scholarly journals Relatedness within and between Agta residential groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Dyble ◽  
Andrea Bamberg Migliano ◽  
Abigail E. Page ◽  
Daniel Smith
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Social Organisation ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
History Data ◽  
Kinship Structure

Abstract Theoretical models relating to the evolution of human behaviour usually make assumptions about the kinship structure of social groups. Since humans were hunter–gatherers for most of our evolutionary history, data on the composition of contemporary hunter–gatherer groups has long been used to inform these models. Although several papers have taken a broad view of hunter–gatherer social organisation, it is also useful to explore data from single populations in more depth. Here, we describe patterns of relatedness among the Palanan Agta, hunter–gatherers from the northern Philippines. Across 271 adults, mean relatedness to adults across the population is r = 0.01 and to adult campmates is r = 0.074, estimates that are similar to those seen in other hunter–gatherers. We also report the distribution of kin across camps, relatedness and age differences between spouses, and the degree of shared reproductive interest between camp mates, a measure that incorporates affinal kinship. For both this this measure (s) and standard relatedness (r), we see no major age or sex differences in the relatedness of adults to their campmates, conditions that may reduce the potential for conflicts of interest within social groups.

scholarly journals Contrasts in kinship structure in mammalian societies

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 971-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Dyble ◽  
Tim H Clutton-Brock
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Competitive Behavior ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Relative Rarity ◽  
Kinship Structure ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Comparative studies of mammals confirm Hamilton’s prediction that differences in cooperative and competitive behavior across species will be related to contrasts in kinship between group members. Although theoretical models have explored the factors affecting kinship within social groups, few have analyzed the causes of contrasts in kinship among related species. Here, we describe interspecific differences in average kinship between group members among social mammals and show that a simple mathematical model that includes the number of breeding females, male reproductive skew, and litter size successfully predicts ~95% of observed variation in average kinship between group members across a sample of mammals. Our model shows that a wide range of conditions can generate groups with low average relatedness but only a small and rather specific set of conditions are likely to generate high average levels of relatedness between their members, providing insight into the relative rarity of advanced forms of cooperation in mammalian societies.

Sex and Experience in the Academy Award Nomination Process

2004 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 589-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne E. Lincoln
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Event History ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Academy Award ◽  
Award Nomination ◽  
Age Disparity

Research has indicated significant age differences between male and female Academy Award nominees and winners. However, this discrepancy may be associated with sex differences in actors' ages when they first begin their acting careers. The present research uses event history analysis to investigate the duration of Academy Award nominees' careers from career start (first film) to first three Academy Award nominations. Analysis suggested controlling for an actor's age at first film explains the sex-age disparity between Academy Award nominees and winners.

Personal Memories at Different Ages

1977 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen C. Franklin ◽  
Dennis H. Holding
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Different Ages

Men and women aged between 25 and 75 were asked to associate personal experiences to a set of 50 randomly chosen common words. The dates of these experiences were reconstructed and plotted as frequency distributions. Neither sex differences nor introversion—extraversion had reliable effects, and response latencies did not differ between conditions, but age differences significantly affected the memory distributions. Contrary to the hypothesis that ageing produces a selective deficit for recency, it appears that the average date of remembered events tends to increase with age.

scholarly journals The influence of a rival’s (in)fertility on jealousy and the allocation of blame following a mate’s infidelity

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryanne Fisher ◽  
Laura Robertson ◽  
Haley Dillon
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Sexual Infidelity ◽  
Emotional Infidelity ◽  
Past Work ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Reproductive Capability ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Do So

Selective pressures throughout evolutionary history have caused the adaptation of sex-specific responses to dilemmas that are relevant for reproductive fitness. Sex differences in imagined jealousy due to infidelity are well documented, but past work does not consider the influence of reproductive capability (i.e., being fertile versus infertile) on responses. Relying on an online survey of 369 adults, we hypothesized that infidelities involving an infertile interloper lead to less jealousy than infidelities involving a fertile interloper. Further, for sexual infidelity, regardless of the interloper’s fertility, we hypothesized men would allocate the most responsibility to their partner and women would do so for the interloper, given women are assumed to behave with more intention. This hypothesis was partially supported; while men did allocate the most responsibility to their mate, so too did women, but women also blamed the interloper more than men. With regards to emotional infidelity, again independent of the interloper’s fertility, we hypothesized men will primarily hold their partner responsible. However, we hypothesized that women will again consider the interloper responsible, but also their partner, due to concerns over fear of losing access to needed resources. This prediction was partially supported, as both sexes primarily hold their partner most responsible, and women held the interloper more accountable than did men. The findings shed light onto how individuals assess relationship threats and allocate responsibility, according to reproductive capability.

scholarly journals Sexual conflict in humans: evolutionary consequences of asymmetric parental investment and paternity uncertainty

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd Shackelford ◽  
Aaron Goetz
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sperm Competition ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
Sexual Coercion ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Internal Fertilization ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Paternity Uncertainty ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences

AbstractWe argue that sexual conflict was a recurrent feature of human evolutionary history, just as it has been in every sexually reproducing species that does not practice life-long genetic monogamy. We suggest that the source of much of the conflict between men and women can be reduced to an asymmetry in reproductive biology. This asymmetry—fertilization and gestation occurring within women—produces (a) sex differences in minimum obligatory parental investment and (b) paternity uncertainty. We argue that these consequences of internal fertilization and gestation are responsible for many phenomena in humans, such as sexual coercion, commitment skepticism, sexual overperception, and a host of adaptations associated with sperm competition.

