SEEING DEMONS: AUTOPSY IN MAXIMUS OF TYRE'SORATION9 AND ITS ABSENCE IN APULEIUS’ON THE GOD OF SOCRATES

Ramus ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey C. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Second Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Public Image ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Consensus View ◽  
Maximus Of Tyre

Apuleius’On the God of Socrates(De Deo Socratis), a lecture on Platonic demonology and Socrates’daimonionthat dates to the second half of the second century CE, is a critical work in the assessment of Apuleius’ Platonism, but it also should play a larger role in our reconstruction of his public image than it has. This popular philosophical lecture focuses on the same theme as two Greek works from roughly the same time period: Plutarch's dialogueOn the Daimonion of Socrates(περὶ τοῦ Σωϰράτους δαιμονίου) and Maximus of Tyre'sOrations8-9 (Διαλέξεις). Discussion ofOn the God of Socrateshas centered on its relationship with these other texts, with the aim of comparing Apuleius’ argument aboutdaimoneswith Plutarch's and Maximus’. The consensus view is that Plutarch's treatment of demonology has little in common with Apuleius’ (I present further evidence supporting the consensus near the end of this essay). On the other hand, many scholars assert Apuleius’ closest Greek model is Maximus of Tyre, a sophist with a Platonic orientation who wrote forty-one brief lectures on ethics and other philosophical subjects in the second century CE.

ARISTARCHUS’ WORK IN PROGRESS: WHAT DID ARISTONICUS AND DIDYMUS READ OF ARISTARCHUS?

2015 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 609-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Schironi
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Second Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Work In Progress ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New System

As is well known, the work of Aristarchus on Homer is not preserved by direct tradition. We have instead many fragments preserved mainly in the Homeric scholia, the Byzantine Etymologica and the Homeric commentaries by Eustathius of Thessalonica. These fragments go back to the so-called Viermännerkommentar (abbreviated VMK), the ‘commentary of the four men’, a commentary that is dated to the fifth-sixth century c.e. and collects the works of Aristonicus, Didymus, Nicanor and Herodian. In the first century b.c.e. Aristonicus explained the meaning of Aristarchus’ critical signs in a treatise called Περὶ τῶν σημείων τῶν τῆς ᾿Ιλιάδος καὶ ᾿Οδυσσείας, while in the Περὶ τῆς ᾿Αρισταρχείου διορθώσεως Didymus studied Aristarchus’ Homeric recension. In the second century c.e. two more scholars, Herodian and Nicanor, dealt with Aristarchus while analysing questions of prosody in the Homeric language (Herodian) or the punctuation of the Homeric text (Nicanor). Not all of these four ‘men’ are equally important, however, as sources for Aristarchus. In fact, Herodian and Nicanor had aims that were quite independent of Aristarchus’ enterprise: the former was concerned with problems of prosody, accentuation and aspiration in Homer, whereas the latter had developed a new system of punctuation to elucidate the Homeric text from a syntactic point of view. Although both Herodian and Nicanor did take an interest in Aristarchus, their focus was thus different from that of their Alexandrian predecessor. The goal of Aristonicus and Didymus, on the other hand, was specifically to reconstruct Aristarchus’ work on Homer; it is for this reason that they are considered the most trustworthy witnesses for Aristarchus’ fragments.

scholarly journals Udmurt woman headwear ayshon in descriptions and graphics of the XVI–XVIII centuries

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 728-738
Author(s):  
E. E. Nechvaloda ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Source Studies ◽  
Ethnographic Data ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time

Introduction: the article is devoted to the analysis of the early sources on the Udmurt ancient woman headwear. The chronological framework of the study is limited, on the one hand, by the very first confirmation of the ayshon (XVI century), and on the other hand, by the era of the first expeditions in Russia (XVIII century), which laid the foundation for future ethnographic research. Objective: to determine the degree of reliability and informativity of descriptions and images of the Udmurt headwear of the XVI–XVIII centuries. Research materials: works of travelers of the XVI–XVIII centuries, containing data about ayshon. Results and novelty of the research: the article provides a comparative analysis of materials about ayshon in the sources of the XVI–XVIII centuries. Texts, engravings with texts, and early sources with ethnographic materials of the end of the XIX – beginning XX centuries are compared. For the first time, all original graphic images and descriptions of this headwear related to the specified time period are published together. The characteristics of the ayshon in the descriptions generally correspond to each other, as well as its known images and later ethnographic data. The materials of the article can be used in ethnographic and source studies.

scholarly journals Den intima ledaren?: Om ledarartiklar, informalisering och språklig förändring

2019 ◽  
Vol NF 28 (2018) ◽  
pp. 78-111
Author(s):  
Sanna Skärlund
Keyword(s):  
Formal Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western World ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Public Language ◽  
The Past ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Time Period

