The protein requirement of the ruminant calf. III. The ability of the calf weaned at five weeks of age to utilise urea given as a supplement to a low-protein concentrate

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.J.F. Stobo ◽  
J.H.B. Roy ◽  
Helen J. Gaston
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Protein Diets

(1) Forty-five Ayrshire and Shorthorn bull calves were used in an experiment to study the ability of the calf weaned at 5 weeks on to concentrates, hay and water, to utilise urea added to a low-protein concentrate.(2) Calves given the concentrate containing 20% crude protein gained weight significantly faster from 3 to 12 weeks than those given concentrates containing either 12% crude protein, or 18% crude protein of which 33% was in the form of urea. There was a tendency for calves given the urea supplement to gain weight at a slightly faster rate to 8 weeks than those given the low-protein diet, but this tendency was reversed between 8 and 12 weeks of age.(3) At 15 weeks, the coefficients of apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre and nitrogen-free extract were significantly greater when an all-concentrate diet containing 19·6% crude protein was given, than with a concentrate containing 12·2% crude protein. When the lowprotein concentrate supplemented with urea was given (18·5% crude protein) the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and ether extract was significantly greater than on the low-protein concentrate. The digestibility of crude fibre in the urea-supplemented diet was intermediate between the values obtained on the high- and low-protein diets.(4) Despite marked differences between treatments in the intakes of apparently digested nitrogen, similar amounts of nitrogen were retained, because of large differences in the amounts of nitrogen excreted in the urine. However, the amount of nitrogen stored per unit of body-weight gain was 27% higher in calves given the concentrate containing 19·6% crude protein than in those given either the low-protein concentrate or the urea-supplemented diet.

The Apparent Digestibility of Nutrients and Energy Value to Pigs of Plantains (Musa Sapientum Var. Paradisiaca Linn)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-191
Author(s):  
V. A. Oyenuga ◽  
B. L. Fetuga
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Large White ◽  
High Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract

The proximate and mineral constituents of six plantain forms, raw green plantain (RGP), cooked green plantain (CGP), raw ripe plantain (RRP), cooked ripe plantain (CRP), green plantain meal (GPM) and ripe plantain meal (RPM) were determined by chemical analysis. 24 large white barrows, weighing initially, between 40-45 kg., were used to study the apparent digestibility of nutrients, digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen retention (ME(n) and total digestible nutrients when the plantains served as the only source of nutrients. In a second experiment ME and ME(n) were measured for the plantain forms using 28 Large White barrows, with diets in which the plantains replaced 50% of maize in a basal diet. All the plantain forms had low fat, crude fibre and crude protein content but high in nitrogen-free extract, phosphorus, potassium and Iron. Identically high dry matter (D.M.) and nitrogen-free extract (N.F.E.) digestion coefficients were obtained for all the plantain forms except RPM, which had significantly lower values. Digestion coefficients for crude protein (46.9, 53.6, 51.8, 34.3,-32.7 %), crude fibre, (46.6, 49.5, 58.7, 62.6, 56.9, 39.6 %), ether extract (55.9, 56.6, 66.9, 69.2, 54.7 and 34.6 %) for RGP, CGP, RRP, CRP, GPM and RPM respectively were considerably lower than for D.M. and N.F.E. The DE, ME ME(n) and TDN values were comparable for all plantain forms except RPM, which had significantly lower values in most cases. The fresh green plantains and green plantain meals had slightly higher energy values than the ripe plantains, even though the nutrients in the ripe plantains were better digested than in the green forms. The results are discussed in relation to variations in the relative proportions of the simple and more complex carbohydrates during ripening.

Voluntary intake of low protein diets by sheep

1963 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Elliott ◽  
J. H. Topps
Keyword(s):  
Slow Rate ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
N Content ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Protein Diets

SUMMARY1. Sixteen foods, ranging in crude protein content from approximately 2·6 to 10·0%, were each offered ad lib. to four wether sheep. Dry-matter intake, N content and apparent digestibility of dry matter for each food were determined.2. Voluntary intake of food dry matter was closely related to N content.3. Slow fermentation in the reticulo-rumen and the associated slow rate of passage through the digestive tract may control the intake of low protein foods by sheep.4. There was evidence of adaptation of sheep to low protein diets as the trials progressed and significant differences occurred in voluntary food consumption between sheep.

scholarly journals Content of nutrients and energy in pasture vegetation and their apparent digestibility in Old Kladruber horses

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
Eva Straková ◽  
Pavel Suchý
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Acid Detergent Lignin ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Pure Protein ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

