Prediction of the voluntary intake of grass silages by beef cattle. 1. Linear regression analyses

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Rook ◽  
M. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Linear Regressions

ABSTRACTData on individually recorded silage dry-matter intake (SDMI), concentrate dry-matter intake (CDMI) and live weight of steers and data on silage composition including toluene dry matter (TDM), pH, total nitrogen (N), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), digestible organic matter in the dry matter (DOMD) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) obtained from experiments conducted at three sites were used to obtain simple and multiple linear regressions of SDMI on other variables.Live weight accounted for a high proportion of the variation in intake but this effect could generally be removed by scaling intake by live weight raised to the power of 0·75 (M0·75). CDMI was the most important factor affecting scaled intake in mixed diets. TDM, NH,-N and VFAs all had important effects on SDMI. The relationship of SDMI with TDM was curvilinear suggesting that there is little to be gained in intake terms from wilting to TDM above 250 g/kg. The effect of NH3-N appeared to be related more to its correlation with VFAs than with any other nitrogenous constituent while the VFAs appeared to have a direct effect on SDMI. The effects of N and pH on SDMI were generally small. DOMD and NDF had relatively little effect on SDMI. Significant differences in intercepts between sites were found for most relationships although common slopes were often found.

Milk production from silage 2. The influence of the digestibility of silage made from the primary growth of perennial ryegrass

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Thomas ◽  
S. R. Daley ◽  
K. Aston ◽  
P. M. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Friesian Cows

ABSTRACT1. The primary growth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cultivar Endura) was cut on 23 May (high digestibility) and 23 June (low digestibility) and ensiled with an additive consisting of equal volumes of formic acid and formalin to supply 30 g formaldehyde per kg crude protein. The silages were given ad libitum, together with 6·3 kg dry matter per day of a barley/soya bean supplement, to 24 British Friesian cows over weeks 4 to 18 of lactation.2. The delay in cutting the primary growth led to an increase in grass yield from 3·78 to 6·94t dry matter per ha but a depression in the content of digestible organic matter in the silage dry matter from 748 to 639 g/kg. However, the effect of the digestibility of the silage on the digestibility of the total diet by the cows was small. The silages contained low levels of fermentation acids and ammonia-nitrogen.3. The digestibility of silage did not influence silage dry-matter intake in early lactation but in mid lactation the intake of the low-digestibility silage declined whilst that of the high-digestibility silage increased slightly.4. Cows given silage of high rather than low digestibility produced significantly more milk (high, 28·0 v. low, 24·7kg/day, P < 0·01 ) of lower fat content (high, 36·1 v. low, 41·0 g/kg, P < 0·01 ) but higher protein content (high, 31·5 v. low, 29·4g/kg, P < 0·05). Cows given silage of low digestibility lost more live weight than cows given silage of high digestibility but the effect was not significant.

The voluntary intake by cattle of four silages differing in dry matter content

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Jackson ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Daily Intakes

SUMMARYHerbage from the same timothy/meadow fescue/white clover sward was ensiled at four different dry matter contents. The resulting silages had dry matter contents of 19·0, 27·3, 32·3 and 43·2%, the dry matter content increasing with the length of the wilting period. An experiment was carried out to determine the voluntary intake of the silages. Each silage was given to 7 animals individually, the mean live weight of these being 334 kg.Although the silages made from wilted herbage were lower in digestibility than that made from unwilted herbage, wilting increased dry matter intake and metabolizable energy (ME) intake. The mean daily intakes of digestible organic matter were 53·0, 58·1, 59·6 and 59·6 g/kgW0·73, for silages of increasing dry matter content. The corresponding ME intakes, expressed as a multiple of the ME requirement for maintenance, were 1·17, 1·29, 1·30 and 1·28. The percentage of acetic acid in the silage dry matter was significantly (r= −0·56) and linearly related to voluntary intake. The relationship between lactic acid concentration and voluntary intake was significantly curvilinear (r= 0·48).

