HEROIC DEMOCRACY IN HIGH RELIEF: POLITICAL LEGITIMACY AND MONUMENTAL IMAGERY IN FIFTH-CENTURY ATHENS

Ramus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 169-188
Author(s):  
Mark Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Ethical Life ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Public Monuments ◽  
Civic Spaces ◽  
Verbal Content ◽  
Political Understanding

In recent decades, political theorists have significantly revised their understanding of Athenian democratic thinking. By opening up the canon, shifting their focus from abstract principles to democratic practices, and employing an increasingly diverse range of interpretive approaches, they have collectively reconstructed a more robust and multi-faceted account of the Athenian democratic public sphere. Despite its ecumenical ambitions and manifest successes, however, this project has been fettered by a singular focus on language as the medium of democratic politics. As can be seen in the gloss of one of its contributors, this body of work effectively limits the democratic public sphere to ‘the domain in which judgments and public opinion are shaped and formed through speech’. This logocentric demarcation of democratic practice does not harmonize well with our own experience of modern politics, however, where public monuments, political imagery, and civic spaces play a critical role in the formation of political understanding and judgment, as well as starting points for discussion, debate, and disagreement. It seems similarly out of tune with what we know about the ancient Greeks, who demonstrated a readiness to move between visual and verbal content in reflecting on political and ethical life, and who developed the very idea of theôria out of an extension of the process of seeing. If, as political theorists, we can temper our habitual logocentrism and learn to attend more closely to the visual culture of Athenian democracy, we stand to add new dimensions to our collective reconstruction of the democratic public sphere and, in turn, to enhance our understanding of those texts that have long preoccupied our attention.

scholarly journals Critical Role of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Accessory Proteins in Viral Replication and Pathogenesis

2002 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 396-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Albrecht ◽  
Michael D. Lairmore
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Lymphocyte Activation ◽  
Accessory Proteins ◽  
Viral Infectivity ◽  
Diverse Range

SUMMARY Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is associated with a diverse range of lymphoproliferative and neurodegenerative diseases, yet pathogenic mechanisms induced by the virus remain obscure. This complex retrovirus contains typical structural and enzymatic genes but also unique regulatory and accessory genes in four open reading frames (ORFs) of the pX region of the viral genome (pX ORFs I to IV). The regulatory proteins encoded by pX ORFs III and IV, Tax and Rex, respectively, have been extensively characterized. In contrast the contribution of the four accessory proteins p12I, p27I, p13II, and p30II, encoded by pX ORFs I and II, to viral replication and pathogenesis remained unclear. Proviral clones that are mutated in either pX ORF I or II, while fully competent in cell culture, are severely limited in their replicative capacity in a rabbit model. Emerging evidence indicates that the HTLV-1 accessory proteins are critical for establishment of viral infectivity, enhance T-lymphocyte activation, and potentially alter gene transcription and mitochondrial function. HTLV-1 pX ORF I expression is critical to the viral infectivity in resting primary lymphocytes, suggesting a role for p12I in lymphocyte activation. The endoplasmic reticulum and cis-Golgi localizing p12I, encoded from pX ORF I, activates NFAT, a key T-cell transcription factor, through calcium-mediated signaling pathways and may lower the threshold of lymphocyte activation via the JAK/STAT pathway. In contrast p30II localizes to the nucleus and represses viral promoter activity, but may regulate cellular gene expression through p300/CBP or related coactivators of transcription. p13II targets mitochondrial proteins, where it alters the organelle morphology and may influence energy metabolism. Collectively, studies of the molecular functions of the HTLV-1 accessory proteins provide insight into strategies used by retroviruses that are associated with lymphoproliferative diseases.

scholarly journals The Conditions and Challenges of the PR Industry in Pakistan in the 21st Century: Practitioners’ Perspective and Perceptions

2020 ◽  
Vol V (I) ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
Mudassir Mukhtar ◽  
Salma Umber ◽  
Mudassar Hussain Shah
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
National Narrative ◽  
The Public ◽  
Management Function