This study focuses on the determination of apparent digestibility of pasture vegetation nutrients in horses of the Old Kladruber breed through a balance indicator method (determination of acid insoluble ash). When evaluating the nitrogenous substances, their determination was based on the content of pure protein (sum of amino acids) which is more accurate than crude protein. There were differences in the chemical composition of dry matter from pasture vegetation and horse excrements. Regarding crude fat, crude fibre, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, ash, P and Mg, the average values in dry matter of horse excrements were significantly (P≤ 0.01) higher; on the contrary, we found significantly (P≤ 0.01) lower mean values of nitrogen-free extract, organic matter and Ca ​​in the dry mass of pasture grass. The highest coefficient of apparent digestibility for organic nutrients was determined in the nitrogen-free extract (73%) followed with organic matter (71%), pure protein (68%), crude protein (65%) and crude fat (61%). In case of fibre and its fractions, the apparent digestibility coefficients decreased as follows: crude fibre (66%), neutral detergent fibre (66%), acid detergent fibre (63%) and acid detergent lignin (42%). Significantly lower values were determined for coefficients of apparent digestibility for minerals P (16%) and Mg (50%), which highlights the need for their regular supplementation in horses on pasture. This study extends the current state of knowledge regarding the apparent digestibility of pasture vegetation which is a prerequisite for optimal nutrition of horses.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Maize Accessions for Nutrients Composition, Forage and Silage Yields

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 178 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Amodu ◽  
T. T. Akpensuen ◽  
D. D. Dung ◽  
R. J. Tanko ◽  
A. Musa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Maize Seeds ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Number Of Leaves

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the yield of forage, silage and nutrients composition of two maize accessions: West Atlantic Seed Alliance 1 (WASA1) and an accession from Shika tagged (SHIMAZ). The maize seeds were planted in plots of 5 m x 5 m (25 m2) size with four replicates for each accession. The results showed that, there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference between the accessions for plant height and number of leaves at 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks after sowing (WAS), but leaf area index (LAI) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in SHIMAZ accession at 6 and 10 WAS. The number of leaves per plant, green leaves, leaf area and forage yield at 91, 105 and 119 days after sowing (DAS) were not significant (P > 0.05) in the two accessions of maize, but leaf area and LAI were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in WASA1 accession.. The percentage dry-matter (DM) content was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in WASA1, although leaf, and stem ratios were significantly (P < 0.01) higher at various stages of harvest. The crude protein (CP) and nitrogen free-extract (NFE) were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in WASA1 accession while crude fibre (CF) was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in SHIMAZ. The proximate components (ash, EE and CP) and NDF were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in WASA1 silage, but NFE and ADF were higher (P < 0.05) in SHIMAZ accession.

The effects of undecorticated cotton cake added to a grass diet fed to sheep

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Dodsworth ◽  
C. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Total Digestible Nutrient

Results are given from two digestibility trials in which the following three diets were fed to sheep: (i) grass only, (ii) grass+5 oz. cotton cake daily, (iii) grass+10 oz. cotton cake daily.In the first trial the average dry-matter content of the grass was low (approx. 14%), intake was low and the supplements were eaten in addition to the grass. In the second trial where the dry-matter content (approx. 20%) of the grass and the intake were higher, the cake supplements reduced herbage consumption.The feeding of cake did not have any significant effect on the dry-matter percentage in the faeces but depressed the digestibility of the dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre and nitrogen-free extract in the diets including cake and reduced their starch equivalent and total digestible nutrient values.No evidence was found to support the recommendation that undecorti-cated cotton cake should be fed to grazing animals.

A note on the digestibility in lambs of whole, dry barley treated with ammonia

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Laksesvela ◽  
P. Slagsvold
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre

ABSTRACTWhole, dry barley treated with ammonia (A), whole, untreated barley (WU) or ground barley (G) were fed with hay and a little high protein concentrate to 7 to 11-month-old lambs. Most apparent digestibility coefficients were found to be 3 to 5 units higher in the diet with barley A than in diets with barley WU or G, the differences being significant. Calculation of the digestibility of barley by difference showed that the coefficients were 8 to 10 units higher in barley A than in barley WU or G as regards dry matter and organic matter. Digestion of crude fibre was better in both A and WU than in G. These differences were also significant.

