Simple Integration of Sensory Functions

AbstractThe digitalization of the Industry is one of the megatrends taking place, but many companies struggle to follow this trend. The main reason is the absence of simple solutions for the integration of sensory functions, which are applicable to the existing system. Therefore, this paper discusses the aspects of simplicity in the context of integrating sensory functions into existing systems, to support the development of digitalized products.Two general requirements can be formulated for a solution to be applicable simple: The first requirement is affected by the product structure. The solution must affect the least possible amount of modules and must not interfere with the interfaces of the modular platform. The second requirement is affected by the effort to model the behaviour of the desired information and the possible data a sensory function is delivering. The effort to develop a reliable solution has to be compared with the commercial potential of the solution.To consider the mentioned requirements, the paper explains three approaches to assess the simplicity of solutions on an example of the desired monitoring of the functions of a rotary plug valve.

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Cilia Not Only Move, but also Have Taste!

Microscopy Today ◽

10.1017/s1551929510000106 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 6-8

Author(s):

Stephen W. Carmichael

Keyword(s):

Molecular Machines ◽

Sensory Function ◽

Mechanical Activity ◽

Sensory Receptors ◽

Pulmonary Infections ◽

Immotile Cilia ◽

Specific Direction ◽

Motile Cilia ◽

First Time ◽

Sensory Functions

Motile cilia are organelles that contain amazing molecular machines that bend each cilium in a rhythmic and coordinated movement. This allows a liquid film, perhaps with particles embedded within, to move in a specific direction. The classic example is the cilia of the respiratory passages that move a layer of debris-carrying mucus out of the lungs. When this mechanism is not working properly, recurrent pulmonary infections result. The classic example of this is immotile cilia syndrome that results in chronic bronchitis and related problems. However, no sensory function has been assigned to these classic motile cilia until now (although nodal cilia have both mechanical activity and sensory functions). Alok Shah, Yehuda Ben-Shahar, Thomas Moninger, Joel Kline, and Michael Welsh have demonstrated sensory receptors on motile cilia for the first time.

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Review and Perspective: Sensory Feedback in Upper Limb Prosthesis

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.261 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 303-306 ◽

pp. 261-265

Author(s):

Peng Zhang ◽

Qi Xu ◽

Ji Ping He

Keyword(s):

Upper Limb ◽

Sensory Feedback ◽

Sensory Function ◽

Tactile Sensation ◽

Tactile Receptors ◽

Upper Limb Prosthesis ◽

Human Upper Limb ◽

Limb Prosthesis ◽

Sensory Functions

An emerging challenge in developing intelligent prostheses is to replicate or recreate the sensory functions of natural limbs for amputees. Such functions mainly include tactile sensation and proprioception. This paper reviews the tactile receptors and proprioceptors in human upper limb, the artificial sensors in upper limb prosthesis, and the sensory feedback technology used for reconstruction of lost sensory function in the amputee’s upper limb.

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Stroke Induces Long-Lasting Deficits in the Temporal Fidelity of Sensory Processing in the Somatosensory Cortex

Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism ◽

10.1038/jcbfm.2012.135 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 91-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Danielle A Sweetnam ◽

Craig E Brown

Keyword(s):

