The voluntary intake of acetate by dairy cows given ammonium salts of short-chain fatty acids in their drinking water

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Jackson ◽  
J. Hodgson ◽  
J. A. F. Rook
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

A solution of ammonium salts of a mixture of short-chain fatty acids (mainly acetic acid) was added to the sole source of drinking water of 10 lactating Jersey cows. There was considerable variation in the concentration of salts tolerated without depression in water intake. Some animals refused solution offered at a concentration of 0·5% (w/w) whereas one animal accepted solution at a concentration of 8% (w/w) and had a mean daily intake of salts equivalent to 836 g acetic acid.2. Adjustment of the pH of the drinking solution to 6·5–7·5 increased the tolerance to the salts solution of animals which showed a low tolerance to the unadjusted solution. A mean daily intake equivalent to 480 g acetic acid was achieved without a significant depression of water intake. Replacement of 50 % of the ammonium ions by calcium increased the intake of salts by some cows but two out of eight refused the solution at a concentration of 0·5% (w/w).3. The addition of saccharine, vanilla or aniseed to a solution of the ammonium salts gave little or no improvement in acetate intake but sodium cyclamate, ethyl acetate or molasses reduced the variability between animals in their tolerance to the solution and increased the mean intake of salts. With an addition of molasses, which gave the most marked response, there was a mean daily intake of salts equivalent to 495±26 g acetic acid.

scholarly journals The Combined Effects of Magnesium Oxide and Inulin on Intestinal Microbiota and Cecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Kanako Omori ◽  
Hiroki Miyakawa ◽  
Aya Watanabe ◽  
Yuki Nakayama ◽  
Yijin Lyu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Magnesium Oxide ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Acetic Acid Concentration ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Constipation is a common condition that occurs in many people worldwide. While magnesium oxide (MgO) is often used as the first-line drug for chronic constipation in Japan, dietary fiber intake is also recommended. Dietary fiber is fermented by microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs are involved in regulating systemic physiological functions and circadian rhythm. We examined the effect of combining MgO and the water-soluble dietary fiber, inulin, on cecal SCFA concentration and microbiota in mice. We also examined the MgO administration timing effect on cecal SCFAs. The cecal SCFA concentrations were measured by gas chromatography, and the microbiota was determined using next-generation sequencing. Inulin intake decreased cecal pH and increased cecal SCFA concentrations while combining MgO increased the cecal pH lowered by inulin and decreased the cecal SCFA concentrations elevated by inulin. When inulin and MgO were combined, significant changes in the microbiota composition were observed compared with inulin alone. The MgO effect on the cecal acetic acid concentration was less when administered at ZT12 than at ZT0. In conclusion, this study suggests that MgO affects cecal SCFA and microbiota during inulin feeding, and the effect on acetic acid concentration is time-dependent.

scholarly journals Postnatal morphological development and production of short-chain fatty acids in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic piglets

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 156-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gancarcikova ◽  
V. Buleca ◽  
R. Zitnan ◽  
R. Nemcova ◽  
L. Scirankova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Acetoacetic Acid ◽  
Gnotobiotic Piglets ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The present study examined the impact of <I>Enterococcus faecium</I> on morphological development and production of short-chain fatty acids in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic piglets during milk nutrition and weaning. The experiment was carried out on (18) gnotobiotic piglets. The piglets were non-colostral and the feeding ration consisted of autoclaved milk substitute (Sanolac Ferkel, Germany). From the first day of life a probiotic strain of <I>Enterococcus faecium</I> was administered continually at a dose of 2 ml of inoculum (1 ml contained 1 × 1<sup>4</sup> CFU). The animals were weaned on Day 28. Gastrointestinal tract was collected from 18 gnotobiotic piglets slaughtered at three hours after birth and at the age of 2, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. The level of short-chain fatty acids was determined in the contents of jejunum, ileum and colon. Samples of intestinal mucosa (from duodenum, jejunum and ileum) were subjected to morphological analysis. We characterized regional variations in morphological and functional responses of the small intestine. The jejunal part of the intestinal tract of gnotobiotic piglets was characterized by relatively short crypts, extremely long villi and narrow <I>lamina propria</I> which contained only few cells up to Day 14 of life. Morphological examination showed that jejunal and ileal villi were significantly lower at 21 days of age (<I>P</I> < 0.05 and <I>P</I> < 0.001, resp.). Depending on age, the concentration of both acetoacetic acid and acetic acid was higher in the jejunal contents. The difference was significant on Day 7 of age (<I>P</I> < 0.05) for acetoacetic acid and on Day 28 of age (<I>P</I> < 0.01) for acetic acid. The concentration of acetic acid in the colonal content of gnotobiotic piglets was significantly higher on Day 7 (<I>P</I> < 0.05) and 21 of age (<I>P</I>P < 0.01). The study demonstrated that the respective bacterial species affected differently the intestinal morphology and concentration of short-chain fatty acids and suggested that postnatal bacterial colonization patterns may have long-term effects on intestinal health and development.

