The rate of cutaneous evaporation in some tropical and temperate breeds of cattle in Nigeria

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Amakiri ◽  
R. Mordi
Keyword(s):  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Cattle Breeds ◽  
Lateral Thigh ◽  
White Fulani ◽  
Rate Of Evaporation ◽  
Cutaneous Evaporation

SUMMARYThe rate of cutaneous evaporation was highest in the White Fulani (Bos indicus) followed by the N'Dama and German Friesian (Bos taunts). The lowest rate of evaporation was recorded in the Muturu (Bos taurus brachyceros). In all breeds, the rate at 15.00 hr was significantly higher than at 18.00 hr.For the sites sampled, evaporation rate was highest on the hump and mid-side, followed by the neck and lateral thigh and lowest on the dewlap and navel flap.The possible correlation of these results with the size and distribution of the sweat glands on various sites of different cattle breeds is discussed.

Sweat gland measurements in some tropical and temperate breeds of cattle in Nigeria

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Amakiri
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Gland Volume ◽  
White Fulani ◽  
Friesian Cattle

SUMMARYMuturu (Bos taunts) cattle had a higher density of sweat glands in the skin (2208/cm2) than N'Dama (Bos taurus) (1776/cm2) and White Fulani (Bos indicus) (1584/cm2) cattle. Mean gland volume was 10·46,4·95 and 3·06 × 106 μ3 and length/diameter ratio (shape) of the glands was 3·97, 3·85 and 3·15 in N'Dama, Muturu and White Fulani cattle respectively.Results of similar studies with German Friesian cattle in the same environment gave a gland count of 1968/cm2, a mean gland volume of 14·1 × 106 μm3 and a length/diameter ratio of 5·73.Sweat gland measurements were generally higher for Friesian cattle than for zebu cattle and cattle of indigenous Bos taurus breeds.Regional differences in the parameters were generally significant. The relevance of the results to the adaptability of the various breeds of cattle to the tropical environment are discussed.

The thickness of cattle skin

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 776 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Critical Characteristics ◽  
Thick Skin ◽  
Active Sweat Glands

The mean total skin thicknesses (mm) for the breeds sampled were: Devon 8.15, Hereford 6.7, Zebu cross 6.43, Australian Illawarra Shorthorn 6.23, Friesian 6.0, Zebu 5.77, Aberdeen Angus 5.75, Shorthorn 5.69, and Jersey 5.46. The early maturing Shorthorn (Bos taurus L.) and the Zebu (Bos indicus L.) differed significantly in the depth of the papillary and reticular layers, and in the relative thickness of these skin layers. The mean thickness for the papillary layer; was 0.98 mm in the Zebu, 1.40 mm in the Zebu cross, and 1.70 mm in the Shorthorn. Thus the larger, more active sweat glands of the Zebu are more superficial. The corresponding reticular layer averaged 4.45 mm in the Zebu, 4.5 mm in the Zebu cross, and 4.08 mm in the Shorthorn. The thickness of the papillary layer relative to the total skin thickness was 18.3, 23.7, and 29.3 per cent., for the Zebu, Zebu cross, and Shorthorn respectively. The Zebu and the Jersey have relatively thin skins. Therefore a thick skin is not essential for adaptability to a hot environment. Inherent differences in the function of the follicles and the glands of the papillary layer may be critical characteristics for heat tolerance.

Allele frequencies of gene polymorphisms related to economic traits in Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle breeds

2011 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 717-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto KANEDA ◽  
Bang Zhong LIN ◽  
Shinji SASAZAKI ◽  
Kenji OYAMA ◽  
Hideyuki MANNEN
Keyword(s):  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Allele Frequencies ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
Cattle Breeds

scholarly journals The patterns of admixture, divergence, and ancestry of African cattle populations determined from genome-wide SNP data

BMC Genomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Z. Gebrehiwot ◽  
E. M. Strucken ◽  
H. Aliloo ◽  
K. Marshall ◽  
J. P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Indigenous Cattle ◽  
Cattle Breeds ◽  
African Cattle ◽  
Snp Data