Public language is generally considered to have become more informal in the Western world in the past few decades. The same holds true for Swedish public language and the language of Swedish newspapers in particular. However, two former studies of opinion articles in five Swedish newspapers revealed that the language used in this genre was surprisingly unchanged during the time period 1945–2000. This article replicates the two former studies by analysing 36 Swedish opinion articles from 2015 from a quantitative perspective. The results of the analysis are then compared to those of the earlier studies to see if, and to what extent, tendencies of informalization have now become noticeable in the opinion articles. It is demonstrated that there are indeed signs of informalization in the articles from 2015. Words and sentences have become shorter, colloquial expressions (such as swear words) are used, and both incomplete sentences and personal pronouns in first and second person are more frequent than before. On the other hand, subordinate clauses are more common in the articles from 2015 than in 1985–2000. Since subordinate clauses in former studies of Swedish have been considered a formal trait, this is quite unexpected. In the article, it is argued that the connection between subordination and formal language is more complex than has sometimes previously been acknowledged –, and that subordinate clauses have different functions, not all of them characterizing a formal style.

scholarly journals Ignacio de Antioquía inventó el Cristianismo: Trajano y Adriano frente a los Cristianos = Ignatius of Antioch invented the Christianism: Trajan and Hadrian facing the Christians

2019 ◽  
pp. 289
Author(s):  
Pedro Giménez de Aragón Sierra
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Change ◽  
Second Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Christian Identity ◽  
Religious Policy ◽  
1 Peter ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Relationship

Resumen: Este artículo estudia el cambio con­ceptual que se produjo a partir de Ignacio de Antioquía, creador de los neologismos Christianismós y Katholika Ekklesía. Se analiza también el precedente que supuso el neologismo ’Ioudaïsmós, nacido en 2Ma­cabeos. Por otra parte, se analiza la relación existente entre el nacimiento de una iden­tidad cristiana a principios del siglo II y el cambio en la política religiosa de Adriano respecto a los cristianos. Si Trajano ordenó que los cristianos confesos debían ser eje­cutados, Adriano, después de escuchar la Apología de Arístides, ordenó que las ejecu­ciones debían cesar. Arístides y las cartas de Bernabé y 1 Pedro son textos cristianos de esa época que pugnan por la consolidación de una identidad cristiana diferente a la gre­corromana y a la judía. Dicha identidad no era religiosa sino étnica, porque el concepto de religión tal como hoy lo conocemos no existía en la Antigüedad.Abstract: This article deals with the conceptual change produced after Ignatius of Antioch, creator of the neologisms Christianismós and Katholika Ekklesía. The precedent that made arise the neologism ’Ioudaïsmós, born in 2Maccabees, is also analyzed. On the other hand, the relationship between the birth of a Christian identity at the beginning of the second century and the change of Hadrian’s religious policy towards the Christians is analyzed as well. Whereas Trajan ordered that confessed Christians should be execu­ted, Hadrian commanded, after having listen the Apology of Aristides, that the executions should come to an end. Aristides and the letters of Barnabas and 1 Peter are Christian texts of that time that struggle for the conso­lidation of a Christian identity different from the Greco-Roman and Jewish identities. This identity was not religious but ethnic, since the concept of religion as we know it today did not exist in Antiquity.Palabras clave: Judaísmo, Cristianismo, Ignacio de An­tioquía, Arístides de Atenas, Bernabé, 1 Pe­dro, Trajano, Adriano.Key words: Judaism, Christianity, Ignatius of An­tioch, Aristides of Athens, Bernabe, 1 Peter, Trajan, Hadrian.

Chariton and Xenophon of Ephesus

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Second Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Sophistic ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
And Control

This chapter discusses the novels of Chariton and Xenophon of Ephesus. Both are engaged with central concerns of the Second Sophistic, in particular that of elite Greek identity. Chariton’s novel (composed in the second century and connected with the sophist Dionysius of Miletus) demonstrates the same empathetic recreation of the classical past as sophistic declamation, and defines the Greekness of his protagonists in antithesis to a Persia configured to enable the exploration of the contemporary accommodation of the Greek elite to Rome. In his vision, paideia is a central constituent of Hellenic identity, enacted through an important third character, who represents an older erotic paradigm in contrast to the romantic heroes. Xenophon’s novel (probably an epitome), on the other hand, uses a contemporary setting to explore the nightmare of the loss of social status and control over one’s own person.

On the Dating of the Fayum Portraits

1905 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 225-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Edgar
Keyword(s):  
Second Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Definite Evidence ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject

When the mummy-portraits from Rubayyat and Hawara were first brought to Europe, amid the general interest which they aroused there was a wide diversity of opinion as to their age. Georg Ebers, who had an enthusiastic admiration for them, tried hard to prove that the series began in the second century B.C. and that the best specimens belonged to the Ptolemaic period. Th. Schreiber may be mentioned as another distinguished authority who took the same view. On the other hand many archaeologists maintained that the portraits were all Roman work, dating for the most part from the second century A.D. Mr. Petrie in particular brought forward definite evidence to show that they range from about 130 A.D. to about 250 A.D., and he also divided them into successive groups. There is still much uncertainty on the subject, as I have had occasion to notice of late. To those who are in doubt about it the following brief paper, which is based on a study of the Cairo collection, may be of some little help. I regret that I do not know much of the material in Europe at first hand.