scholarly journals Pilot Study of the SCFA Headspace Analysis of Streptococcus mutans Metabolites in Media with and without Polyols

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Habibi Goudarzi ◽  
Bill Kabat ◽  
Mark L. Cannon ◽  
Maggie Gashkoff ◽  
Rachel Zurek
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Headspace Analysis ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion Broth ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

This pilot study of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 35668 grown in media with and without polyols (erythritol) measured the resultant metabolites, including the short chain fatty acids by using head space analysis. Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI2 or BHI10) supplemented with 2% or 10% sucrose containing no polyols or either erythritol or xylitol and Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 35668) was grown aerobically. After 48 hours of growth the supernatant were harvested and centrifuged to pellet bacteria. Supernatants were removed from bacterial pellets then submitted for Short Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) analysis with an Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA 95051) system configured from three components, a 5973 mass selective detector, a 6890N gas chromatographer, and a 7697A headspace sampler. Streptococcus mutans growing in Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI2 or BHI10) supplemented with 2% or 10% sucrose but containing no polyols produced the following short chain fatty acids: methyl isovalerate, acetic acid, propionic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, ethyl butaric acid, 4-methylvaleric acid, hexanoic acid. When the Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI2 or BHI10) supplemented with 2% or 10% sucrose containing erythritol was used as media for this Streptococcus mutans strain, the following were produced: ethanol, acetoin, and acetic acid. Our results would suggest that constituents of the media may affect the bacterial metabolite production.

scholarly journals Pilot study of the SCFA Headspace Analysis of Streptococcus mutans Metabolites in Media with and without Polyols

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
Goudarzi S Habibi ◽  
B Kabat ◽  
M Cannon ◽  
M Gashkoff ◽  
R Zurek
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Headspace Analysis ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Mass Selective Detector ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

This pilot study of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 35668 grown in media with and without polyols (erythritol) measured the resultant metabolites, including the Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA) by using head space analysis. Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI2 or BHI10) supplemented with 2% or 10% sucrose containing no polyols or either erythritol or xylitol and Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 35668) was grown aerobically. After 48 hours of growth the supernatant were harvested and centrifuged to pellet bacteria. Supernatants were removed from bacterial pellets then submitted for SCFA analysis with an Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA 95051) system configured from three components, a 5973-mass selective detector, a 6890N gas chromatographer, and a 7697A headspace sampler. Streptococcus mutans growing in BHI supplemented with 2% or 10% sucrose but containing no polyols produced the following short chain fatty acids: methyl isovalerate, acetic acid, propionic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, ethyl butaric acid, 4-methylvaleric acid, hexanoic acid. When the BHI broth supplemented with 2% or 10% sucrose containing erythritol was used as media for this Streptococcus mutans strain, the following were produced: ethanol, acetoin, and acetic acid. Our results would indicate that constituents of the bacteria media may affect the bacterial metabolite production.

scholarly journals Associations between disordered gut microbiota and changes of neurotransmitters and short-chain fatty acids in depressed mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Wu ◽  
Tian Tian ◽  
Qiang Mao ◽  
Tao Zou ◽  
Chan-juan Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract Mounting evidence suggests that gut microbiota can play an important role in pathophysiology of depression, but its specific molecular mechanisms are still unclear. This study was conducted to explore the associations between changes in neurotransmitters and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and altered gut microbiota in depressed mice. Here, the chronic restraint stress (CRS) model of depression was built. The classical behavioral tests were conducted to assess the depressive-like behaviors of mice. The 16S rRNA gene sequence extracted from fecal samples was used to assess the gut microbial composition. Liquid and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy were used to identify neurotransmitters in hypothalamus and SCFAs in fecal samples, respectively. Finally, 29 differential bacteria taxa between depressed mice and control mice were identified, and the most differentially abundant bacteria taxa were genus Allobaculum and family Ruminococcaceae between the two groups. The acetic acid, propionic acid, pentanoic acid, norepinephrine, 5-HIAA and 5-HT were significantly decreased in depressed mice compared to control mice. Genus Allobaculum was found to be significantly positively correlated with acetic acid and 5-HT. Taken together, these results provided novel microbial and metabolic frameworks for understanding the role of microbiota-gut-brain axis in depression, and suggested new insights to pave the way for novel therapeutic methods.

scholarly journals Effect of Dissolved Oxygen and Acid on the Yield of 2,3-butanediol by Saccharomyces Cerevisiae W141

