The behaviour of calves at market

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Carson ◽  
D. G. M. Wood-Gush
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Auction Markets ◽  
The Real ◽  
Auction Market ◽  
Experimental Market ◽  
Marketing Procedure ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Held Back

ABSTRACTA study was made of the behaviour of young calves at two Scottish auction markets, Lanark and Stirling, and an experiment was conducted to assess the effect of an auction market on the behaviour of calves less than 1 week old.Several features of the marketing procedure were identified as causing the calves distress, mainly because the calves were unable to lie down and rest. Crowding of calves in the pens, movement to different pens, and penning of very young calves with older calves were the three main reasons why calves could not rest. The older calves (approx. > 10 weeks) were more active, running and jumping around the pens and disturbing the very young animals which stood up in response to being trodden on.Crowding was severe in some pens although there was no clear evidence to show that small groups of calves (6 to 10 calves) in small pens rested more than calves in large groups (20 to 50 calves) in larger pens.Calves showed their distress initially by calling loudly, looking wildly around their new environment and sometimes by running around the pen and calling. As time passed behavioural signs of distress were less prominent and calves assumed a ‘depressed’ posture with their heads low, ears held back, tails clamped down and with their weight distributed more on their hindlegs than on their forelegs.Calves subjected to an experimental market showed similar signs of distress to those calves in the real markets, whereas control calves rested for more than 0·74 of the same time. Experimental calves which were subjected to a journey of 2.5 h were less easily disturbed from the lying posture at the experimental market than calves which had undergone a journey of 15 min only.

scholarly journals Managing Growth to Achieve Efficient Coordination in Large Groups

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto A Weber
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Real World ◽  
Coordination Game ◽  
Experimental Demonstration ◽  
Coordination Problems ◽  
The Real ◽  
Large Groups

Previous experiments using the minimum-effort coordination game reveal a striking regularity—large groups never coordinate efficiently. Given the frequency with which large real-world groups, such as firms, face similarly difficult coordination problems, this poses an important question: Why do we observe large, successfully coordinated groups in the real world when they are so difficult to create in the laboratory? This paper presents one reason. The experiments show that, even though efficient coordination does not occur in groups that start off large, efficiently coordinated large groups can be “grown.” By starting with small groups that find it easier to coordinate, we can add entrants—who are aware of the group's history—to create efficiently coordinated large groups. This represents the first experimental demonstration of large groups tacitly coordinated at high levels of efficiency.

scholarly journals Climate-mediated cooperation promotes niche expansion in burying beetles

eLife ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syuan-Jyun Sun ◽  
Dustin R Rubenstein ◽  
Bo-Fei Chen ◽  
Shih-Fan Chan ◽  
Jian-Nan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Social Insects ◽  
Breeding Success ◽  
Cooperative Groups ◽  
Burying Beetles ◽  
Ecological Consequences ◽  
Social Species ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Large Groups

The ability to form cooperative societies may explain why humans and social insects have come to dominate the earth. Here we examine the ecological consequences of cooperation by quantifying the fitness of cooperative (large groups) and non-cooperative (small groups) phenotypes in burying beetles (Nicrophorus nepalensis) along an elevational and temperature gradient. We experimentally created large and small groups along the gradient and manipulated interspecific competition with flies by heating carcasses. We show that cooperative groups performed as thermal generalists with similarly high breeding success at all temperatures and elevations, whereas non-cooperative groups performed as thermal specialists with higher breeding success only at intermediate temperatures and elevations. Studying the ecological consequences of cooperation may not only help us to understand why so many species of social insects have conquered the earth, but also to determine how climate change will affect the success of these and other social species, including our own.

scholarly journals Development of Herbarium Book as Biology Instructional Media in Plant Morphology Subject for Biology Education Undergraduate Students, University of Pasir Pangaraian

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Dahlia Dahlia
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Biology Education ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Individual Assessment ◽  
Large Groups