Abstract Background Humpless Bos taurus cattle are one of the earliest domestic cattle in Africa, followed by the arrival of humped Bos indicus cattle. The diverse indigenous cattle breeds of Africa are derived from these migrations, with most appearing to be hybrids between Bos taurus and Bos indicus. The present study examines the patterns of admixture, diversity, and relationships among African cattle breeds. Methods Data for ~ 40 k SNPs was obtained from previous projects for 4089 animals representing 35 African indigenous, 6 European Bos taurus, 4 Bos indicus, and 5 African crossbred cattle populations. Genetic diversity and population structure were assessed using principal component analyses (PCA), admixture analyses, and Wright’s F statistic. The linkage disequilibrium and effective population size (Ne) were estimated for the pure cattle populations. Results The first two principal components differentiated Bos indicus from European Bos taurus, and African Bos taurus from other breeds. PCA and admixture analyses showed that, except for recently admixed cattle, all indigenous breeds are either pure African Bos taurus or admixtures of African Bos taurus and Bos indicus. The African zebu breeds had highest proportions of Bos indicus ancestry ranging from 70 to 90% or 60 to 75%, depending on the admixture model. Other indigenous breeds that were not 100% African Bos taurus, ranged from 42 to 70% or 23 to 61% Bos indicus ancestry. The African Bos taurus populations showed substantial genetic diversity, and other indigenous breeds show evidence of having more than one African taurine ancestor. Ne estimates based on r2 and r2adj showed a decline in Ne from a large population at 2000 generations ago, which is surprising for the indigenous breeds given the expected increase in cattle populations over that period and the lack of structured breeding programs. Conclusion African indigenous cattle breeds have a large genetic diversity and are either pure African Bos taurus or admixtures of African Bos taurus and Bos indicus. This provides a rich resource of potentially valuable genetic variation, particularly for adaptation traits, and to support conservation programs. It also provides challenges for the development of genomic assays and tools for use in African populations.

scholarly journals Short Communication: A Polymorphism in ABCG2 in Bos indicus and Bos taurus Cattle Breeds

2006 ◽  
Vol 89 (12) ◽  
pp. 4921-4923 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ron ◽  
M. Cohen-Zinder ◽  
C. Peter ◽  
J.I. Weller ◽  
G. Erhardt
Keyword(s):  
Short Communication ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Cattle Breeds

scholarly journals Genetic structure of the Southern meat cattle breed based on microsatellite markers

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (91) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
A. S. Kramarenko
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Cattle Breed ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
State Enterprise ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Cattle Breeds

The Southern Meat cattle is a composite breed developed by crossing Cuban zebu (Bos indicus) with different cattle breeds (Bos taurus) – local the Red Steppe, Hereford, Charolais, Santa Gertrudis, Dairy Shorthorn. Genetic structure of the Southern meat cattle breed from the State Enterprise Experimental Farm “Askaniyske” NAAS Ukraine (Kherson region) were investigated based on the microsatellite DNA loci. Analysis included 192 animals. A panel of 12 bovine-specific microsatellite markers (TGLA227, BM2113, TGLA53, ETH10, SPS115, TGLA122, INRA23, TGLA126, BM1818, ETH3, ETH225 and BM1824), recommended of the ISAG for cattle genetic diversity studies, was selected for genetic characterization and revealing the extent of genetic diversity in the Southern Meat cattle breed. Genomic DNA was extracted from tissue samples using Nexttec column (Nexttec Biotechnology GmbH, Germany) following the manufacturer's instructions. All laboratory tests were conducted in the laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Animal Center of Biotechnology and Molecular Diagnostics, All-Russian Research Institute for Animal Husbandry named after academy member L.K. Ernst. We report the distribution and the frequency of a taurine and an indicine specific alleles in the Southern Meat cattle breed using literature data about the Zebu and different cattle breeds genetic structure based on microsatellite loci from our list. It can be assumed that the TGLA22777, BM2113141-143, ETH10209-211, TGLA122149, INRA23194-198, TGLA126123, ETH225156-158-160 alleles among the Southern Meat cattle breed examined individuals were inherited from a B. indicus ancestor. On the other hand, the TGLA53156, ETH10217-219, TGLA122143, INRA23202, TGLA126115, ETH225148-150, BM1824188-190 alleles in the Southern Meat cattle gene pool may be inherited from a B. taurus ancestor (i.e., taurine breeds diagnostic alleles).

