scholarly journals Soft Law Governance in Times of Coronavirus in Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-126
Author(s):  
Dolores UTRILLA FERNÁNDEZ-BERMEJO

Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, between March and July 2020, Spanish national and regional authorities made extensive use of soft law mechanisms to fight the spread of the virus and to tackle the consequences of the crisis. Soft law was used either as an instrument in and of itself, or as a justification for hard law instruments, with more than 200 non-binding measures being enacted by the state and by the Autonomous Communities. Spanish courts also used soft law as a tool to interpret existing hard law instruments, Such uses give rise to concerns about the transparency of administrative action and the principle of legal certainty. Moreover, the widespread use of soft law to justify the adoption of binding measures restricting fundamental rights might have consequences for democratic accountability and judicial control of executive action. This article indicates the need to reconsider the current system of constitutional and legal constraints attached to this form of regulation, by introducing some binding procedural rules relating to its adoption and its publication, and by clarifying its legal effects and the mechanism through which it can be enforced by courts.

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-76
Author(s):  
Evangelia (Lilian) TSOURDI ◽  
Niovi VAVOULA

Greece emerged as the EU’s poster child in the fight against COVID-19 during the first few months of the pandemic. In this contribution, we assess Greece’s use of soft regulation in its regulatory response to COVID-19. Using “acts of legislative content”, which can be broadly conceptualised as softly adopted hard law, the Greek government largely achieved flexibility and simplified adoption procedures without having to resort to soft law per se. The role of soft law was limited - it complemented hard law rather than constituting the primary basis of COVID-19 restrictions - but not completely negligible. Soft law instruments regulated the processing of personal data, and was also pivotal in clarifying the criminal sanctioning of COVID-related rule violations. Greece’s success in handling the first wave of the pandemic, while effective, was arguably unfair to asylum seekers who saw their right to apply for asylum curtailed, and their right to freedom of movement restricted when limitations on the rest of the population were lifted. With a second wave of infections currently in full swing, it is imperative to keep scrutinising regulatory responses to ensure that they place the health and dignity of every individual (whoever they might be) at their core and fully respect their fundamental rights.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (58) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Jacopo PAFFARINI

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this paper is to expose some consequences of the economic globalization process – as well as of the recent “sovereign debt crisis” – on the normative enforcement of workplaces’ health and safety. Methodology: The methodology used is based on bibliographic and legislation research, as well as on doctrine and articles published in specialized journals. Results:It is concluded that after the Lisbon Summit of 2009, the whole matter of fundamental rights in the European Union has taken a new connotation. Local economic interests and social protests – in opposition to the “neoliberal agenda” of EU institutions – have played an important role in stopping the enforcement of the “Constitutional Treaty” and boosted an anti-Euro mobilization. In the meanwhile, the European bodies and transnational corporations have continued to settle a new and alternative basis for the integration. A radical shift can be observed, from the research of synthetic set of principles – as those established on the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights – to a deeply technical and detailed normative production. The regulation on safety and healthy workplaces is one of the best point of view to study this change. Far from calling into question the unbalanced positions between the parties in contemporary labour relationships, the European strategy for workers’ protection move through procedural issues and voluntary obedience to the soft law instruments. In the past, the legal doctrine described the creation of a multilevel architecture of institutions, sometimes implemented in a top-down approach. Along with this, recently, it was implemented the establishment of common organizational standards associated to a specific system of corporate governance to pursue a better integration between business and fundamental rights. Contributions: The main contribution of this study relates to the interdisciplinary approach, which has been carried out by means of a deep and careful study of “soft” law documents, i.e. the best practices, strategies and communications and a focus on how they can affect the enforcement/interpretation of the traditional sources of “hard” law. Keywords: Social rights; occupational health and safety; corporate governance; hard Law and soft Law; European Law. RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo é expor algumas consequências do processo de globalização econômica - bem como da recente "crise da dívida soberana" - na aplicação normativa da saúde e segurança dos locais de trabalho. Metodologia: A metodologia utilizada é baseada em pesquisas bibliográficas e legislativas, bem como em doutrinas e artigos publicados em periódicos especializados. Resultados:Conclui-se que, após a Conferência de Lisboa de 2009, toda a questão dos direitos fundamentais na União Europeia tomou uma nova conotação. Os interesses econômicos locais e os protestos sociais – em oposição à “agenda neoliberal” promovida pelas instituições europeias – têm desempenhado um papel importante em parar a execução do “Tratado Constitucional” e impulsionar uma mobilização anti-Euro. Neste interim, os organismos europeus e as empresas transnacionais instalaram uma base nova e alternativa para a integração. Uma mudança radical pode ser observada a partir da pesquisa de um conjunto (ainda) sintético de princípios – como os estabelecidos na Carta dos Direitos Fundamentais da União Europeia – para uma produção normativa profundamente técnica e detalhada. A regulação da segurança no local de trabalho é um dos melhores pontos de observação para estudar a transformação mencionada. Longe de pôr em causa as posições desequilibradas entre as partes nas relações de trabalho contemporâneas, a estratégia europeia para a proteção da saúde dos trabalhadores prefere as questões procedimentais e a adesão voluntária aos instrumentos de soft law. No passado, a doutrina jurídica descrevia a criação de uma arquitetura multinível de instituições, àss vezes implementada por meio de uma abordagem de cima para baixo (top-down approach). Junto com isso, recentemente, houve a implementação de padrões organizacionais comuns para a instituição de um sistema específico de governança corporativa que busca uma melhor integração entre os negócios e os direitos fundamentais. Contribuições: A principal contribuição deste estudo refere-se à abordagem interdisciplinar, realizada por meio de um estudo profundo e cuidadoso de documentos de soft law (lei não vinculativa), i. e, boas práticas, estratégias e comunicações, e um foco em como elas podem afetar a aplicação / interpretação das fontes tradicionais da hard law (lei vinculativa). Palavras-chave: Direitos sociais; segurança e saúde ocupacional; governança corporativa; hard Law e soft Law; Direito europeu.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-44
Author(s):  
Emilia KORKEA-AHO ◽  
Martin SCHEININ