The use of coarsely milled barley straw in finishing diets for young beef cattle

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Forbes ◽  
A. M. Raven ◽  
J. H. D. Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Linear Decline

SummaryAn experiment was carried out in which young beef cattle were given diets containing different levels of coarsely milled (1 in screen) barley straw. The proportions of straw used were 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 % and the performance of animals on these diets was compared with that of similar animals on an all concentrate diet. Each diet was given ad libitum to six animals. There was a significant linear decline in live-weight gain with increasing straw intake, the rate of decline being 0·62 ± 0·133 kg per week for each 10 % increase in the level of straw in the diet. The dry matter conversion ratio increased linearly with increasing straw intake, the rate of increase being 0·65 ± 0·186 units for each 10 % increase in straw in the diet. Dry matter intake was significantly (P < 0·001) affected by the proportion of straw in the diet. Although dry matter intake increased to a maximum at a level of 18·8% straw in the diet there was no significant increase in the intake of digestible organic matter (DOMI). There was a significant (P < 0·001) linear decline of 0·19 ± 0·04 kg DOMI with each 10% increase in straw in the diet. There was a significant linear decline in chilled carcase weight to the extent of 5·7 ± 0·096 kg for each 10% increase in straw. The killing-out percentage based on unfasted live weight declined significantly as the percentage of straw in the diet rose from 20 to 30%. However, when the killing-out percentage was calculated on the basis of live weight at slaughter less rumen contents there was no significant difference between treatments.

Supplementation of rice straw with dry leucaena

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
PT Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The effects of supplementation with three levels (5, 10 and 15% of DM offered) of dry leucaena on the voluntary intake and digestion of rice straw by sheep were studied. These effects were compared with those of a supplement of urea and sulfate. In all cases, the rice straw was supplemented with minerals.Total dry matter intake (DMI) increased linearly with the level of leucaena, but there was no affect on intake of straw. Nor did supplementation with urea and sulfate affect straw intake. Neither of these supplements affected the apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM).There were significant linear relationships between DM1 and the amounts of total digesta or DM in the reticulo-rumen (RR). The amount of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) in the RR also increased with the amount of leucaena offered, as did the concentration of ammonia N in rumen fluid.While the flows of digesta constituents increased linearly with the amount of leucaena in the diet, there were no significant effects of dietary treatments on the fractional outflow rates of NDF from the RR. The fractional digestion rates of NDF in the RR were also not affected by supplementation. The intake of nitrogen, the amount of crude protein apparently digested in the intestines (DCPi) and apparent nitrogen retention all increased with the amount of leucaena given. In contrast, supplementationwith urea and sulfate increased N intake, but DCPi was not increased to the same extent as with leucaena. The proportion of NAN flowing through the abomasum which was of microbial origin was lower (0.66 v. 0.73) when 15% leucaena was in the diet than with straw alone or straw plus urea and sulfate.

A study of factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by cattle

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Long Form ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Net Energy Intake ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Gut Fill

SUMMARYSix diets providing ratios of concentrate to hay of 100 : 0, 95 : 5, 90 : 10, 80 : 20, 70 : 30 and 60 : 40 were given ad libitum to 24 British Friesian steers. The hay (in the long form) was offered separately from the concentrates. From 91 to 136 kg live weight, as the proportion of hay in the diet increased, daily dry-matter intake decreased. Over the weight range, 136 to 363 kg live weight, the addition of small amounts of hay to the concentrate diet caused an increase in intake. At 42 weeks of age a digestibility trial was carried out. Daily drymatter intake was maximal when the diet contained 80% concentrates. The apparent digestibility and mean retention time of the diets increased as the proportion of concentrates increased. Differences in estimated gut fill were not significant. The diet consisting of concentrate only resulted in the lowest concentration of acetic acid and the highest concentration of propionic and butyric acids in the rumen liquor. Net-energy intake tended to increase as the proportion of concentrates increased from 60 to 90% but then remained fairly constant.