scholarly journals Whole genome characterization of autochthonous Bos taurus brachyceros and introduced Bos indicus indicus cattle breeds in Cameroon regarding their adaptive phenotypic traits and pathogen resistance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archile Eric paguem ◽  
Babette Abanda ◽  
Mbunkah Daniel Achukwi ◽  
Praveen Baskaran ◽  
Stefan Czemmel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Cattle Breed ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Genetic Traits ◽  
Cattle Breeds ◽  
Taurine Breed ◽  
Taurine Cattle

Abstract BackgroundWest African indigenous taurine cattle display unique adaptive traits shaped by husbandry management, regional climate and exposure to endemic pathogens. They are less productive with respect to milk and meat production which has been associated with a number of factors, amongst others small size, traditional beliefs and husbandry practices. This resulted in the severe dwindling of their populations size rendering them vulnerable to extinction. The Namchi (Doayo) taurine cattle breed has documented resistance traits against trypanosome infection and exposure to tick infestation. Nonetheless, the historically later introduced Zebu cattle are the main cattle breeds in Africa today, even though they suffer more from locally prevailing pathogens. By using a reference-based whole genome sequencing approach, we sequenced for the first time the genomes of five cattle breeds from Cameroon: the Namchi (Doayo), an endangered trypanotolerant taurine breed, the Kapsiki, an indigenous trypanosusceptible taurine breed, and three Zebu (Bos indicus indicus) breeds: Ngaoundere Gudali, White Fulani and Red Fulani.ResultsApproximately 167 Giga bases of raw sequencing data were generated and mapped to the cattle reference genome UMD3.1. The coverage was 22 to 30-fold. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were compared with reference genomes of European Bos taurus Holstein and of Asian Bos indicus Brahman and the African trypanotolerant N’Dama breeds.Of a total of 50 million SNPs identified, 3.43 million were breed-specific ranging from 0.37 to 0.47 million SNPs in the domestic Cameroonian breeds and approximately 0.58 million constituted of small insertions and deletions. We identified breed specific-non-synonymous variants as genetic traits that could explain certain cattle-breed specific phenotypes such as increased tolerance against trypanosome parasites in the Namchi (Doayo) breed, heat tolerance in the Kapsiki breed, and growth, metabolism and meat quality in the Gudali breeds. Phylogenetic comparison grouped Namchi (Doayo) to the African Zebu clade indicating a hybrid status of the selected animal with a Zebu breed, albeit it showed the Namchi breed’s phenotype.ConclusionsThe findings provide the first comprehensive set of full genome variant data of the most important Cameroonian cattle breeds. The genomic data shall constitute a foundation for breed amelioration whilst exploiting the heritable traits and support conservation efforts for the endangered local cattle breeds.

scholarly journals Whole genome characterization of autochthonous Bos taurus brachyceros and introduced Bos indicus indicus cattle breeds in Cameroon regarding their adaptive phenotypic traits and pathogen resistance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archile Eric Paguem ◽  
Babette Abanda ◽  
Mbunkah Daniel Achukwi ◽  
Praveen Baskaran ◽  
Stefan Czemmel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Cattle Breed ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Genetic Traits ◽  
Cattle Breeds ◽  
Taurine Breed ◽  
Taurine Cattle ◽  
Reference Genomes