In the coronavirus pandemic that has swept the world, the Finnish Government, like many of its peers, has issued policy measures to combat the virus. Many of these measures have been implemented in law, including measures taken under the Emergency Powers Act, or by ministries and regional and local authorities exercising their legal powers. However, some governmental policy measures have been implemented using non-binding guidelines and recommendations. Using border travel recommendations as a case study, this article critically evaluates governmental soft law-making. The debacle over the use of soft law to fight the pandemic in Finland revealed fundamental misunderstandings about the processes and circumstances under which instruments conceived as soft law can be issued, as well as a lack of attention to their effects from a fundamental rights perspective.


2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALESSANDRA PIETROBON

AbstractThe Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) will not be effective until all the 44 states listed in its Annex 2 ratify it. A special link has been established between the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the CTBT. The disarmament obligation set by Article VI of the NPT, which has not yet been complied with, remains highly controversial. The relevant subsequent practice of the states parties to the NPT shows that the ratification of the CTBT is to be considered the first of the practical steps towards compliance with Article VI. However, as the practical steps do not set any legally binding norms, there is no legal obligation to ratify the CTBT, not even for the 44 states listed in Annex 2 whose ratification is essential. The paper deals with the position of nuclear powers party to the NPT that have not yet ratified the CTBT (most prominently the US and China) and demonstrates that these states should at least provide detailed motivation for their conduct. Otherwise, other states parties to the NPT could consider them as not complying in good faith with Article VI of the NPT and invoke the inadimplenti non est ademplendum rule to justify breaches of their own obligations under the same treaty.


2020 ◽  
Vol 0 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Vagner Vital ◽  
Maria Helena fonseca de Souza Rolim
Keyword(s):  
Soft Law ◽  

A evolução e transformações das tecnologias aplicadas aos usos do espaço exterior interconectadas com o uso militar do espaço exterior a evidenciam a pressão dos fatos sobre o direito, avocando reflexão sobre o corpus juris internacional sobre a questão, em nível de soft law e hard law. Mesmo no contexto de autodefesa, as atividades espaciais militares possuem aspectos ofensivos e defensivos que precisam ser considerados e podem ser executadas ao abrigo da Carta das Nações Unidas (considerando o direito à autodefesa) e do Tratado do Espaço (ao se entender o termo “propósito pacífico” equivalente ao termo “não agressão”, exceto para autodefesa), além de outros tratados que podem ser evocados em situações de conflito, no âmbito do Direito Internacional Humanitário. Este artigo consubstancia o caso brasileiro, onde a Força Aérea Brasileira apresenta o entendimento do Brasil quanto ao Tratado do Espaço e à Carta das Nações Unidas, estruturando sua aplicação militar do espaço exterior de acordo com os documentos políticos e doutrinários do Ministério da Defesa do Brasil, sabidamente, a Política de Defesa Nacional, a Estratégia Nacional de Defesa e o Programa Estratégico de Sistemas Espaciais. As operações militares descritas neste artigo revelam que situações fáticas emergentes carecem de tutela jurídica com elevado grau de efetividade.


