scholarly journals Impact of Seasonality and Influenza Rates on Interventions to Reduce Hospital-Acquired Clostridioides difficile Rates

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s265-s266
Author(s):  
Jenine Leal ◽  
Peter Faris ◽  
Ye Shen ◽  
Lauren Bresee ◽  
Kathryn Bush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Admission Rates ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis ◽  
Harmonic Regression ◽  
Harmonic Components ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Background: Hospital-acquired Clostridioides difficile infection (HA-CDI) rates are highly variable over time, posing problems for research assessing interventions that might improve rates. By understanding seasonality in HA-CDI rates and the impacts that other factors such as influenza admissions might have on these rates, we can account for them when establishing the relationship between interventions and infection rates. We assessed whether there were seasonal trends in HA-CDI and whether they could be accounted for by influenza rates. Methods: We assessed HA-CDI rates per 10,000 patient days, and the rate of hospitalized patients with influenza per 1,000 admissions in 4 acute-care facilities (n = 2,490 beds) in Calgary, Alberta, from January 2016 to December 2018. We used 4 statistical approaches in R (version 3.5.1 software): (1) autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) to assess dependencies and trends in each of the monthly HA-CDI and influenza series; (2) cross correlation to assess dependencies between the HA-CDI and influenza series lagged over time; (3) Poisson harmonic regression models (with sine and cosine components) to assess the seasonality of the rates; and (4) Poisson regression to determine whether influenza rates accounted for seasonality in the HA-CDI rates. Results: Conventional ARIMA approaches did not detect seasonality in the HA-CDI rates, but we found strong seasonality in the influenza rates. A cross-correlation analysis revealed evidence of correlation between the series at a lag of zero (R = 0.41; 95% CI, 0.10–0.65) and provided an indication of a seasonal relationship between the series (Fig. 1). Poisson regression suggested that influenza rates predicted CDI rates (P < .01). Using harmonic regression, there was evidence of seasonality in HA-CDI rates (2 [2 df] = 6.62; P < .05) and influenza rates (2 [2 df] = 1,796.6; P < .001). In a Poisson model of HA-CDI rates with both the harmonic components and influenza admission rates, the harmonic components were no longer predictive of HA-CDI rates. Conclusions: Harmonic regression provided a sensitive means of identifying seasonality in HA-CDI rates, but the seasonality effect was accounted for by influenza admission rates. The relationship between HA-CDI and influenza rates is likely mediated by antibiotic prescriptions, which needs to be assessed. To improve precision and reduce bias, research on interventions to reduce HA-CDI rates should assess historic seasonality in HA-CDI rates and should account for influenza admissions.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

Wavelet Cross-Correlation Analysis of the Unsteady Signals of the Flow in the Open Sump

Volume 1 ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansa Kante ◽  
Yulin Wu ◽  
Yong Li ◽  
Shuhong Liu ◽  
Daqing Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Vibration Signal ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Signal Distribution ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis ◽  
Correlation Scale ◽  
Pump Sump ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Signal Analysis Method

The wavelet cross-correlation method was used to analyze the unsteady signals of the flow of the model open pump sump, which include pressure signal, vibration signal and acoustic signal. The continuous wavelet transform was done first to find the signal distribution at various periods and at any time, then the wavelet cross-correlation was used to find the relationship between the signals taken two a two. Through comparing the result of wavelet cross-correlation and the result of classic cross-correlation, one can find the correlation scale of any two unsteady signals (pressure-vibration, pressure-noise, and vibration-noise). The signal on the correlation scale was reconstruct and its characteristics were obtained using classical signal analysis method same as the structural similarity of a arbitrary two signals.

The distribution of corticotectal projection neurons correlates with the interblob compartment in macaque striate cortex

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Lia ◽  
Jaime F. Olavarria
Keyword(s):  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cortical Projections ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractWhile much attention has been given to the correlation between cytochrome-oxidase (CO) compartments and patterns of cortico-cortical projections originating from supragranular layers in the striate cortex, little is known in this regard about patterns of cortico-subcortical projections originating from infragranular cortex. We studied the tangential distribution of the striate cortex neurons projecting to the superior colliculus and used two approaches to analyze the relationship of this distribution to the arrangement of CO “blobs.” First, chi-square analysis indicated that significantly fewer labeled neurons were found within the CO blob compartment than the number expected for a random distribution. Second, spatial cross-correlation analysis – which circumvents the inherent subjectivity of delineating blob boundaries – revealed an area around blob centers in which there was a decreased probability of encountering labeled cells. The size of this area compared well with that of our outlines of CO blobs. We conclude that corticotectal projection neurons in the striate cortex are distributed preferentially within the interblob compartment of the infragranular striate cortex. These results demonstrate that the spatial distribution of cortico-subcortical projection neurons within infragranular cortex can correlate with the CO architecture of the primary visual cortex.

