Growth rate and growth composition of artificially reared piglets from specific pathogen free sows

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. A. Verstegen ◽  
W. van der Hel ◽  
F. J. M. Pijls
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Specific Pathogen Free ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Balance Technique ◽  
The Mean

AbstractHeat production, energy and nitrogen balances of artificially reared piglets from specific pathogen free sows, housed in a respiratory chamber, were measured over five successive periods of 7 days each from 4 to 39 days of age. The experiment was carried out at an environmental temperature decreasing from 33 to 27°C. The mean weight increased from 1·5 (at day 4) to 11·9 kg (at day 39). Daily rate of gain increased from about 100 g in periods 1 and 2 to 502 g per piglet in the fifth period.Daily protein deposition, as measured via nitrogen balance, increased from 17 to 96 g; fat deposition increased from about 0 to 100 g. Body composition at the start and end was determined by a comparative slaughter technique. Protein and fat content had a high correlation coefficient with body weight (R2 = 0·69 and 0·89, respectively). At birth these values were much lower, 0·24 and 0·01 for protein and fat, respectively.Nitrogen balance compared with slaughter technique led to an overestimation for protein deposition of proportionately 0·07. Fat gain measured from slaughter was proportionately 0·08 lower than that calculated from energy balance.Ratio of gain estimated from protein and fat gain with the balance technique relative to that measured ranged between 0·93 to 1·15 in various periods.

scholarly journals FEED UTILIZATION BY BROILER CHICKENS FED THREE COMMERCIAL MICRONUTRIENT PREMIXES AT TWO PHYSIOLOGICAL STAGES OF GROWTH

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-133
Author(s):  
O. O. ODUGUWA ◽  
B. K. OGUNMODEDE ◽  
A. O. FANIMO
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
The Mean

Three commercial premix types were fed in and duplicated to six groups of 45 broilers each at the starter pbase (0-5 weeks). At the finisher phase (5-9 weeks) each treatment group of the vital roles in starter was further divided into three groups. Nine premix combinations were used at the finisher pbase. Performance of the birds was monitored. At the starter phase, birds fed premix Z diet had a mean body weight blood (629.90gm) that was higher (P<0.05) than fed premix A diet (518.87 gm) which was also the maintenance of osmotic relations and acid higher than those fed premix U diet (414.59gm). The mean daily weight gain followed the same  trend with 16.81gm, 14.04gm, or 10.58 gm for birds fed diets that contained premixes Z A or U respectively. Birds fed a diet that contained premix Z consumed 48.80 gm daily which was  more than those for birds fed premix U in their diet (37.85gm). The feed to gain ratio was not significantly affected (P>0.05) by the premix  type fed at this phase. Poor growth rate caused by premixes with marked differences in their by premix fed at the starter phase was not completely overcome due to the premix type fed at the finisher phase varied (P<0.05) with the type of premix fed. No difference (P>0.05) was observed among the  premix types for the metabolic trials at the starter phase.

Adaptation of growing pigs to changes in environmental temperature

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Morrison ◽  
L. E. Mount
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Temperature Change ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Ad Libitum

SUMMARYPigs fed ad libitum were exposed to changes from 22 to 33°C and from 33 to 20°C. Responses were investigated in two groups of animals kept for three successive periods of four weeks at 22°, 33° and finally 20°C.Twenty-four hr after the first change, from 22 to 33°C, there was a decline in body weight; after the second change, from 33 to 20°C, there was a large increase. After the change to 33°C, feed intake by the second day and growth rate for the first week were about the same as at the end of the four weeks, but about 12 days were required for water intake, rectal temperature and respiratory rate to reach steady values.After the change from 33 to 20°C, steady values for respiratory rate and rectal temperature were reached in one and 12 days respectively. The rate of gain in weight increased to reach a peak nine days following the temperature change and then declined.