Sensory Processing ◽

Sensory Function ◽

Cortical Circuits ◽

Cortical Networks ◽

Sensory Stimuli ◽

Experimental Animals ◽

Temporal Precision ◽

Temporal Aspects ◽

Voltage Sensitive Dyes ◽

Sensory Functions

Recovery from stroke is rarely complete as humans and experimental animals typically show lingering deficits in sensory function. One explanation for limited recovery could be that rewired cortical networks do not process sensory stimuli with the same temporal precision as they normally would. To examine how well peri-infarct and more distant cortical networks process successive vibrotactile stimulations of the affected forepaw (a measure of temporal fidelity), we imaged cortical depolarizations with millisecond temporal resolution using voltage-sensitive dyes. In control mice, paired forepaw stimulations (ranging from 50 to 200 milliseconds apart) induced temporally distinct depolarizations in primary forelimb somatosensory (FLS1) cortex, and to a lesser extent in secondary FLS (FLS2) cortex. For mice imaged 3 months after stroke, the first forepaw stimulus reliably evoked a strong depolarization in the surviving region of FLS1 and FLS2 cortex. However, depolarizations to subsequent forepaw stimuli were significantly reduced or completely absent (for stimuli ≤100 milliseconds apart) in the FLS1 cortex, whereas FLS2 responses were relatively unaffected. Our data reveal that stroke induces long-lasting impairments in how well the rewired FLS1 cortex processes temporal aspects of sensory stimuli. Future therapies directed at enhancing the temporal fidelity of cortical circuits may be necessary for achieving full recovery of sensory functions.

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Correlation Between Lower And Higher Order Sensory Functions And Fine And Gross Motor Function In Dominant And Non-Dominant Hand Of Patients With Choronic Stroke

Advances in Bioscience and Clinical Medicine ◽

10.7575/aiac.abcmed.ca1.79 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 79

Author(s):

Mandehgary Najafabadi Mahbubeh ◽

Azad Akram ◽

Taghizadeh Ghorban

Keyword(s):

Motor Function ◽

Higher Order ◽

Manual Dexterity ◽

Sensory Function ◽

Dominant Hand ◽

Tactile Acuity ◽

Texture Discrimination ◽

Tactile Threshold ◽

Motor Outcomes ◽

Sensory Functions

Introduction: To investigate the correlation between lower and higher order sensory functions and manual dexterity as well as Identify factors affecting upper extremity motor function(UEMF) in subjects with chronic stroke.Methods: In this correlational study, seventy chronic stroke subjects (48 male and 22 female) by mean age of 56.94 (±12.92) years and mean time after stroke of 3.01 (±2.64) years were selected by simple nonprobability method. Lower order sensory function (i.e., light touch threshold), higher order sensory functions (i.e., tactile acuity, weight and texture discrimination, haptic performance and wrist proprioception) were measured by Weinstein enhanced sensory test, two point discrimination, wrist position sense test, hand active sensation test and haptic object test, respectively. The gross and fine manual dexterity were measured by Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), Box and Block Test(BBT) and Purdue Pegboard (PPB) test. The step by step regression model was used to investigate the sensory determinants of motor function.Results: A weak to high significant correlation (r =0.25 to 0.80) was found between sensory predictors and motor outcomes. The regression models explained 19.8%, 30.3% and 52.3% of variancein motor function measures of the PPB, BBT and WMFT, respectively. The tactile threshold (p<0.001) was the most relevant predictor in all stepwise models for all motor outcomes in dominant or non-dominant hand , followed by tactile acuity, haptic performance and wrist proprioception (p< 0.05). The weight and texture discrimination was not included in any outcome models.Conclusion: The results of present study showed that tactile threshold as lowr order sensory function is the most relevant predictor for UEMF in stroke. The results reinforce that rehabilitation interventions focused on tactile threshold may be best able to impact UEMF in stroke subjects.

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Correlation Between Lower And Higher Order Sensory Functions And Fine And Gross Motor Function In Dominant And Non-Dominant Hand Of Patients With Choronic Stroke

Advances in Bioscience and Clinical Medicine ◽

10.7575/aiac.abcmed.ca1.70 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 70

Author(s):

Mandehgary Najafabadi Mahbubeh ◽

Azad Akram ◽

Taghizadeh Ghorban

Keyword(s):