This paper contributes to the professional maturity of the profession by highlighting the problems faced by the practitioners and their professional solutions. The data and analysis are based on structured qualitative interviews of the highest ranked PR (public relation) professionals working as the heads of PR departments in government and private institutions. Practitioners urged to establish Pakistani public relations substructures well-suited with local cultural realities. Practitioners believed that public relations critical role in strengthening democracy in Pakistan to promote democratic traditions and usage of social capital, civil society and public sphere, recognitions of PR as a management function, preparation of a national narrative against terrorism, adoption of new technological advancements, less focusing on internal public and controlling unrealistic boss publicity are the major challenges in the public relations industry in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Identification of different oxygen species in oxide nanostructures with 17O solid-state NMR spectroscopy

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. e1400133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Wang ◽  
Xin-Ping Wu ◽  
Sujuan Zheng ◽  
Li Zhao ◽  
Lei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Oxygen Ions ◽  
Surface Sites ◽  
Nanostructured Oxides

Nanostructured oxides find multiple uses in a diverse range of applications including catalysis, energy storage, and environmental management, their higher surface areas, and, in some cases, electronic properties resulting in different physical properties from their bulk counterparts. Developing structure-property relations for these materials requires a determination of surface and subsurface structure. Although microscopy plays a critical role owing to the fact that the volumes sampled by such techniques may not be representative of the whole sample, complementary characterization methods are urgently required. We develop a simple nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) strategy to detect the first few layers of a nanomaterial, demonstrating the approach with technologically relevant ceria nanoparticles. We show that the 17O resonances arising from the first to third surface layer oxygen ions, hydroxyl sites, and oxygen species near vacancies can be distinguished from the oxygen ions in the bulk, with higher-frequency 17O chemical shifts being observed for the lower coordinated surface sites. H217O can be used to selectively enrich surface sites, allowing only these particular active sites to be monitored in a chemical process. 17O NMR spectra of thermally treated nanosized ceria clearly show how different oxygen species interconvert at elevated temperature. Density functional theory calculations confirm the assignments and reveal a strong dependence of chemical shift on the nature of the surface. These results open up new strategies for characterizing nanostructured oxides and their applications.

The molecular basis of ciliopathies and cyst formation

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Kühn ◽  
Gerd Walz
Keyword(s):  
Planar Cell Polarity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Renal Cysts ◽  
Cyst Formation ◽  
Cystic Kidney Disease ◽  
Cystic Kidney ◽  
Convergent Extension ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Cell Intercalation

Abnormalities of the cilium, termed ‘ciliopathies’, are the prime suspect in the pathogenesis of renal cyst formation because the gene products of cystic disease-causing genes localize to them, or near them. However, we only partially understand how cilia maintain the geometry of kidney tubules, and how abnormal cilia lead to renal cysts, and the diverse range of diseases attributed to them. Some non-cystic diseases share pathology of the same structures. Although still incompletely understood, cilia appear to orient cells in response to extracellular cues to maintain the overall geometry of a tissue, thereby intersecting with the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway and the actin cytoskeleton. The PCP pathway controls two morphogenetic programmes, oriented cell division (OCD) and convergent extension (CE) through cell intercalation that both seem to play a critical role in cyst formation. The two-hit theory of cystogenesis, by which loss of the second normal allele causes tubular epithelial cells to form kidney cysts, has been largely borne out. Additional hits and influences may better explain the rate of cyst formation and inter-individual differences in disease progression. Ciliary defects appear to converge on overlapping signalling modules, including mammalian target of rapamycin and cAMP pathways, which can be targeted to treat human cystic kidney disease irrespective of the underlying gene mutation.

31. Habermas

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Baynes
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Communicative Action ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Discourse Theory ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Deliberative Politics ◽  
Validity Claims

This chapter examines Jürgen Habermas's major contributions to social and political thought. Habermas is regarded as one of the most influential figures in contemporary political theory. In his later work Habermas has begun to expand the normative political implications of his work in social theory and philosophy, culminating in Between Facts and Norms. This chapter first provides an overview of Habermas's earlier work, especially his study on the transformation of the liberal or bourgeois public sphere, before discussing his theory of communicative action (or action based on mutually supposed validity claims). It then considers Habermas's attempt, in Between Facts and Norms, to develop an account of deliberative politics anchored on the idea of political legitimacy and concludes with an analysis of cosmopolitanism as well as his views on discourse theory, democracy, the system of rights, and ‘weak’ and ‘strong’ publics.

