scholarly journals COMPARING ANALYSIS OF PRETREATMENT METHODS OF WOOD AND BONE MATERIALS FOR THE CHRONOLOGY OF PERIPHERAL BURIALS AT TUNNUG 1, TUVA REPUBLIC, RUSSIA

Radiocarbon ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Fatima Pawełczyk ◽  
Irka Hajdas ◽  
Gino Caspari ◽  
Jegor Blochin ◽  
Timur Sadykov
Keyword(s):  
Acid Base ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Human Bones ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Acid And Base ◽  
Intercomparison Study

ABSTRACT Nine burials from Tunnug 1 site in Tuva Republic, which contained human and animal bones as well as remains of wood, were chosen for intercomparison study of preparation methods. Nine human bones, nine animal bones and 11 pieces of wood were prepared. Gelatin extracted from bones was purified using the UF method but the extraction from bones was modified with respect to acid and base treatment. Wood samples were treated as whole using acid-base-acid and cellulose was extracted for comparison. The results confirmed a highly consistent chronology of the sites centered at 200–400 CE, however, a few bones resulted in an offset between ages obtained by different methods. The extraction of cellulose was limited due to the poor preservation of wood. Our results highlight problems of dating poorly preserved bones and wood.

scholarly journals Waste Animal Bones as Catalysts for Biodiesel Production; A Mini Review

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 630
Author(s):  
Fayaz Hussain ◽  
Saad Alshahrani ◽  
Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas ◽  
Haris Mahmood Khan ◽  
Asif Jamil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Catalyst Preparation ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Waste Generation ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Eu Legislation ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Disposal Cost

Slaughterhouse waste is considered to be an emerging issue because of its disposal cost. As an alternative, it would be a great prospect for the bioeconomy society to explore new usages of these leftover materials. As per food safety rules mentioned by EU legislation, all bone waste generated by slaughterhouses ought to be disposed of by rendering. The huge quantity of worldwide bone waste generation (130 billion kilograms per annum) is an environmental burden if not properly managed. The waste animal bones can be efficiently employed as a heterogeneous catalyst to produce biodiesel. This mini review summarized the recent literature reported for biodiesel generation using waste animal bones derived heterogeneous catalyst. It discusses the sources of bone waste, catalyst preparation methods, particularly calcination and its effects, and important characteristics of bones derived catalyst. It suggests that catalysts extracted from waste animal bones have suitable catalytic activity in transesterification of different oil sources to generate a good quality biodiesel.

scholarly journals Lewis acid / Base-free Strategy for the Synthesis of 2-Arylthio and Selenyl Benzothiazole / Thiazole and Imidazole

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Guniganti Balakishan ◽  
Gullapalli Kumaraswamy ◽  
Vykunthapu Narayanarao ◽  
Pagilla Shankaraiah
Keyword(s):  
Lewis Acid ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Mechanistic Pathway ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Acid And Base ◽  
Lewis Acid And Base ◽  
Sulfur Bond

Abstract A Cu(II)-catalyzed Csp2-Se and Csp2-Sulfur bond formation was achieved with moderate to good yields without the aid of Lewis acid and base. The reaction is compatible with a wide range of heterocycles such as benzothiazole, thiazole, and imidazole. Also, this typical protocol is found to be active in thio-selenation via S-H activation. Additionally, we proposed a plausible mechanistic pathway involving Cu(III) putative intermediate.

One-pot synthesis of furfural derivatives from pentoses using solid acid and base catalysts

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 971-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahiro Shirotori ◽  
Shun Nishimura ◽  
Kohki Ebitani
Keyword(s):  
Solid Acid ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Amberlyst 15 ◽  
Base Catalysts ◽  
One Pot Synthesis ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Acid And Base

One-pot synthesis of (2-furanylmethylene)malononitrile, a Knoevenagel product of furfural with malononitrile, from xylose efficiently proceeded by combined use of acid Amberlyst-15 and acid-base Cr/hydrotalcites in 44% yield.