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZiLiang Yin ◽  
DeAn Liu ◽  
ZeMing Ye ◽  
Jingping Ge
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract Background: The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a promising host cell to produce 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO). However, the fermentation environment restricts 2,3‑BDO yield, productivity, and titre from engineered yeast. In the present study, we propose a strategy in which a suitable dissolved oxygen content and acid stress level can improve the 23-BDO yield of S. cerevisiae W141. Five different concentrations of short-chain fatty acids were evaluated and noxE overexpression was performed to disrupt the intracellular redox balance and alter the NADH content associated with 2,3‑BDO synthesis, which can significantly increase or inhibit 2,3‑BDO yield.Results: The five assayed short-chain fatty acids have different effects on the fermentation characteristics of yeast, were formic, butyric and valeric acids can inhibit the synthesis of 2,3‑BDO. Only low concentrations of acetic and propionic acids could significantly increase the yield of 2,3‑BDO, especially when 1 g/L acetic acid was added, which stimulated the expression of acid stress-related genes in S. cerevisiae W141 (haa1p and hog1p) and increase the 2,3-BDO yield by 29.74%. To further verify that acid stress primarily disrupts the intracellular redox balance by altering the NADH content, we constructed a S. cerevisiae strain, W141-E, which overexpresses the noxE gene of Lactobacillus. After adding 1 g/L acetic acid, the 2,3‑BDO yield from in S. cerevisiae W141-E increased by 43.64%, confirming the validity of our strategy. When the optimized fermentation oxygen content was 0.6 vvm, the 2,3‑BDO yield from S. cerevisiae was greatly improved after the addition of acetic acide.Conclusions: In the present study, we demonstrated that a suitable dissolved oxygen and acid stress are highly effective for increasing the 2,3-BDO yield from S. cerevisiae W141. 2,3-BDO biosynthesis was heavily dependent on the intracellular NADH content, which is closely associated with glycolysis and the TCA cycle and is likely important for the production of 2,3-BDO by S. cerevisiae.

scholarly journals Long-Term Coffee Consumption is Associated with Fecal Microbial Composition in Humans

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia González ◽  
Nuria Salazar ◽  
Sergio Ruiz-Saavedra ◽  
María Gómez-Martín ◽  
Clara G. de los Reyes-Gavilán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Coffee Consumption ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Regular Consumption ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Coffee consumption has been related to a preventive effect against several non-transmissible pathologies. Due to the content of this beverage in phytochemicals and minerals, it has been proposed that its impact on health may partly depend on gut microbiota modulation. Our aim was to explore the interaction among gut microbiota, fecal short chain fatty acids, and health-related parameters in 147 healthy subjects classified according to coffee consumption, to deepen the association of the role of the (poly)phenol and alkaloid content of this beverage. Food daily intake was assessed by an annual food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Coffee consumption was categorized into three groups: non-coffee-consumers (0–3 mL/day), moderate consumers (3–45 mL/day) and high-coffee consumers (45–500 mL/day). Some relevant groups of the gut microbiota were determined by qPCR, and concentration of fecal short chain fatty acids by gas chromatography. Serum health related biomarkers were determined by standardized methods. Interestingly, a higher level of Bacteroides–Prevotella–Porphyromonas was observed in the high consumers of coffee, who also had lower levels of lipoperoxidation. Two groups of coffee-derived (poly)phenol, methoxyphenols and alkylphenols, and caffeine, among alkaloids, were directly associated with Bacteroides group levels. Thus, regular consumption of coffee appears to be associated with changes in some intestinal microbiota groups in which dietary (poly)phenol and caffeine may play a role.

scholarly journals Evolution of Intestinal Gases and Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids Produced in vitro by Preterm Infant Gut Microbiota During the First 4 Weeks of Life

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuefang Wang ◽  
Juan Li ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Kunyu Guan ◽  
Di Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Preterm Infant ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Background: The production of intestinal gases and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by infant gut microbiota may have a significant impact on their health, but information about the composition and volume of intestinal gases and SCFA profiles in preterm infants is scarce.Objective: This study examined the change of the composition and volume of intestinal gases and SCFA profiles produced by preterm infant gut microbiota in vitro during the first 4 weeks of life.Methods: Fecal samples were obtained at five time points (within 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks) from 19 preterm infants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University between May and July 2020. These samples were initially inoculated into four different media containing lactose (LAT), fructooligosaccharide (FOS), 2′-fucosyllactose (FL-2), and galactooligosaccharide (GOS) and thereafter fermented for 24 h under conditions mimicking those of the large intestine at 37.8°C under anaerobic conditions. The volume of total intestinal gases and the concentrations of individual carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) were measured by a gas analyzer. The concentrations of total SCFAs, individual acetic acid, propanoic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, pentanoic acid, and valeric acid were measured by gas chromatography (GC).Results: The total volume of intestinal gases (ranging from 0.01 to 1.64 ml in medium with LAT; 0–1.42 ml with GOS; 0–0.91 ml with FOS; and 0–0.44 ml with FL-2) and the concentrations of CO2, H2, H2S, and all six fecal SCFAs increased with age (p-trends &lt; 0.05). Among them, CO2 was usually the predominant intestinal gas, and acetic acid was usually the predominant SCFA. When stratified by birth weight (&lt;1,500 and ≥1,500 g), gender, and delivery mode, the concentration of CO2 was more pronounced among infants whose weight was ≥1,500 g than among those whose weight was &lt;1,500 g (p-trends &lt; 0.05).Conclusions: Our findings suggested that the intestinal gases and SCFAs produced by preterm infant gut microbiota in vitro increased with age during the first 4 weeks of life.

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