Nutrient apparent digestibility and the performance of growing fattening pigs as affected by incremental additions of fat to starch or non-starch polysaccharides

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. M. Bakker ◽  
R. Jongbloed ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen ◽  
A. W. Jongbloed ◽  
M. W. Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Crude Lipid ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Fermentable Carbohydrates

AbstractIn a factorial design, animal fat was added incrementally (0, 35, 70 and 105 g/kg) to maize starch (M) or to two sources of fermentable carbohydrates (260 g purified cellulose (C) per kg or 270 g soya-bean hulls (S) per kg). The 12 experimental diets were formulated by replacing maize starch in the control diet with fat, cellulose and soya-bean hulls of equivalent estimated net energy. Ninety-six castrated males were given these diets according to net energy. Apparent digestibilities of crude protein, crude lipid, crude fibre and nitrogen-free extract were measured and were compared with those expected from the separate ingredients. Net energy conversion ratio (nECR) was also measured. Results showed that in the C and the S diets prediction of the apparent digestibility of nutrients was worse than in the M diets (significant effect of source of carbohydrate). Prediction of apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude lipid improved as the added fat increased (significant effect of amount of fat), except in the C and S diets where for digestible crude lipid the 70 g added fat per kg gave the worst prediction (significant effect of the interaction). The net energy calculated from the experimental data on apparent digestibility was proportionately between 0·83 and 0·98 of that calculated from the expected data. The pigs on the C and S treatments showed a significant lower nECR when calculated from the expected apparent digestibility coefficients, but not when calculated from those which were measured. At the highest fat addition, the nECR was poorest. It is concluded that the amounts of digestible components in compound foods cannot always be obtained from those in the separate ingredients.

FEED CONSUMPTION AND GROWTH OF DAIRY HEIFER AND BULL CALVES FED CALF STARTERS DIFFERING IN PROTEIN CONTENT

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. JONES ◽  
L. P. JACOBS ◽  
L. J. MARTIN
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Holstein Bull ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Four groups of five Holstein heifer calves were fed calf starter ad libitum from the 5th through the 16th wk. Diets differed in crude protein (CP) content (9.3, 17.8, and 22.2% CP) and were compared to a 21% CP, high-fat milk replacer (HFMR) during 28-day periods. Voluntary intake was not affected by starter CP content. However, increasing dietary CP content increased gains and feed efficiency. Gains were similar between the high-protein starter and the HFMR. When calves in one group received a different starter each day, voluntary consumption of the low-protein starter was reduced. In the second experiment, the HFMR and a starter containing either 10.6, 15.3, or 22.8% CP were fed to Holstein bull calves from wk 2 through 4. The starters were each fed for 21-day periods to each group of calves after weaning from HFMR. A fourth group received a starter of different CP content each day. A fifth group received only HFMR for the entire period. After the 4th wk, calves fed HFMR consumed less dry matter (DM) but gained weight most rapidly. Average daily gains were increased by the medium- and high- over the low-protein calf starter (P < 0.05). Feed efficiency was subsequently reduced by this diet. A ration containing no more than 18% CP was satisfactory for dairy-replacement heifers. However, additional studies should examine the feasibility of marketing 136-kg calves on high-energy calf starters.

The effect of pattern of daily feeding of pregnant sows on apparent digestibility

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Frape ◽  
R. W. Hocken
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Daily Ration ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Daily Feeding

Three trials with pregnant sows tied in stalls have been conducted to measure the effects on ration digestibility: (a) of a pelleted compound given once or twice per day, (b) of half the daily ration fed as barley at a separate time from the pelleted concentrate and (c) when the order during the day in which the barley and concentrate were fed was reversed.Giving pelleted complete rations twice as opposed to once per day led to slight improvements in the apparent digestibility of dietary dry matter, grpss energy, crude fibre and phosphorus. When half the daily ration was given as crushed barley in the morning the apparent digestibility of phosphorus was slightly higher than it was when barley was given in the afternoon. Nevertheless the apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein was greater for the complete mixture given twice per day. All these effects were statistically significant.

The apparent digestibility of crude protein by the ruminant: IV. The effect of crude fibre

1957 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Glover ◽  
M. H. French
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
General Equation ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Modified Equation

The role of crude fibre in modifying the general equation relating the digestibility coefficient of crude protein to the percentage of crude protein in the dry matter of a feed is described.It is shown that for normal average food-stuffs the effect is slight and that for all practical routine purposes the original equation will provide satisfactory estimates of the digestibility coefficient when only the crude-protein content of the dry feed is known.On the other hand, when exceptional feeds are encountered, particularly those in which the crudefibre/crude-protein relationship is abnormal, then more accurate estimates of the digestibility coefficient of crude protein can be obtained from the modified equation which is described above.

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