Self-Concept of Academic Ability as a Function of Sex, Age, and Academic Achievement among African Adolescents

1998 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mzobanzi M. Mboya
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Academic Ability ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Age Variations

This study examined (a) sex and age variations for scores on Self-concept of Academic Ability and academic achievement among 244 African adolescents attending a coeducational high school and (b) correlations between scores on Self-concept of Academic Ability and academic achievement by sex and age. No significant sex differences were found, but there were significant age differences on the Self-concept scores and measures of English, science, and history but not in mathematics. A significant positive correlation was found between Self-concept scores and academic achievement for boys and girls and in all age groups, but the magnitude of the correlations with achievement in mathematics was stronger among boys than among girls.

Social Organisation and Warren Use of the Burrowing Bettong, Bettongia lesueur (Macropodoidea : Potoroidae)

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ute Sander ◽  
Jeff Short ◽  
Bruce Turner
Keyword(s):  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Social Organisation ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Weak Dominance ◽  
Shark Bay ◽  
Day Range ◽  
The Social ◽  
Polygynous Mating System

This study describes the use of warrens and aspects of the social organisation of a population of the burrowing bettong, an endangered potoroid. Observations were made on 14 animals, maintained in a 4-ha enclosure of natural vegetation at Shark Bay, Western Australia. The population divided into three social groups, each of one male and one to many females. Individual bettongs used 1–10 warrens over a period of five months. Males changed warrens more often than females. Some females regularly shared warrens with other females. Many of these associations appeared to be mothers with their daughter or daughters. Sharing of warrens occurred regularly until the daughters were about 10 months old and occasionally after that. Day ranges of males were larger than those of females, exclusive of other males, and overlapped those of 1–6 females. Males shared warrens with the females within their day range. At night bettongs were not constrained to their day range and made use of the whole enclosure. Equal numbers of agonistic interactions between and within day-range groups, as well as the absence of feeding associations, indicated that bettongs operated independently of their day-range groups at night while feeding. Bettongs formed a weak dominance hierarchy with the oldest female on top and a young male at the bottom. Male–male interactions tended to be more aggressive than male–female interactions. Males were involved in significantly more agonistic interactions, particularly chases, than were females; chases usually entailed chasing another male away from a female. Use of space and social behaviour suggested a polygynous mating system.

Orthodontic Treatment Needs in English Children Aged 11–12 Years

1973 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydney Haynes
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Active Treatment ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Fixed Appliances

A subjective clinical investigation of the extent of the need for orthodontic treatment in English children aged 11–12 years is described. The sample consisted of 566 boys and 619 girls attending randomly selected schools in Grimsby, England, and included children of all social groups. No significant sex differences were found with respect to either the prevalence of acceptable occlusions or the different basic types of orthodontic treatment required. Approximately 70 per cent required some form of orthodontic treatment; almost 25 per cent required extractions alone and 35·5 per cent required extractions and appliances. It was found that the ratio of removable to fixed appliances for those requiring active treatment was approximately 10: 1.

Power

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Troisi
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Agricultural Revolution ◽  
Personality Correlates ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Impact

This chapter focuses on social control obtained through coercion. To answer the question of why some people strive for power, evolutionary behavioral biologists look at the phylogeny of dominance systems. Sociophysiology has unveiled the physiological correlates, such as levels of serotonin and testosterone, of dominant and subordinate status in monkeys and humans, and comparative studies have shown the impact of social hierarchies on health and disease vulnerability. Unlike most human societies that arose after the agricultural revolution of 12,000 years ago, groups of hunter-gatherers actively ostracized any individual attempt to attain dominant status. This ecological condition was wiped out by the agricultural revolution, and the more primitive predisposition toward hierarchical relationships re-emerged in human societies. The final section of the chapter illustrates recent data from psychological studies showing the personality correlates of two types of power that coexist in contemporary social groups: power based on intimidation and oppression, and power based on prestige and self-esteem.

scholarly journals Does sexual selection explain human sex differences in aggression?

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 249-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Archer
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Reproductive Competition ◽  
Threat Displays ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractI argue that the magnitude and nature of sex differences in aggression, their development, causation, and variability, can be better explained by sexual selection than by the alternative biosocial version of social role theory. Thus, sex differences in physical aggression increase with the degree of risk, occur early in life, peak in young adulthood, and are likely to be mediated by greater male impulsiveness, and greater female fear of physical danger. Male variability in physical aggression is consistent with an alternative life history perspective, and context-dependent variability with responses to reproductive competition, although some variability follows the internal and external influences of social roles. Other sex differences, in variance in reproductive output, threat displays, size and strength, maturation rates, and mortality and conception rates, all indicate that male aggression is part of a sexually selected adaptive complex. Physical aggression between partners can be explained using different evolutionary principles, arising from the conflicts of interest between males and females entering a reproductive alliance, combined with variability following differences in societal gender roles. In this case, social roles are particularly important since they enable both the relatively equality in physical aggression between partners from Western nations, and the considerable cross-national variability, to be explained.

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