Motor Function ◽

Higher Order ◽

Manual Dexterity ◽

Sensory Function ◽

Dominant Hand ◽

Tactile Acuity ◽

Texture Discrimination ◽

Tactile Threshold ◽

Motor Outcomes ◽

Sensory Functions

Introduction: To investigate the correlation between lower and higher order sensory functions and manual dexterity as well as Identify factors affecting upper extremity motor function(UEMF) in subjects with chronic stroke.Methods: In this correlational study, seventy chronic stroke subjects (48 male and 22 female) by mean age of 56.94 (±12.92) years and mean time after stroke of 3.01 (±2.64) years were selected by simple nonprobability method. Lower order sensory function (i.e., light touch threshold), higher order sensory functions (i.e., tactile acuity, weight and texture discrimination, haptic performance and wrist proprioception) were measured by Weinstein enhanced sensory test, two point discrimination, wrist position sense test, hand active sensation test and haptic object test, respectively. The gross and fine manual dexterity were measured by Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), Box and Block Test(BBT) and Purdue Pegboard (PPB) test. The step by step regression model was used to investigate the sensory determinants of motor function.Results: A weak to high significant correlation (r =0.25 to 0.80) was found between sensory predictors and motor outcomes. The regression models explained 19.8%, 30.3% and 52.3% of variancein motor function measures of the PPB, BBT and WMFT, respectively. The tactile threshold (p<0.001) was the most relevant predictor in all stepwise models for all motor outcomes in dominant or non-dominant hand , followed by tactile acuity, haptic performance and wrist proprioception (p< 0.05). The weight and texture discrimination was not included in any outcome models. Conclusion: The results of present study showed that tactile threshold as lowr order sensory function is the most relevant predictor for UEMF in stroke. The results reinforce that rehabilitation interventions focused on tactile threshold may be best able to impact UEMF in stroke subjects.

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Corticospinal Tract Wiring and Brain Lesion Characteristics in Unilateral Cerebral Palsy: Determinants of Upper Limb Motor and Sensory Function

Neural Plasticity ◽

10.1155/2018/2671613 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Cristina Simon-Martinez ◽

Ellen Jaspers ◽

Lisa Mailleux ◽

Els Ortibus ◽

Katrijn Klingels ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Palsy ◽

Motor Function ◽

Upper Limb ◽

Corticospinal Tract ◽

Brain Lesion ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Sensory Function ◽

Lesion Location ◽

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy ◽

Sensory Functions

Brain lesion characteristics (timing, location, and extent) and the type of corticospinal tract (CST) wiring have been proposed as determinants of upper limb (UL) motor function in unilateral cerebral palsy (uCP), yet an investigation of the relative combined impact of these factors on both motor and sensory functions is still lacking. Here, we first investigated whether structural brain lesion characteristics could predict the underlying CST wiring and we explored the role of CST wiring and brain lesion characteristics to predict UL motor and sensory functions in uCP. Fifty-two participants with uCP (mean age (SD): 11 y and 3 m (3 y and 10 m)) underwent a single-pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation session to determine CST wiring between the motor cortex and the more affected hand (n=17 contralateral, n=19 ipsilateral, and n=16 bilateral) and an MRI to determine lesion timing (n=34 periventricular (PV) lesion, n=18 corticosubcortical (CSC) lesion), location, and extent. Lesion location and extent were evaluated with a semiquantitative scale. A standardized protocol included UL motor (grip strength, unimanual capacity, and bimanual performance) and sensory measures. A combination of lesion locations (damage to the PLIC and frontal lobe) significantly contributed to differentiate between the CST wiring groups, reclassifying the participants in their original group with 57% of accuracy. Motor and sensory functions were influenced by each of the investigated neurological factors. However, multiple regression analyses showed that motor function was predicted by the CST wiring (more preserved in individuals with contralateral CST (p<0.01)), lesion extent, and damage to the basal ganglia and thalamus. Sensory function was predicted by the combination of a large and later lesion and an ipsilateral or bilateral CST wiring, which led to increased sensory deficits (p<0.05). These novel insights contribute to a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of UL function and may be useful to delineate individualized treatment strategies.