The development of instructional especially media of a herbarium book is an innovation that aims to assist students in searching directly the object of leaf morphology studies. This development research starts from the needs analysis stage which is used to gather information, planning in media making, media design, media making, after that product validation by a team of media experts and material experts, then testing individual products, small groups and large groups. The subject of this product testing were students of the Biology Education Study Program at Pasir Pengaraian University. The results of the validation by the material experts showed that the quality of learning media using the herbarium book on leaf morphology material was included in the "very feasible" criteria, with an average score of 86.46%. The results of validation by media experts are included in the "very feasible" criteria, with an average score of 88.54%. Individual assessment obtained the criteria of "very feasible", with an average score of 84.16%. Judgement from small groups obtained a percentage of eligibility of 81.45% with very feasible criteria, and judgement from large groups of 83.95% with "very feasible" criteria. The results of the development of herbarium book media are very decent.

The development of digital teaching materials using Macromedia flash for Junior High School class VII

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Fanzeka ◽  
R. Rusli ◽  
H. Hastuty ◽  
N. Nasrullah
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Junior High ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
School Class ◽  
High School Class ◽  
Large Groups

This research aims to develop and produce digital teaching materials products using Macromedia flash application that are valid, practical and effective. This research method refers to a 4D development, and disseminate. Research instruments in the form of validation sheets by material expert and media expert to measure validity; questionnaires of learners; responses to measure practicality; and test of learning outcomes to measure effectiveness. The trial of teaching materials was conducted to class VII learners at SMPN 6 Makassar. The result showed that digital teaching materials developed using Macromedia flash applications in class VII junior high school comparison materials had valid criteria with validity score of 3.70 for the material and 3.50 for media, practically score of 3.60 for small groups and 3.51 for large groups, and effective with an effectiveness score of 90% for small groups and 86%.

Terrorism Manifestations

2014 ◽  
pp. 45-60
Author(s):  
Jonathan R. White
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Unconventional Warfare ◽  
International Alliances ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
War And Conflict ◽  
The Media ◽  
Large Groups

This chapter examines the tactical aspects of terrorism. It begins by focusing on the nature of war and conflict in the 21st century, suggesting that technology, economic structures, and communication have changed the way war is waged. It argues that small groups of aggrieved people may conduct campaigns of unconventional warfare against individual nations or international alliances. Although such violence is manifested in many ways, it is typically labeled as “terrorism.” The chapter also demonstrates how large groups and nation states may participate in terrorist activities by either using terrorist tactics or supporting terrorist groups. The next part of the chapter focuses on the specific actions that constitute the tactics of terrorism, examining tactical innovations within various campaigns. The chapter concludes with an analysis of tactical force multipliers, and it introduces the role of the media within this context.

Is the Solution More Democracy?

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-67
Author(s):  
Jason Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Deliberative Democracy ◽  
Real World ◽  
The Real ◽  
Democratic Systems ◽  
The Right ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Wisdom Of The Crowds

Philosophers often try to “solve” democracy’s problems by arguing we need more and better democracy. They tend to think certain kinds of democratic systems could unleash the hidden “wisdom of the crowds.” Some defenders of democracy propose deliberative democracy and some extol the reliability of large groups. However, both ideas have limitations in the real world. This chapter objects to such arguments as they rely upon mistaken applications of certain mathematical theorems, or they end up retreating toward unrealistic ideals of how people ought to behave. In effect, they say that democracy would be wonderful if only people behaved the right way.

Minimal Intelligence Agents in Double Auction Markets with Speculators

2011 ◽  
pp. 79-98
Author(s):  
Senlin Wu ◽  
Siddhartha Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Market Efficiency ◽  
Double Auction ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Agent Based Model ◽  
Market Conditions ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Auction Markets ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Auction Market

This chapter explores the minimal intelligence conditions for traders in a general double auction market with speculation activities. Using an agent-based model, it is shown that when traders and speculators play together under general market curve settings, zero-intelligent plus (ZIP) is still a sufficient condition for market prices to converge to the equilibrium. At the same time, market efficiency is lowered as the number of speculators increase. The experiments demonstrate that the equilibrium of a double auction market is an interactive result of the intelligence of the traders and other factors such as the type of the players and market conditions. This research fills in an important gap in the literature, and strengthens Cliff and Bruten’s (1997) declaration that zero is not enough for a double auction market.