scholarly journals PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEY WITH FISHEYE LENS FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE LA SASSA CAVE

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W9 ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Alessandri ◽  
V. Baiocchi ◽  
S. Del Pizzo ◽  
M. F. Rolfo ◽  
S. Troisi
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Fisheye Lens ◽  
Lazio Region ◽  
Double Frequency ◽  
Human Bones ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Global Reference Frame

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The survey of ancient cave can generally be performed by traditional topographic methods that allow also its georeferencing in a global reference frame; some difficulties may arise when there are narrow tunnels that do not consent the use of a total station or a terrestrial laser scanner. In such cases a visual-based approach can be used to produce, both the followed path and the 3D model of the hypogeal environment. A prompt photogrammetric survey has been used to reconstruct the morphology of the La Sassa Cave, situated in the municipality of Sonnino (Latina), in the lower Lazio region. In this cave, a very large quantity of Pleistocene animal bones was found, together with several fragments of Copper Age human bones and Bronze Age impasto potsherds.</p><p> The survey was carried out using a DSLR full frame camera Nikon D800E with a Nikkor 16<span class="thinspace"></span>mm fisheye lens pre-calibrated. During the acquisition, several targets were measured in order to contain the deformations model. The photogrammetric model has been georeferenced using 3 GCPs positioned outside the cave entrance where a double frequency GNSS receiver has acquired data in static session mode.</p>

scholarly journals Inventarisasi Tanaman Berpotensi Sebagai Indikator Asam-Basa Alami Di Kota Kupang

bionature ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur R. Adawiyah Mahmud ◽  
Ihwan Ihwan ◽  
Nur Jannah
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Sesbania Grandiflora ◽  
Base Solution ◽  
Synthetic Indicator ◽  
Acid Base Titration ◽  
Acid And Base ◽  
Bougainvillea Spectabilis

Abstract.  This study investigated a natural acid-base indicator which is extracted from plants in Kupang city. There are 14 plants that potential as a source of natural indicator for acid base titration, i.e, Kol Ungu (Brassica oleracea Capitata Group), Turi Merah flower (Sesbania grandiflora L. Pers), Belimbing Wuluh flower (Averhoa bilimbi L), Kaktus Merah fruit (Opuntia vulgaris Mill), Ruelia flower (Ruellia simplex), Flamboyan flower (Delonix regia), bugenvil flower (Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd.), Bayam Merah leaves (Amaranthus tricolor L.) Jamblang fruit (Syzygium cumini L.), Murbey fruit (Morus alba L.), Pinang fruit (Areca catechu L.), Sirih fruit (Piper betle L.), Kunyit (Curcuma longa Linn), and Nanas Kerang leaves (Rhoeo discolor). Plants extract shows a sharp color change in acid and base solution. Promising results as a natural indicator also shown in acid base titration which is have similar equivalent point to synthetic indicator. We can use these natural indicators as an alternative to synthetic indicator because they are found to be simple, very useful, cheap, easy to extract, accurate, and eco-friendly. Keywords: Plant, Natural indicator, Acid-Base

scholarly journals Crystal engineered acid-base complexes with 2d and 3d hydrogen bonding systems using p-hydroxybenzoic acid as the building block

2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pu Zhao ◽  
Xian Wang ◽  
Fang Jian ◽  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Lian Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
3D Network ◽  
Acid And Base ◽  
Butyl Amine ◽  
Bonding Systems ◽  
Simply Connected

