improved agricultural technology use on farm household income in eastern Ethiopia. Methods Primary data for the study was obtained from a random sample of 248 rural households, 119 of which are improved technology users and the rest are non-users. The research employed the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) procedure to establish the causal relationship between adoption of improved crop and livestock technologies and changes in farm income. Results Results from the econometric analysis show that households using improved agricultural technologies had, on average, 23,031.28 Birr (Birr is the official currency of Ethiopia. The exchange rate according to the National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) was 1 USD = 27.6017 Birr on 04 October 2018.) higher annual farm income compared to those households not using such technologies. Our findings highlight the importance of promoting multiple and complementary agricultural technologies among rural smallholders. Conclusions We suggest that rural technology generation, dissemination and adoption interventions be strengthened. Moreover, the linkage among research, extension, universities and farmers needs to be enhanced through facilitating a multistakeholders innovation platforms.

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