The influence of environmental temperature upon the thermoregulatory responses to ethanol in man

1984 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 733-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. W. Fellows ◽  
I. A. MacDonald ◽  
T. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Ethanol Ingestion ◽  
Deep Body Temperature ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Vascular Beds ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Deep Body

1. Ten healthy male subjects ingested ethanol (BP; 0.5 g/kg body weight) after an overnight fast, on two separate occasions, at environmental temperatures of either 21°C or 3O°C. 2. The mean maximal fall in deep body temperature was not significantly different on the two occasions, being 0.18°C and 0.17°C respectively. 3. Metabolic rates throughout the experiments at the two temperatures were not significantly different. 4. The vasodilatation of the hand and forearm vascular beds after ethanol ingestion was markedly reduced at the lower environmental temperature. 5. In three subjects who ingested a higher dose of ethanol (BP; 1.0 g/kg body weight) after an overnight fast, at an environmental temperature of 2l°C, the mean maximum fall in core temperature was 0.15°C, which was not significantly different from the change seen after consumption of the lower dose of ethanol. 6. It is likely that the failure of ethanol ingestion to provoke hypothermia at the lower environmental temperature was due to the attenuated vasodilatation observed under these conditions.

scholarly journals Mesangium in Rats after E. coli Neurotoxin Shock: A Morphometric and Light Microscopic Analysis

1982 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Queisser ◽  
W. Drommer
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Specific Pathogen Free ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Renal Corpuscle ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Light Microscopic Analysis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Number Of Cells

The renal corpuscles of 28 specific-pathogen-free Wistar rats fixed by perfusion were examined light microscopically and morphometrically following experimental protracted neurotoxin shock. The mean diameter of the center sections of 420 renal corpuscles was 113.0 μm. The mesangial portion occupied 9.5% of the total area of the renal corpuscle in control rats and increased to a maximum of 17.25% in experimental rats. The number of mesangial nuclei per renal corpuscle in rats with protracted shock showed that expansion of the mesangium with compression of capillary loops was not caused solely by an increase in the number of cells. Furthermore, there was an enlargement of the mesangial cytoplasm and matrix. Activation and proliferation of connective tissue in rats with protracted shock could be observed in the interstitium of various organs as well as in the mesangium of the glomerulus.

A note on the effects of health environment on heterosis for growth rate in pigs

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-445
Author(s):  
B. W. Kennedy ◽  
M. Quinton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
North American ◽  
American Studies ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Atrophic Rhinitis ◽  
Extensive Review ◽  
Specific Pathogen Free ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Specific Pathogen

Heterosis for growth rate in pigs is usually expressed, and reviews of European and North American studies have been given by Sellier (1976) and Johnson (1981). Kennedy and Moxley (1980) observed heterosis of 0·044 to 0·067 for weight at 154 days and attributed some of the crossbred advantage to heterosis for resistance to atrophic rhinitis. Similarly, McGuirk, Bourke and Manwaring (1978) attributed some of the heterosis for growth rate in sheep to heterosis for resistance to pneumonia. Although little attention has been paid to interactions between heterosis and health environment, Barlow (1981) concluded from an extensive review of studies involving farm and laboratory animals that heterosis is environment dependent and is enhanced by increased stress. Sellier (1976) commented that it would be useful to examine the degree of heterosis with ‘specific pathogen free’ pigs raised in a healthy environment, and this study examined heterosis for days to 90 kg in Yorkshire × Landrace pigs under three different environments with respect to health conditions.

THE EFFECT OF LOW ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF FEMALE MICE

1959 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. BARNETT ◽  
ELIZABETH M. COLEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Vaginal Smear ◽  
Squamous Cells ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

SUMMARY Breeding stocks of mice of strain A2G have been studied at environmental temperatures of −3° and 21° C. The mean age of opening of the vagina was 33 days at −3° C, 26 days at 21° C. The mean body weight at opening was 13 g in both temperatures. The vaginal smear of typical oestrus appeared at a mean age of 61 days at −3° C, 38 days at 21° C; it was preceded by variable numbers of anomalous smears containing squamous cells. The mean length of the oestrous cycle was 8·5 days at −3° C, 4·8 days at 21° C. Females transferred from 21° to −3° C had longer cycles at first, but tended to return to normal after some months. The interval between parturitions had two modes, at about 3 and 6 weeks respectively: most intervals were around 6 weeks at −3° C, 3 weeks at 21° C. There was evidence of a negative correlation between the numbers weaned in successive parturitions, when the interval between parturitions was near the minimum. The slowing of the reproductive cycle at −3° C may be attributed to the prior demands of catabolism; but this does not account for the recovery of the mice transferred from warm to cold.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Birth Weight And Growth Rate In Friesian X Bunaji Calves