Asymmetric MF-DCCA Method Based on Fluctuation Conduction and its Application in Air Pollution in Hangzhou

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 823-830
Author(s):  
Chaohui Xiang ◽  
◽  
Xiaozhen Hao ◽  
Wenhui Wang ◽  
Zhenlong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Conduction Mechanism ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Conduction Time ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis ◽  
Fractal Fluctuation ◽  
The Relationship

The study of the relationship between the concentration of PM2.5 and the local air quality index (AQI) is significant for the improvement of urban air quality. This study not only considered multifractal cross-correlation but also the fluctuation conduction mechanism. An asymmetric multifractal detrended cross-correlation analysis (MF-DCCA) method based on fluctuation conduction is introduced here to empirically explore the causality and conduction time between air quality factors and PM2.5 concentration. The empirical results indicate the existence of a bidirectional fluctuation conduction effect between PM2.5 and PM10, SO2, and NO2 in Hangzhou, China, with a conduction time of 30 hours; this effect is non-existent between PM2.5 and O3. In addition, there is a unidirectional fractal fluctuation conduction between PM2.5 and CO with a conduction time of 21 hours.

scholarly journals Temporal Change of Risk Factors in Hospital-Acquired Clostridioides difficile Infection Using Time-Trend Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s403-s403
Author(s):  
Jiyoun Song ◽  
Bevin Cohen ◽  
Philip Zachariah ◽  
Jianfang Liu ◽  
Elaine Larson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New York ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Significant Downward Trend ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Background: In the past few decades, the epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) has evolved. Given recent changes in the incidence of CDI and prevention efforts, we investigated temporal changes over a period of 8 years (2009–2016) in the incidence of and risk factors for CDI. Methods: Both pediatric and adult inpatients discharged from hospitals in metropolitan New York City were included. Individual and environmental (eg, pharmacological) risk factors were identified through a matched case-control by the length of stay at a ratio of 1:4. A Cochran–Armitage test or Mann-Kendall test was used to investigate trends of incidence and risk factors. Results: During the study period, 6,038 of 694,849 (0.87%) patients had a positive test for C. difficile during their hospitalization. Of these, 2,659 of 6,038 (44.04%) were identified as hospital-acquired CDI (HA-CDI) and just over half (3,379 of 6,038, 55.96%) were identified as community-acquired CDI (CA-CDI). There were no trends in total CDI incidence rates; rather, we detected downward trends in HA-CDI and upward trends in CA-CDI (Ptrend < .05). Younger patients and patients with lower risk of illness had HA-CDI over time (Ptrend < .05). Antibiotics were administered to more patients over time and in longer cumulative days (+3% and +3.1% per year). We detected a reduction in the receipt of high-risk antibiotics in all cohorts (−0.12% per year) and a decrease in cumulative days of high-risk antibiotics in the cohort with HA-CDI (−1.1% per year). When stratified by the type of high-risk antibiotics, the use of carbapenem, cephalosporins, clindamycin, and monobactam increased (+0.53%, +1.8%, +0.5%, and +0.39% per year, respectively), whereas the use of broad-spectrum penicillins and glycylcycline significantly decreased over time in all cohorts (−1.8% and −0.22% per year). Among the cohorts with HA-CDI, only cephalosporins showed a significant upward trend (+ 5.7% per year) and only fluoroquinolones showed a significant downward trend (−2.2% per year). Lastly, a reduction of proton pump inhibitors and an increased use of histamine-2 blockers were detected in all cohorts (−3.8% and +7.3% per year) (all Ptrend < .05). Conclusions: Although the incidence of HA-CDI decreased, more effort to decrease all antibiotics use and cumulative days should be emphasized as part of antibiotic stewardship. The downward trends of high-risk antibiotics might have been associated with the decrease in the trend of HA-CDI; however, the impact of the trends of risk factors on the trend of HA-CDI should be further investigated.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

scholarly journals The correlation between Google trends and salmonellosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Yang Wang ◽  
Nai-jun Tang
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Hypovolemic Shock ◽  
Google Trends ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis ◽  
Common Infectious Disease ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Google Search ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Salmonella infection (salmonellosis) is a common infectious disease leading to gastroenteritis, dehydration, uveitis, etc. Internet search is a new method to monitor the outbreak of infectious disease. An internet-based surveillance system using internet data is logistically advantageous and economical to show term-related diseases. In this study, we tried to determine the relationship between salmonellosis and Google Trends in the USA from January 2004 to December 2017. Methods We downloaded the reported salmonellosis in the USA from the National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS) from January 2004 to December 2017. Additionally, we downloaded the Google search terms related to salmonellosis from Google Trends in the same period. Cross-correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted. Results The results showed that 6 Google Trends search terms appeared earlier than reported salmonellosis, 26 Google Trends search terms coincided with salmonellosis, and 16 Google Trends search terms appeared after salmonellosis were reported. When the search terms preceded outbreaks, “foods” (t = 2.927, P = 0.004) was a predictor of salmonellosis. When the search terms coincided with outbreaks, “hotel” (t = 1.854, P = 0.066), “poor sanitation” (t = 2.895, P = 0.004), “blueberries” (t = 2.441, P = 0.016), and “hypovolemic shock” (t = 2.001, P = 0.047) were predictors of salmonellosis. When the search terms appeared after outbreaks, “ice cream” (t = 3.077, P = 0.002) was the predictor of salmonellosis. Finally, we identified the most important indicators of Google Trends search terms, including “hotel” (t = 1.854, P = 0.066), “poor sanitation” (t = 2.895, P = 0.004), “blueberries” (t = 2.441, P = 0.016), and “hypovolemic shock” (t = 2.001, P = 0.047). In the future, the increased search activities of these terms might indicate the salmonellosis. Conclusion We evaluated the related Google Trends search terms with salmonellosis and identified the most important predictors of salmonellosis outbreak.