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Oral and Oropharyngeal Sensory Function in Adults With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology ◽

10.1044/2019_ajslp-19-00095 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 864-872

Author(s):

Fernanda Borowsky da Rosa ◽

Adriane Schmidt Pasqualoto ◽

Catriona M. Steele ◽

Renata Mancopes

Keyword(s):

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Pulmonary Disease ◽

Thermal Sensation ◽

Sensory Function ◽

Control Group ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Age Related ◽

Copd Patients

Introduction The oral cavity and pharynx have a rich sensory system composed of specialized receptors. The integrity of oropharyngeal sensation is thought to be fundamental for safe and efficient swallowing. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients are at risk for oropharyngeal sensory impairment due to frequent use of inhaled medications and comorbidities including gastroesophageal reflux disease. Objective This study aimed to describe and compare oral and oropharyngeal sensory function measured using noninstrumental clinical methods in adults with COPD and healthy controls. Method Participants included 27 adults (18 men, nine women) with a diagnosis of COPD and a mean age of 66.56 years ( SD = 8.68). The control group comprised 11 healthy adults (five men, six women) with a mean age of 60.09 years ( SD = 11.57). Spirometry measures confirmed reduced functional expiratory volumes (% predicted) in the COPD patients compared to the control participants. All participants completed a case history interview and underwent clinical evaluation of oral and oropharyngeal sensation by a speech-language pathologist. The sensory evaluation explored the detection of tactile and temperature stimuli delivered by cotton swab to six locations in the oral cavity and two in the oropharynx as well as identification of the taste of stimuli administered in 5-ml boluses to the mouth. Analyses explored the frequencies of accurate responses regarding stimulus location, temperature and taste between groups, and between age groups (“≤ 65 years” and “> 65 years”) within the COPD cohort. Results We found significantly higher frequencies of reported use of inhaled medications ( p < .001) and xerostomia ( p = .003) in the COPD cohort. Oral cavity thermal sensation ( p = .009) was reduced in the COPD participants, and a significant age-related decline in gustatory sensation was found in the COPD group ( p = .018). Conclusion This study found that most of the measures of oral and oropharyngeal sensation remained intact in the COPD group. Oral thermal sensation was impaired in individuals with COPD, and reduced gustatory sensation was observed in the older COPD participants. Possible links between these results and the use of inhaled medication by individuals with COPD are discussed.

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Two-Point Discrimination in the Use of Upper Extremity Nerve Function in the AMA Guides

Guides Newsletter ◽

10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2015.janfeb02 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 9-11

Author(s):

Richard Katz

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Sensory Function ◽

Sixth Edition ◽

Steel Manufacturing ◽

Nerve Recovery ◽

Nervous System Function ◽

Tunnel Syndrome ◽

Nocturnal Awakening ◽

Subjective Reports ◽

Obese Male

Abstract This article presents a case report regarding a 34-year-old obese male who works as a chipper and grinder at a steel manufacturing mill and uses high-frequency vibratory power tools. He presents with typical complaints of carpal tunnel syndrome, including numbness in all five digits, wrist pain, nocturnal awakening/numbness, and others. Two-point discrimination (2PD) using a caliper was tested in the digits of the upper extremities and was 5 mm throughout. 2PD first appeared in the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Fifth Edition, and the Sixth Edition states, “sensory deficits can be challenging to grade, since the clinical examination is based on subjective reports by the patient. Grading is based on the results of sensibility testing and two-point discrimination, to improve inter-rater reliability.” The discussion of “sensibility” involves a concept of sensory perception that is more appropriate in surgery literature than neurological literature, and the discussion of the case report in this article reflects the recent literature regarding 2PD as a measure of sensibility. The authors report that sensibility is not a simple recovery of sensory function following nerve injury but rather is a complex interaction between nerve recovery and modulation of central nervous system function in spinal cord, subcortical, and cortical structures. The authors ask if the value of 2PD in the clinical assessment of impairment has been overrated within the AMA Guides, as was range of motion in the assessment of spine impairment.

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