The Islamic State

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-234
Author(s):  
Louay M. Safi
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
State Power ◽  
The State ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Usual Practice ◽  
Western Literature ◽  
Political Body

IntroductionThe purpose of this paper is to delineate the basic elements involvedin the concept of the Islamic state and to clarify the basis and scope of politicalpower. More specifically, discussions will focus on the purpose of the Islamicstate, the source of political legitimacy, and the scope of state power. I willcontend that a clear distinction should be made between the role and purposeof the state and those of the ummah, for only through the separation of theresponsibilities and objectives of the two can the injunctions of the Shari‘ahand the principles of revelation be properly observed.Historical BackgroundAlthough the word “state” (dawlah) was first used in the Qur’an, almostsix centuries had to elapse before the word was given its first technical definitionby Muslim scholars. The word dawlah was mentioned once in the Qur’an(in 59:7) in connection with the distribution of the fay’ (the property Muslimsappropriated from the Banu al Nadr upon the latter‘s expulsion from Madinah).The Qur’an justified this departure from the usual practice of dividing thespoils among the fighters by referring to the divine intention of preventingthe circulation of wealth among a small group within the society?Up until the late fifth century, one could hardly find any reference tothe state in Muslim literature, or in Western literature for that matter. Otherterms such as al amsar or dar al Islam were employed whenever a referencewas made to the territories under Muslim control. Alternatively, the stateas a political body was identified by its political organs, i.e., al khilafah, ...

Manual point-measurements of sea ice mass balance during the MOSAiC Expedition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Raphael ◽  
Donald Perovich ◽  
Chris Polashenski ◽  
David Clemens-Sewall ◽  
Polona Itkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Individual Measurement ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Ice Mass Balance ◽  
Ocean Measurements

<p>Sea ice plays a critical role in the Arctic climate system, regulating much of the energy transfer between the ocean and the atmosphere. Repeat measurements of ice mass balance at discrete points allow us to determine the direct response of sea ice mass to environmental conditions. We installed a network of mass balance measurement sites across the MOSAiC Central Observatories, distributed over a diverse range of ice types and features. The sites were composed of gridded arrays of 9-17 hotwire thickness gauges, each paired with a surface ablation stake. Seven sites were installed on first year ice, and seven on second or multi year ice, with a total of 120+ individual measurement stations. The sites were operational over different periods throughout the year; several were destroyed or became inaccessible during ridging events. Initial ice thicknesses ranged from 0.13-3.50 m. We made measurements of ice and snow interfaces and thicknesses with 1 cm precision at each station, at intervals of 2-3 weeks during the growth season and as few as 1-2 days during the melt season. From these measurements, we infer ice growth, ice bottom melt, ice surface melt, snow deposition, snow erosion, and snow melt. The time series spans October 2019–September 2020, with a five-week measurement gap beginning mid-May 2020. We present an overview of the measurements and preliminary analysis, partitioning results by ice type and comparing mass balance to concurrent atmosphere and ocean measurements. We identify trends in the seasonal evolution of different ice types, and give particular attention to notable events in the time series. As true point-measurements, the data are especially relevant in improving one-dimensional thermodynamic sea ice models. The results also provide validation for satellite and electromagnetic induction ice-thickness measurements made during MOSAiC, which offer higher areal coverage but lower measurement- and spatial-precision.</p>

Public discourse, political legitimacy, and collective identity: Cases from Iraq, Brazil and China

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (s1) ◽  
pp. 560-585
Author(s):  
Max Hänska ◽  
Ahmed Bahiya ◽  
Fernanda Amaral ◽  
Yu Sui
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Collective Identity ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Public Communication ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
Communication Space ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Government

AbstractThrough the examination of recent developments in Iraq, Brazil and China, this paper explores the role of public communication in a) generating, corralling, and buttressing political legitimacy, and b) negotiating, demarcating, and reproducing collective identities. The transformation of Iraq’s public sphere after the fall of the Ba’ath regime saw it shift from a tightly controlled and unified communication space to unencumbered yet fragmented spheres split along ethno-sectarian lines, buttressing sectarian politics and identities. The emergence of subaltern publics in Brazil’s favelas empowered residents to express public dissent, assert their voice, and develop pride in their community. Chinese efforts to control online public discourse provide the government with ways of managing its perceived legitimacy and foster patriotic fellowship online. Legitimation and the affirmation of identity interact and support one another in public discourse, as we illustrate.

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