scholarly journals Bridging Individual and Social-Structural Perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-334
Author(s):  
Kristi Lavigne ◽  
Rachel Rauvola
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Stem Fields ◽  
Gender Inequity ◽  
Current Structure ◽  
Systems Perspective ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Deliberate Effort ◽  
Structural Perspective

A paradigm shift toward a social-structural perspective may provide a better understanding of the gender inequity in STEM fields than its predecessor, but this perspective falls prey to the focal article authors’ (Miner et al., 2018) own criticisms: It offers an incomplete account of the phenomenon of interest. We argue that a multilevel systems perspective is the most appropriate approach when trying to understand any issue, especially an issue as dense as gender inequity in STEM. A deliberate effort to understand this phenomenon dynamically across levels and time can expand the scope of industrial and organizational (I-O) psychologists’ influence and can better protect us against interventions that result in unintended, adverse outcomes. Below, we discuss the importance of looking across multiple levels simultaneously to understand the temporal and interactional nature of individual and social-structural constructs. Without this depth of understanding, a disruption of the current structure may lead to an unstable, or unanticipated, new structure.

scholarly journals Spotlight on Women of Color in STEM

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalina Flores
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Women Of Color ◽  
Stem Fields ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Attraction And Retention ◽  
Deliberate Effort ◽  
Structural Perspective

The focal article by Miner et al. (2018) convincingly argues that industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology professionals share a responsibility to adopt a social-structural perspective in understanding why women are underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. This approach offers the best path forward for explaining the disparity and improving the attraction and retention of women in these fields (Miner et al., 2018). In conjunction with the approach described, a deliberate effort to cast a spotlight on women of color is necessary, as they are the most marginalized, yet are often excluded from conversations about gender equality.

scholarly journals Developing Leaders to Tackle “Our” Problem

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-345
Author(s):  
Cathleen Clerkin ◽  
Marian N. Ruderman
Keyword(s):  
Human Resource ◽  
Marked Change ◽  
Organizational Leaders ◽  
Stem Fields ◽  
Gender Inequity ◽  
Gender Parity ◽  
Theory To Practice ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
Implementation Plans ◽  
Practical Recommendations

Miner et al. (2018) make a compelling argument for the need to examine gender inequity in STEM from a social-structural lens. We completely agree. We also commend the authors for including practical recommendations for industrial and organizational (I-O) psychologists, as such implementation plans are vital if we are to move this issue from theory to practice. However, while the recommendations put forth by the authors are needed, we believe additional approaches are necessary to create marked change in gender parity in STEM. In particular, we propose that I-O psychologists (along with human resource [HR] professionals) need to actively engage organizational leaders if we want to successfully advance more women in STEM fields.

Fiona J. Griffiths, Nuns’ Priests’ Tales: Men and Salvation in Medieval Women’s Monastic Life. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018, pp. 360, 29 illus.

Mediaevistik ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 286-288
Author(s):  
Therese Martin
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Medieval Studies ◽  
Monastic Life ◽  
Multiple Levels

The year 2018 saw the publication of two important monographs, each with groundbreaking scholarship on complementary aspects of monasticism; together they offer a clear path forward for Medieval Studies as a whole. While Fiona Griffiths’s Nuns’ Priests’ Tales and Steven Vanderputten’s Dark Age Nunneries approach the essentially interrelated natures of men’s and women’s medieval monasticism from different perspectives, it is by reading them in concert that one becomes aware of the paradigm shift they signal. In a welcome change from a traditional consideration of so-called “double” monasteries as neither fish nor fowl, Griffiths and Vanderputten offer a feast of evidence for the multiple levels of interactions between the genders—including priests and nuns, students and teachers, patrons, family members, and rulers, as well as the conventionally understood mixed religious communities of monks and nuns—at majority female monasteries in Western Christendom from the early through central Middle Ages. Vanderputten starts at the beginning of the ninth century and carries his investigation forward to the mid-eleventh, at which point Griffiths launches her study, moving the matter on from the late eleventh century into the early thirteenth.

Catastrophic Effects of Floods on Environment and Health: Evidence from Pakistan

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Falak Shad Memon ◽  
M. Yousuf Sharjeel
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Human Life ◽  
National Level ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Site Assessment ◽  
Environment And Health ◽  
Forecasting System ◽  
Frame Work ◽  
Multiple Levels

<span>Torrential rains and floods have been causing irreplaceable losses to both human lives and environment in <span>Pakistan. This loss has reached to an extent of assively aggrieved situation to reinstate life at <span>operationally viable position. This paper unfolds the notion that only constructive paradigm shift to <span>overcome this phenomenon is vital as a strategy. Multiple levels of observations and on-site assessment <span>of various calamity-prone venues were considered to probe into this scenario. Some of the grave site in <span>Sindh and Punjab were observed and necessarily practicable measures were recommended to avoid loss to <span>human health and environment. The paper finds that a consistent drastic management authority on <span>national level with appropriate caliber and forecasting expertise can reduce the damage to human life and <span>environment to great extent. Weather forecasting system need to be installed at many appropriately <span>observed cities and towns in the country with adequate man power, funds and technical recourses. By <span>implementing the proper frame work of prevention and mitigation of floods country can save the major <span>costs cleanup and recovery. These measures are expected to reduce operational cost of state in terms of <span>GDP and GNP to restore life and environment.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span>