scholarly journals Resistansi terhadap Objectification dalam Novel Mash-Up Pride and Prejudice and Zombies dari Novel Klasik Pride and Prejudice

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-45
Author(s):  
Cindy Belinda Ramadhanty
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Literature ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Jane Austen ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pride And Prejudice ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Time Period ◽  
As If ◽  
The Way

This study deals with objectification, especially towards Elizabeth Bennet (Lizzy), in the classic novel Pride and Prejudice (1813) and the mash-up novel Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (2009) which were written by Jane Austen and Seth Grahame-Smith. This study aims to examine how the resistance towards objectification is pictured in the mash-up novel Pride and Prejudice and Zombies using Nussbaum’s theory of objectification. As a comparative study, there are some things that will be compared in this study, such as the different time period when both novels were first published, the way the authors pictured objectification, and the addition of zombie in the mash-up novel Pride and Prejudice and Zombies. This study uses qualitative method with comparative literature as the approach. The result of this study concludes that Lizzy is objectified by Mr. Collins in terms of instrumentality, fungibility, ownership, and denial of subjectivity. The addition of zombie in the mash-up novel Pride and Prejudice and Zombies implies as if there is a resistance towards objectification, with Lizzy having the skills of a warrior, while in fact the objectification is real as experienced by Lizzy. In the perspective of comparative literature, mash-up novel Pride and Prejudice and Zombies tends to have ambivalence even though it is published in postmodern era. On one hand, Lizzy is able to defend herself from zombie, on the other hand, she still falls victim to the objectification done by Mr. Collins. In other words, the resistance towards objectification in the mash-up novel Pride and Prejudice and Zombies is not able to protect Lizzy from the objectification done by Mr. Collins.

scholarly journals Dating of Isnād and Western Scholarship

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (- 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alam Khan
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Second Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Source Criticism ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Western Scholarship

Isnād system is the distinction of Muslim Ummah which is praised by its critics too because it is a source of access to the origin of every information. Muslim scholarship called it religion and did not accept hadith without Isnād . Especially after the first Civil War -when the fabrication of hadīth appeared in Muslim society- the Muhadithūn thoroughly scrutinised the traditions and transmitters to differentiate the authentic Aḥādīth from the weak and fabricated. On the other hand, when Western scholarship started source criticism, they considered Isnād system as a source of dating Ḥadīth. Therefore, most of their theories and conclusions about the authenticity of Ḥadīth based on it. They put in question the Isnād system as Prophetic Ḥadīth and tried to find out its dating in their studies. Some of them claimed that Muḥadıthūn fabricated it in the second century and onwards while the others argued that it was used after the first half of the first century. However, both considered it later addition to the hadith literature. This study deals with the theories of Western scholars about the dating of Isnād and its comparison with historical facts.

scholarly journals Quantifying and comparing web news portals’ article salience using the VoxPopuli tool

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duje Bonacci ◽  
Antonija Jelinić ◽  
Jelena Jurišić ◽  
Lucija Vesnić-Alujević
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
News Article ◽  
News Story ◽  
Web Portals ◽  
Daily News ◽  
News Stories ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Web News ◽  
Relative Salience

VoxPopuli tool enables quantification of absolute and relative salience of news articles published on daily news web portals. Obtained numerical values for the two types of salience enable direct comparison of audience impact of different news articles in specified time period. Absolute salience of a news article in a specified time period is determined as the total number of distinct readers who commented on the story in that period. Hence, articlesthat appear on web portals with larger audiences will in general be (absolutely) more salient as there are more potential commentators to comment on them. On the other hand, relative salience of a particular article during a particular time period is calculated as the quotient of a number of distinct readers who comented on that particular story and the number of all readers who in the same period commented on any news story published on the same news portal. As such relative salience will always be a number between 0 and 1, irrespective of the popularity of particular news portal, the (relative) salience of news stories on different news portals can be compared.

An Early Greek Pandore

1949 ◽  
Vol 81 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 177-179
Author(s):  
Henry George Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Second Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wall Paintings ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
Similar Class

THE origin and history of the pandore and lute in the Near and Middle East is a perennial attraction to musicologists. Especially interesting is its emergence in Greece, where its Oriental origin is ackowledged. It has been surmised that the word πανδορα is derived from the Sumerian pandur or pantur (“little bow”), and it may be perfectly true that in primeval times the pandore would have evolved from a “musical bow”. Still, no such words have come down to us in Sumerian which actually indicate an instrument of music. On the other hand, a somewhat similar class of instrument is to be found to-day in the Ạrmenian pandir, the Georgian panturi, and the Ossetic fandur. Strange to say Nicomachus (a.d. second century) actually wrote ϕανδονρα The pandore itself is delineated in eastern art remains much earlier than in Greece. It occurs on a Nippur plaque (c. 1700), on Egyptian wall paintings (c. 1570), and in later Susian, Cappadocian, Hittite, and Assyrian Art remains. The earliest examples from Greece have been those of the fourth century b.c., as shown in the art remains from Mantineia and Tanagra, both possessing, seemingly, a narrow periform sound-chest and a long neck. A century later, the name πανδορα occurs in Euphorion, who spent most of his life in Syria.

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