Temporal change of risk factors in hospital-acquired Clostridioides difficile infection using time-trend analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 1048-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiyoun Song ◽  
Bevin Cohen ◽  
Philip Zachariah ◽  
Jianfang Liu ◽  
Elaine L. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New York ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Incidence Density ◽  
Care Community ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile Infection ◽  
Ongoing Surveillance ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Over Time

AbstractObjective:Given recent changes in the epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) and prevention efforts, we investigated temporal changes over a period of 11 years (2006–2016) in incidence and risk factors for CDI.Design:Retrospective matched case-control study.Setting/Patients:Pediatric and adult inpatients (n = 694,849) discharged from 3 hospitals (tertiary and quaternary care, community, and pediatric) in a large, academic health center in New York City.Methods:Risk factors were identified in cases and controls matched by length of stay at a ratio of 1:4. A Cochran–Armitage or Mann-Kendall test was used to investigate trends of incidence and risk factors.Results:Of 694,849 inpatients, 6,038 (0.87%) had CDI: 44% of these cases were hospital acquired (HA-CDI) and 56% were community acquired (CA-CDI). We observed temporal downward trends in HA-CDI (−0.03% per year) and upward trends in CA-CDI (+0.04% per year). Over time, antibiotics were administered to more patients (+3% per year); the use of high-risk antibiotics declined (–1.2% per year); and antibiotic duration increased in patients with HA-CDI (+4.4% per year). Fewer proton-pump inhibitors and more histamine-2 blockers were used (−3.8% and +7.3% per year, respectively; all Ptrend <.05).Conclusions:Although the incidence of HA-CDI decreased over time, CA-CDI simultaneously increased. Continued efforts to assure judicious use of antibiotics in inpatient and community settings is clearly vital. Measuring the actual the level of exposure of an antibiotic (incidence density) should be used for ongoing surveillance and assessment.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Social Deprivation and a Weekend Emergency Medical Admission

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-129
Author(s):  
Richard Conway ◽  
◽  
Seán Cournane ◽  
Declan Byrne ◽  
Deirdre O’Riordan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Admission Rate ◽  
Medical Admission ◽  
Admission Rates ◽  
Population Unit ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Deprivation increases admission rates; the specific effect of deprivation with regard to weekend admissions is unknown. Methods: We calculated annual weekend admission rates for each small area population unit and related these to quintiles of Deprivation Index from 2002-2014. Univariate and multivariable risk estimates were calculated using truncated Poisson regression. Results: There were 30,794 weekend admissions in 16,665 patients. The admission rate was substantially higher for more deprived areas, 12.7 per 1000 (95%CI 9.4, 14.7) vs 4.6 per 1000 (95%CI 3.3, 5.8). More deprived patients admitted at the weekend had a significantly lower 30-day in-hospital mortality (10.3% vs 14.5%, p<0.001). Conclusion: Deprivation is a powerful determinant of weekend admissions, however these comprise a group of patients with better outcomes.

Investment Traits and Intelligence in Adulthood

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie von Stumm
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Need For Cognition ◽  
Openness To Experience ◽  
Intelligence Tests ◽  
Crystallized Intelligence ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Intelligence-as-knowledge in adulthood is influenced by individual differences in intelligence-as-process (i.e., fluid intelligence) and in personality traits that determine when, where, and how people invest their intelligence over time. Here, the relationship between two investment traits (i.e., Openness to Experience and Need for Cognition), intelligence-as-process and intelligence-as-knowledge, as assessed by a battery of crystallized intelligence tests and a new knowledge measure, was examined. The results showed that (1) both investment traits were positively associated with intelligence-as-knowledge; (2) this effect was stronger for Openness to Experience than for Need for Cognition; and (3) associations between investment and intelligence-as-knowledge reduced when adjusting for intelligence-as-process but remained mostly significant.

Power Values and Power Distance Moderate the Relationship Between Workplace Supervisory Power and Job Satisfaction

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-141
Author(s):  
Kenneth D. Locke
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Workplace Power ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. Person–job (or needs–supplies) discrepancy/fit theories posit that job satisfaction depends on work supplying what employees want and thus expect associations between having supervisory power and job satisfaction to be more positive in individuals who value power and in societies that endorse power values and power distance (e.g., respecting/obeying superiors). Using multilevel modeling on 30,683 European Social Survey respondents from 31 countries revealed that overseeing supervisees was positively associated with job satisfaction, and as hypothesized, this association was stronger among individuals with stronger power values and in nations with greater levels of power values or power distance. The results suggest that workplace power can have a meaningful impact on job satisfaction, especially over time in individuals or societies that esteem power.

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