The Other Ride of Paul Revere: The Brokerage Role in the Making of the American Revolution

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-Kap Han
Keyword(s):  
American Revolution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
Structural Perspective

The celebrated tale of his "Midnight Ride" notwithstanding, Paul Revere's role in the events leading up to the American Revolution remains rather obscure. Joseph Warren, known as the man who sent Revere on that ride, presents a similar quandary. What was the nature of the roles they played in the mobilization process? I address the question from a social structural perspective, reassessing the evidence and reconsidering the key concept of brokerage. The analysis shows that these men were bridges par excellence, spanning the various social chasms and connecting disparate organizational elements of the movement, thus bringing together "men of all orders" to forge an emerging movement.

Understanding the Links between Mentoring and Self-Efficacy in the New Generation of Women STEM Scholars

2010 ◽  
pp. 97-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Yost ◽  
Donna M. Handley ◽  
Shelia R. Cotten ◽  
Vicki Winstead
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Mentoring Programs ◽  
National Study ◽  
Stem Fields ◽  
New Faculty ◽  
Gender Inequity ◽  
Mentoring Practices ◽  
Using Data ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The Impact

American colleges and universities are in need of innovative approaches to recruit and retain the upcoming generation of new faculty members. Specifically within the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) fields, there is an additional need to focus on meeting the needs of women in order to begin to address gender inequity within STEM. This chapter examines the impact of mentoring on self-efficacy for female graduate students and post doctoral fellows in STEM fields. Using data from a national study of selected U.S. academic institutions, recommendations are made in order to enhance mentoring practices that will reduce the barriers women face within STEM fields. Quality mentoring programs represent a viable way to enhance institutional change that may result in increased numbers of women in STEM fields.

A Social–Structural Perspective on Employee–Organization Relationships and Team Creativity

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 869-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangding Jia ◽  
Jason D. Shaw ◽  
Anne S. Tsui ◽  
Tae-Youn Park
Keyword(s):  
Team Creativity ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
Structural Perspective

Resilience in developing systems: Progress and promise as the fourth wave rises

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 921-930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann S. Masten
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Systems Perspective ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Levels Of Functioning ◽  
Fourth Wave

Perspectives based on the first three waves of resilience research are discussed with the goal of informing the fourth wave of work, which is characterized by a focus on multilevel analysis and the dynamics of adaptation and change. Resilience is defined as a broad systems construct, referring to the capacity of dynamic systems to withstand or recover from significant disturbances. As the systems perspective on resilience builds strength and technologies of measuring and analyzing multiple levels of functioning and their interactions improve, it is becoming feasible to study gene–environment interactions, the development of adaptive systems and their role in resilience, and to conduct experiments to foster resilience or reprogram the fundamental adaptive systems that protect development in the context of adversity. Hot spots for future research to study and integrate multiple levels of analysis are delineated on the basis of evidence gleaned from the first waves of resilience research.

scholarly journals Issues of Gender Inequity Go Beyond STEM

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-326
Author(s):  
P. D. Harms ◽  
Karen Landay
Keyword(s):  
Stem Fields ◽  
Dirty Work ◽  
Skilled Trades ◽  
Gender Inequity

Although Miner et al. (2018) effectively argue that there is a need for greater efforts on the part of I-O psychologists to confront gender inequity in the STEM fields, we feel that the preoccupation with STEM may blind us to other domains where similar issues not only exist but may be even more prevalent and problematic. Specifically, we would argue that more attention needs to be paid to skilled trades, transportation-related jobs, and other so-called “dirty work.”

scholarly journals Gender Disparity in STEM Across Cultures

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-313
Author(s):  
Aditi Rabindra Sachdev
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Stem Fields ◽  
Gender Inequity ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
And Mathematics

Miner et al. (2018) claim that focusing on individual factors to understand gender inequity in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) provides an incomplete explanation of the phenomenon. They challenge the appropriateness of individual-level explanations that hold women responsible for the injustices they experience, suggesting that this perspective fails to consider larger social-contextual influences. Instead, to explain gender disparity in the STEM fields, Miner et al. offer a social-structural lens through which to view the situation that relies on commonly held beliefs about women in society. The inequality that characterizes these fields, however, is a worldwide phenomenon that spans societal boundaries. Therefore, understanding the social-contextual factors that contribute to gender inequality in the STEM fields requires a cross-cultural examination of norms and values. In this commentary, I first outline a program of research aimed at developing an empirically supported theoretical framework that explains gender inequity in the STEM fields from a cross-cultural perspective. Then, I review the ways in which cultural beliefs influence education and careers in the STEM fields. Finally, I provide some practical suggestions of ways to promote gender equality in STEM fields. As such, this commentary serves as a call to integrate concepts from vocational, educational, and cross-cultural psychology to address an issue of upmost importance: equal representation.

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