A comparison of the effects on voluntary intake by sheep of either dietary or intra-ruminal addition of silage juices

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-333
Author(s):  
N.W. Offer
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Juice Extraction ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Daily Intakes

AbstractTwo silages were made from a regrowth of perennial ryegr ass following a 24-h wilt using either 2·5 l/t (LF) or 5·5 l/t (HF) of Add Safe (an aqueous solution of ammonium tetraformate, Trouw Nutrition, Cheshire, UK). Composition of silages LF and HF respectively were for dry matter (DM, g/kg) 205, 217; crude protein (g/kg DM) 106, 104; digestible organic matter (g/kg DM) 665, 692, pH 3·8, 3·9; lactic acid (g/kg DM) 103, 84; neutralizing value (meq/kg DM) 1051, 892; acetic acid (g/kg DM) 18·4, 14·0. Experiment A measured the intakes of the two silages using 12 Scottish Blackface wether lambs (mean live weight 25 kg) using a cross-over design with periods of 21 days. Intakes (g DM per day) were significantly greater (P < 0·05) for silage HF (329) than for LF (268). Experiment B measured the voluntary intakes of dried silage residues following juice extraction using the same protocol as for experiment A, except that only six lambs were used. There were no significant differences in composition or intake (P > 0·05) of the dried residues from the two silages. Experiment C used a 5 × 5 Latin-square design to measure the effects on voluntary intake of adding juices from the two silages to unmolassed sugar-beet nuts (SBN) pre-feeding or administered directly into the rumen in two discrete doses per day. Sheep on treatments LED and HFD received juices added to SBN (1·5 l/kg) and water added into the rumen in equal volume to the juice consumed with the previous day’s SBN. Treatments LFR and HFR received water added to the SBN (1·5 l/kg) and juice into the rumen in equal volume to the water consumed with the previous day’s SBN. The control treatment (W) was water added both to the SBN and into the rumen. Total mean daily intakes (g/day) were 1930,1954,1296, 2034 and 1703 (s.e.d. 179) for treatments LED, HFD, LFR, HFR and W respectively. Treatment LFR gave significantly lower mean daily intakes (P < 0·05) than all other treatments. Values for pH, volatile fatty acids and ammonia in the rumen fluid were not significantly affected by treatment (P > 0·05). Differences in voluntary intake for the two silages made from the same crop using different ensilage methods were attributed to differences in the silage liquid and volatile phases and not to the non-volatile solid phase. The effects of juice composition on intake were greater when added directly to the rumen than when added to the diet suggesting that effects on taste or smell were relatively unimportant.

Voluntary intake of food by mature sheep following restricted feeding

1970 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Keenan ◽  
W. R. McManus ◽  
M. Freer
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Total Energy Content ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
The Difference

SUMMARYNine Merino wethers were used in a cross-over experiment to compare the voluntary intake of three diets after a 4-week period in which the intake of the same diets was restricted, either to a level which maintained the live weight and energy status of the sheep, or to one which resulted in losses of 18% and 26% in their live weight and total energy content respectively. The diets were prepared from lucerne hay; chaffed (L), ground and pelleted (P) and pelleted after mixing with ground wheat (W).The voluntary intake of food increased only slowly during the 4 weeks after restrictions were removed; the total intake of digestible organic matter from diets W, L and P was in the ratio 100:122:146. Differences between diets L and P, but not W, were associated with their rates of disappearance from the rumen. Sheep which had been severely restricted ate less food during the first fortnight and no more during the second fortnight than those which had previously maintained their energy status. The difference in the first fortnight was less for diet P than for diet L. The process of adaptation by the sheep to unrestricted feeding was associated with an increase in the net rate of disappearance of volatile fatty acids from the rumen.Sheep offered food ad lib. after a period of submaintenance feeding gained more weight than sheep which had previously been fed to maintain weight and this increase was greater with diet P than with diet L. However, the differences in live-weight change consisted largely of water in the gut and did not result from a relative increase in the voluntary intake of food or in the efficiency of energy utilization.