Abstract Background:West African indigenous taurine cattle display unique adaptive traits shaped by husbandry management, regional climate and exposure to endemic pathogens. They are less productive with respect to milk and meat production which has been associated with amongst others, small size, traditional beliefs and husbandry practices. This resulted in the severe dwindling of their population size rendering them vulnerable to extinction. The Namchi taurine cattle breed is referred to as [Namchi (Doayo)] and shows resistance traits against trypanosome infection and exposure to tick infestation. Nonetheless, the historically later introduced Zebu cattle are the main cattle breeds in Africa today, even though they suffer more from locally prevailing pathogens. By using a reference-based whole genome sequencing approach, we sequenced with high depth for the first time the genomes of five cattle breeds from Cameroon in order to provide a valuable genetic resource for future African cattle breeding: the Namchi , an endangered trypano-tolerant taurine breed, the Kapsiki, an indigenous trypano-susceptible taurine breed, and three Zebu (Bos indicus indicus) breeds: Ngaoundere Gudali, White Fulani and Red Fulani.Results: Approximately 167 Gigabases of raw sequencing data were generated for each breed and mapped to the cattle reference genomes ARS-UCD1.2 and UMD3.1.The coverage was 103 to 140-fold when aligning the reads to ARS-UCD1.2 with an average mapping rate of ~99%, and 22 to 30-fold when aligning the reads to UMD3.1 with an average mapping rate of ~64%. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained from analysis using the genome ARS-UCD1.2 were compared with reference genomes of European Bos taurus Holstein, the Asian Bos indicus Brahman, and the African trypanotolerant N’Dama breeds.A total of ~100 million (M) SNPs were identified and 7.7 M of those were breed-specific. Approximately 11.1 M constituted of small insertions and deletions. By using only breed-specific non-synonymous variants we identified genes as genetic traits and associated Gene Ontology (GO) terms that could explain certain cattle-breed specific phenotypes such as increased tolerance against trypanosome parasites in the Namchi breed and heat tolerance in the Kapsiki breed. Phylogenetic analysis grouped, except for Namchi, the Bos taurus breeds Kapsiki, N’Dama and Holstein together while the B. indicus breeds White and Red Fulani, Gudali and Brahman clustered separately. The deviating result for Namchi indicates a hybrid status of the selected animal with a recent introgression of Zebu genes into its genome.Conclusions:The findings provide the first comprehensive set of genome-wide variant data of the most important Cameroonian cattle breeds. The genomic data shall constitute a foundation for breed amelioration whilst exploiting the heritable traits and support conservation efforts for the endangered local cattle breeds.

DGAT1 polymorphism in Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle breeds

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Kaupe ◽  
Andreas Winter ◽  
Ruedi Fries ◽  
Georg Erhardt
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Cattle Breeds ◽  
Potential Candidate Gene ◽  
Trait Locus

As a result of multiple QTL-mapping projects in recent years, a quantitative trait locus for milk fat percentage and milk yield has been described on BTA14. Recent reports name the acyl-CoA[ratio ]diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1) gene on BTA14 as a potential candidate gene, with a nonconservative substitution of lysine by alanine (K232A) producing a major effect on milk composition and yield. DGAT1K appears to be the ancestral allele and the K232A substitution probably occurred after the divergence of the Bos indicus and Bos taurus lineages. These findings prompted us to genotype 1748 DNA samples of 38 different Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle breeds from 13 countries on five continents (Europe, Africa, Asia, North America and South America), to examine the occurrence of the DGAT1 polymorphism and characterize the K232A substitution in cattle breeds of different origins and selected for different purposes (e.g., beef, dairy and dual purpose). Calculating pairwise FST values for pooled subpopulations showed least divergence for Bos indicus breeds with high milk fat percentage. Fixation of DGAT1A was found in some Bos taurus breeds and fixation of DGAT1K in one Bos indicus breed. Breeds of no known organized breeding background from the Near East domestication centre of Bos taurus and taurine African N'Dama cattle were found to possess intermediate frequencies of DGAT1K. While beef breeds tended to harbour higher DGAT1A levels, dairy cattle showed everything from very low levels of DGAT1K to unexpectedly high frequencies of this allele.

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