p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HOBA) was selected as the building block for self-assembly with five bases, i.e., diethylamine, tert-butyl amine, cyclohexylamine, imidazole and piperazine, and generate the corresponding acid-base complexes 1-5. Crystal structure analyses suggest that proton-transfer from the carboxyl hydrogen to the nitrogen atom of the bases can be observed in 1-4; while only in 5 does a solvent water molecule co-exists with p-HOBA and piperazine. With the presence of O-H?O hydrogen bonds in 1-4, the deprotonated p-hydroxybenzoate anions (p-HOBAA-) are simply connected each other in a head-to-tail motif to form one-dimensional (1D) arrays, which are further extended to distinct two-dimensional (2D) (for 1 and 4) and three-dimensional (3D) (for 2 and 3 ) networks via N-H?O interactions. While in 5, neutral acid and base are combined pair wise by O-H?N and N-H?O bonds to form a 1D tape and then the 1D tapes are sequentially combined by water molecules to create a 3D network. Some interlayer or intralayer C-H?O, C-H?? and ??? interactions help to stabilize the supramolecular buildings. Melting point determination analyses indicate that the five acidbase complexes are not the ordinary superposition of the reactants and they are more stable than the original reactants.

Anomalous Radiocarbon Dates from the Early Medieval Cremation Graves from Broechem (Flanders, Belgium): Reservoir or Old Wood Effects?

Radiocarbon ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rica Annaert ◽  
Mathieu Boudin ◽  
Koen Deforce ◽  
Anton Ervynck ◽  
Kristof Haneca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
Cultural Artifacts ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Human Bones ◽  
Animal Bones

ABSTRACTAs part of the study of the early medieval cemetery at Broechem (Belgium), human bones from 32 cremation graves have been dated through radiocarbon (14C) analysis. It was noted that many of the dates were not in accordance with the chronological ranges provided by the characteristics of the cultural artifacts deposited in the graves. In fact, the human bones were “older” than the artifacts. Subsequently, a number of animal bones (in all cases from domestic pigs) was radiocarbon dated, yielding dates that were more consistent with the information from the cultural artifacts than the human bones. The dates obtained on human and pig bones from the same grave often differed around 100 radiocarbon years. This paper tries to find an explanation for the pattern observed, concentrating on two hypotheses: aquatic reservoir versus old wood effects. The evaluation takes into account additional radiocarbon dates derived from charcoal fragments of the funeral pyre, from both short-lived and long-lived taxa. A conclusive explanation for the anomalous radiocarbon dates could not be reached but clear suggestions can be put forward for future experimental work that will without doubt shed more light upon the interpretational problems raised.

Bifunctional Acid-Base Ionic Liquid Organocatalysts with a Controlled Distance Between Acid and Base Sites

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1221-1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Boronat ◽  
Maria J. Climent ◽  
Avelino Corma ◽  
Sara Iborra ◽  
Raquel Montón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Acid And Base

scholarly journals Energy Harvesting by Waste Acid/Base Neutralization via Bipolar Membrane Reverse Electrodialysis

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 5510
Author(s):  
Andrea Zaffora ◽  
Andrea Culcasi ◽  
Luigi Gurreri ◽  
Alessandro Cosenza ◽  
Alessandro Tamburini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Bipolar Membrane ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Reverse Electrodialysis ◽  
Acid And Base ◽  
Parasitic Currents ◽  
Added Salt

Bipolar Membrane Reverse Electrodialysis (BMRED) can be used to produce electricity exploiting acid-base neutralization, thus representing a valuable route in reusing waste streams. The present work investigates the performance of a lab-scale BMRED module under several operating conditions. By feeding the stack with 1 M HCl and NaOH streams, a maximum power density of ~17 W m−2 was obtained at 100 A m−2 with a 10-triplet stack with a flow velocity of 1 cm s−1, while an energy density of ~10 kWh m−3 acid could be extracted by a complete neutralization. Parasitic currents along feed and drain manifolds significantly affected the performance of the stack when equipped with a higher number of triplets. The apparent permselectivity at 1 M acid and base decreased from 93% with the five-triplet stack to 54% with the 38-triplet stack, which exhibited lower values (~35% less) of power density. An important role may be played also by the presence of NaCl in the acidic and alkaline solutions. With a low number of triplets, the added salt had almost negligible effects. However, with a higher number of triplets it led to a reduction of 23.4–45.7% in power density. The risk of membrane delamination is another aspect that can limit the process performance. However, overall, the present results highlight the high potential of BMRED systems as a productive way of neutralizing waste solutions for energy harvesting.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document