Ten Lessons that Internet Auction Markets Can Learn from Securities Market Automation

2011 ◽  
pp. 57-87
Author(s):  
J. Christopher Westland
Keyword(s):  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Securities Market ◽  
Internet Auction ◽  
Auction Markets ◽  
Auction Market ◽  
Central Stock ◽  
Product Models ◽  
Communications Technologies ◽  
Financial Securities

Internet auction markets offer customers a compelling new model for price discovery. This model places much more power in the hands of the consumer than a retail model that assumes price taking, while giving consumers choice of vendor and product. Models of auction market automation has been evolving for some time. Securities markets in most countries over the past decade have invested significantly in automating various components with database and communications technologies. This paper explores the automation of three emerging market exchanges ( The Commercial Exchange of Santiago, The Moscow Central Stock Exchange, and Shanghai’s Stock Exchange ( with the intention of drawing parallels between new Internet models of retailing and the older proprietary networked markets for financial securities.

Vigilance Patterns of Bald Eagles Feeding in Groups

The Auk ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan K. Knight ◽  
Richard L. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Haliaeetus Leucocephalus ◽  
Potential Danger ◽  
Predator Detection ◽  
Bald Eagles ◽  
Additional Function ◽  
Scanning Time ◽  
Large Groups

Abstract Patterns of vigilant behavior of wintering Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) feeding on spawned salmon were examined in 1983-1984 on the Nooksack River in northwestern Washington. Vigilance in feeding birds has, in general, been attributed to predator detection; however, we proposed an additional function of vigilance in socially feeding birds that are vulnerable to food robbery and possible injury by conspecifics. We tested predictions of two nonexclusive hypotheses: (1) eagles look up while feeding to detect danger from humans, and (2) eagles look up while feeding to detect pirating attempts or avoid injury by conspecifics. Results suggest that the function of vigilance varies, depending on the size of the feeding group. Vigilance patterns of eagles feeding in small groups (1-4 eagles) and medium groups (5-7 eagles0 are consistent with hypothesis 1, whereas those of eagles feeding in large groups (8-14 eagles) are consistent with hypothesis 2. Eagles in small groups were more vigilant (measured as scanning time and rate of head raising) when feeding near potential danger (riverbank cover) than when far from danger. Adult eagles feeding in areas of intense human activity were more vigilant than immatures feeding at the same site and were more vigilant than both adults and immatures feeding at secluded sites. Vigilance declined as group size increased from 1 to 4 eagles, and increased as group size ranged from 8 to 14 eagles. Feeding eagles that were looking up at the time of a pirating attempt were more successful in keeping their food than eagles with their heads down. In feeding areas where human activity was minimal, eagles formed larger groups than at more disturbed sites.

Selling National Value at the Auction Market: The London and Dublin Markets for Irish Art

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Herrero
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Art Market ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Art Markets ◽  
Auction Markets ◽  
Auction Market ◽  
Cultural Forms ◽  
Irish Art

This article explores how nationality is articulated as a form of art value in the art market, where art is defined in two related ways: instrumentally, in terms of its economic value, and culturally, by defining its meaning and significance. Focusing on the auction market of Irish art in London and in Dublin, and drawing upon interviews with auctioneers in both capitals, it investigates how nationality is produced and marketed as a form of cultural value for Irish art, comparing the specific dynamics of this process in both London and Dublin auction markets. Whilst the findings in this article agree with existing literature on the economic and cultural forms of art value prevalent in art markets, they add to the literature by arguing that the cultural, national element of value-making for Irish art is very pronounced.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document