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
O. W. Ehoche ◽  
A. E. O. Malau-aduli ◽  
B. Y. Abubakar
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Season Of Birth ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Mean

Calving records from 1984 - 1989 were studied to determine the influence of rearing method, sex of calf, season of birth, dam breed and year of birth on body weight at birth, 3,6 and 12 months of age in Friesian x Bunaji calves. The mean weights of calves at birth, 3, 6 and 12 months of age were 22.0, 68.2, 96.7 and 137.4 kg, respectively. Sex of calf had a significant effect, with male calves being heavier than the females by 1.2, 5.9 and 9.7 kg at birth, 3 and 6 months of age respectively. The effect of season of birth on calf body weights was not significant except at 6 months of age, when calves born during the wet season were heavier (P<0.01) than those born in the harmattan period by 9.5 kg. Year of birth had a highly significant effect (P<0.01) on calf weights from birth to yearling. Method of rearing and dam breed had no significant influence on all the weights. The results suggest the need to develop correction factors for standardisation of weight records when comparing dams on the basis of body weights of their calves.

scholarly journals Does weather affect the growth rate of COVID-19, a study to comprehend transmission dynamics on human health

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjun Sil ◽  
Vanapalli Naveen Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe undefendable outbreak of novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) lead to a global health emergency due to its higher transmission rate and longer symptomatic duration, created a health surge in a short time. Since Nov 2019 the outbreak in China, the virus is spreading exponentially everywhere. The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that −6.28°C and +14.51°C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth. Gutenberg-Richter’s relationship is used to estimate the mean daily rate of exceedance of confirmed cases concerning the change in temperature. Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13–16 cases/day with a 1°C rise in temperature.

Heat loss from groups of growing pigs under various conditions of environmental temperature and air movement

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Holmes ◽  
L. E. Mount
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Mean Amplitude ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Total Heat Loss ◽  
Weight Range ◽  
Air Movement ◽  
The Mean

Continuous measurements of heat loss throughout the 24 hours have been made on groups of pigs living in a large direct calorimeter equipped as a pig pen. Five experiments, each lasting 24 days, were carried out on groups of six pigs each weighing about 20 kg, and these were repeated when body weight was 60 kg on groups of three pigs, chosen from the original six in each case. Each group was exposed initially to an environmental temperature of 20°C for 10 days, followed by either 9°C (two groups at each weight), 30°C (two groups at each weight), or a continuation of 20°C (one group at each weight). In another experiment lasting 66 days a group of four pigs was exposed to 12 and 20°C at two levels of air movement.Heat loss from the groups showed a marked 24-hr cycle, with a maximum n i the afternoon and a minimum in the early morning. The mean amplitude of the cycle at 20°C was 20% of the mean value; this proportion increased at 9 and 12°C.Heat loss was approximately proportional to (body weight)1·0 over the weight range 17·34 kg, and to (body weight)0·8 over the weight range 35·54 kg, when food intake increased in proportion to (body weight)1·0. Over the weight range 55·67 kg, when food intake was constant at 1·83 kg/day per pig, heat loss was proportional to (body weight)0·4. In both 20 and 60-kg pigs, heat losses showed little difference between 20 and 30°C, but were increased at 9°C.Evaporative loss from the pen, as a proportion of total heat loss, was approximately 21% at 9°C, 29% at 20°C, and 61% at 30°C. Voluntary water intake exhibited a marked 24-hr cycle similar in timing to the heat loss cycle.There was no lasting effect on heat loss associated with raising the mean air movement rate in the pen from 10 to 26 cm/sec.

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