2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-85
Author(s):  
Eduardo Calderón Marenco
Keyword(s):  
El Paso ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Hard Law ◽  

Derivado de las profundas transformaciones que ha experimentado el Dere­cho internacional, la Lex Mercatoria y el Derecho suave (Soft law) han emergido como una alternativa al tradicional Derecho duro (Hard law). Con el paso del tiempo el Derecho suave (Soft law) ha ido adquiriendo un mayor protagonismo en el escenario jurídico internacional, posicionándose como un instrumento del que gozan las partes para regular sus transacciones internacionales, aun­que carezca de efectos vinculantes. No obstante se encuentra revestido de voluntariedad, por medio de la autonomía conflictual, lo que les otorga un carácter vinculante para las partes. Es así que este Derecho se compone de un amplio espectro de instrumentos, los que encuentran aceptación en los diferentes sistemas jurídicos, en variadas áreas del derecho, y dan respuesta a las necesidades de los diferentes interesados. Empero, en el ámbito comercial internacional estos instrumentos se han nutrido de la Lex Mercatoria, un ejemplo de ello son los Incoterms, usos y costumbres que uniforman y sistematizan este ordenamiento jurídico, creado por los comerciantes, propio de los negocios jurídicos de compraventa internacional de mercadería. Por esto consideramos relevante analizar esta nueva corriente a nivel internacional y su incorporación dinámica en estos instrumentos jurídicos.


2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Weber

Traditional legal doctrine calls for hard law to regulate markets. Nevertheless, in financial markets, soft law has a long tradition, not at least due to the lack of multilateral agreements in this field. On the one hand, the recent financial crisis has shown that soft law does not suffice to avoid detrimental developments; on the other hand, a straight call for hard law would not be able to manage the recognized regulatory weaknesses. Therefore, emphasis should be put on the possibilities of combining hard law and soft law; specific areas allowing realizing such kind of “combination” are organizational issues, transparency requirements, and dispute settlement mechanisms.


Lumen ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (15) ◽  
pp. 128-135
Author(s):  
Enrique Vigil Oliveros ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Law ◽  

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. E-240-E-267
Author(s):  
Pola Cebulak

Abstract This article explores the particular tensions surrounding judicial review in EU external relations. The tensions are classified using a two-dimensional framework. Firstly, a distinction based on policy domains of high and low politics, which is derived from constitutional theory, and external to the CJEU; and secondly a distinction based on legitimizing paradigms of administrative (EU as effective global actor) or constitutional (judicial review as guarantee of fundamental rights) in character and determined by the Court itself. Even though one would expect a dominance of the administrative paradigm in the domain of high politics, the Court uses both the administrative and the constitutional paradigm in its external relations case-law. The decision on which of these becomes the guiding frame seems to depend more on the policy domain, and be made case by case, which suggests politically sensitive adjudication, rather than a coherent approach to legitimizing the nascent judicial review in EU external relations.


2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-141
Author(s):  
Candra Irawan

ASEAN countries need to be encouraged to make responsive, effective, efficient, non-discriminatory, and pro-competition regulations that are adjusted AEC Blueprint 2025. This means that each ASEAN country needs to harmonize regulations so that the rules that apply in each national territory do not conflict with each other and in line with AEC Blueprint 2025. There is no clear regulation system in force in ASEAN, nor is the legal harmonization mechanism and binding power of the AEC. Questions that should be asked, is the legal basis for the implementation of AEC Blueprint 2025 deliberately based on international agreements only (intergovernmental, soft law) and not upgraded to legal force (primacy principles, hard law)? The most important thing is that there is a shared awareness to build the ASEAN region's economy more productive, advanced and shared prosperity. The commitment is not enough just to use soft law approach, but must be followed by hard law approach (primacy principles). ASEAN leaders should hold talks and seek agreement to implement the principle of supranational (primacy principles) that the implementation of the AEC Blueprint 2025 be adhered to by all member states.


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