The relationship between voluntary intake and mean apparent retention time in the rumen

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 871 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Thornton ◽  
DJ Minson
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between mean apparent retention time of dry matter in the reticulorumen (RD, hr) and the daily voluntary dry matter intake (ID, g/day) of six dried panicum diets was determined on sheep which were offered fresh feed every hour. RD was measured by emptying the reticulorumen via a large rumen fistula. ID for the six diets by the sheep with fistulae was slightly higher than, and correlated (r = 0.99, P < 0.001) with, that previously found when the same diets were offered to intact sheep. ID varied from 659 to 1355 g/day and RD from 13.3 to 27.1 hr. These two factors were inversely related:

Effect of ammonia treatment and supplementation on barley straw intake by sheep

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 105-105
Author(s):  
M. Fondevila ◽  
C. Castrillo ◽  
J. Gasa ◽  
J.A. Guada
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Twenty-eight lamb ewes (44 + 0.45 kg live weight) were used to study the effect of type and level of supplementation on voluntary intake of barley straw, treated with 30 g/kg of anhydrous ammonia (TS) or untreated (US) but given with urea to ensure the same nitrogen content as TS (18 g/kg DM). Each type of straw was offered ad libitum, supplemented with grass hay, rolled barley and sugar beet pulp at rates of 150, 300, 4 50 and 600 g/d, in 6 Latin Squares (4 x 4). In addition, another 2 sheep received each straw alone during the same periods. Supplements were totally consumed, except hay, which was refused in 10 - 13 and 28 - 34 per cent for US and TS, respectively.Daily dry matter intake (DMI) of US (OMD = 0.423) and TS (OMD = 0.515) offer as sole feed were 511 ± 29.1 and 858 ± 45.2 g. As show TABLE 1, US was consumed at rates of 527, 576 and 568 g DM when supplemented with 150 g of hay, barley and sugar beet pulp, and no significant differences were found with further levels of supplementation. DMI of TS decreased linearly from 850 to 618 g/d (r = 0.75) and from 717 to 518 g/d (r = 0.63) when the level of barley and sugar beet pulp increased from 150 to 600 g/d. Substitution rates were estimated to be 0.31 and 0.27 for barley and sugar beet pulp, respectively. Decrease in TS intake when supplemented since 150 to 600 g/d of hay (720 to 605 g, respectively) were found not significative.

The voluntary intake and utilization of roughage–concentrate diets by sheep. 2. Barley and soya bean meal supplementation of hay diets

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Crabtree ◽  
G. L. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYThree levels of soya bean meal (0%, 25% and 50% of the intake of hay dry matter) combined with three levels of pelleted barley (0%, 50% and 100% of the intake of hay dry matter) in a factorial arrangement of treatments were offered to Welsh Mountain ewe lambs receiving hay ad libitum for 14 weeks.When barley was not given, soya bean meal added at 25% of the hay intake increased hay voluntary intake from 287 g/day to 412 g/day but hay intake was depressed to 339 g/day by a further increase in the level of soya bean meal. When barley was given, soya bean meal did not affect hay intake. With one exception, an increase in barley reduced hay intake, with the result that there were no differences between treatments in the digestible energy intakes of lambs receiving barley at each level of soya bean meal. In general, it was found that an increase in the concentrate allowance (barley + soya bean) reduced hay intake, whereas an increase in the crude protein content of the concentrate increased hay intake. The relationship between live-weight change, metabolizable energy intake and live weight was examined by regression analysis. Although live weight and voluntary intake were unrelated at the start of the experiment, a positive relationship emerged as the experiment progressed.

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