scholarly journals Estimation of the energy costs of locomotion in the Iberian pig(Sus mediterraneus)

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lachica ◽  
J. F. Aguilera
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
A Value ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
Iberian Pig ◽  
Energy Cost Of Locomotion

The energy cost of locomotion of four Iberian pigs was measured in two experiments conducted when the animals averaged 41·3 (se 0·1) kg (first experiment) and 84·1 (se 0·1) kg (second experiment). The heat production of the pigs was determined when standing or walking at a speed of 0·555 m/s on a treadmill enclosed in a confinement-type respiration chamber, on different slopes (-10·5, 0, and +10·5 % in the first experiment, and -5·25, 0 and +10·5 % in the second experiment). The energy costs of locomotion, estimated from the coefficients of linear regressions of heat production per kg body weight (BW) on distance travelled, were in the first experiment 2·99, 3·31 and 5·88 J/kg BW per m for -10·5, 0, and +10·5 % inclines respectively, and 2·56, 2·84 and 7·13 J/kg BW per m for -5·25, 0 and +10·5 % inclines respectively, in the second experiment. The net energy cost of locomotion on the level appeared to be independent of live weight, attaining a value of 2·98 J/kg BW per m. Also, it was found that within experiments the net energy cost of walking on negative slopes was similar to that for locomotion on the level, indicating that no energy was recovered on vertical descent. Mean values were 3·11 and 2·72 kJ/kg BW per m for the light and heavy pigs respectively. The energy cost of raising 1 kg BW one vertical metre was found to be 27·1 J/kg BW per m in the first experiment and 40·0 J/kg BW per m in the second experiment. Correspondingly, the calculated efficiency for upslope locomotion appeared to decline with increasing BW, resulting in average values of 36·2 and 24·5 %.

Energy Cost of Locomotion in Blind Adolescents

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisela Kobberling ◽  
Louis W. Jankowski ◽  
Luc Leger
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Norm Values ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
Energy Cost Of Locomotion

The oxygen consumption (VO2) of 30 (10 females, 20 males) legally blind adolescents and their sighted controls were compared for treadmill walking (3 mph, 4.8 km/h) and running (6 mph, 9.6 km/h). The VO2 of the visually impaired subjects averaged 24.4% and 10.8% higher than those of their same-sex age-matched controls, and 42.8% and 11.2% higher than the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) norms for walking (p<.01) and running (p<.05), respectively. The normal association between aerobic capacity and locomotor energy costs was evident among the sighted controls (r= .44, p<.05) but insignificant (r=.35, p>.05) for the visually impaired subjects. The energy costs of both walking and running were highest among the totally blind subjects, and decreased toward normal as a function of residual vision among the legally blind subjects. The energy costs of walking and running for blind adolescents are higher than both those of sighted controls and the ACSM norm values.

Effect of Diethylstilbestrol on Utilization of Energy by the Growing Chick

1958 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 654-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Hill ◽  
L. B. Carew ◽  
A. van Tienhoven
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Energy Gains ◽  
Total Tissue

Increased fat production in diethylstilbestrol-treated chicks was found to be due primarily to increased energy consumption and to a lesser extent to preferential synthesis of fat at the expense of protein tissue. This was shown in experiments comparing normal and estrogen-treated male chicks with respect to gains in live weight, fat and protein at two planes of nutrition, and the yield of metabolizable and productive (net) energy which they obtained from the diet. It was found that the fattening effect could not be due to increased digestibility, increased net energy yield from absorbed nutrients, or lowered heat production. Under the influence of estrogen, total tissue gain expressed in Calories was increased, and was composed of greater fat gain and lower protein gain. Tissue energy gains were a linear function of metabolizable energy consumption. This relationship predicted equal tissue energy gains under pair-feeding conditions, which was confirmed experimentally.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary crude protein and energy content on nitrogen utilisation, water intake and urinary output in growing pigs

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmo Valaja ◽  
Hilkka Siljander-Rasi
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Urinary Output ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein

A digestibility and balance trial was carried out with four intact castrated male pigs (live weight 33-82 kg) to study the effects of dietary crude protein and energy content on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, water intake and urinary output. In a 4 x 4 Latin square design, four barley-oats-soya bean meal based diets were arranged 2x2 factorially. The corresponding factors were dietary crude protein (CP) content: high (180 g/kg CP) or low protein diet (140 g/kg CP) supplemented with free lysine, methionine and threonine; and dietary net energy content; high (1.05 feed units (FU)/kg) (feed unit=9.3 MJ net energy) or low net energy content (0.95 FU/kg). Lowering dietary CP content (mean values of 189 to 152 g/kg dry matter, respectively) by supplementation of free amino acids decreased urinary nitrogen (N) excretion by 6.9 g/day (32%) (P

Energetic cost of locomotion in the tammar wallaby

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (5) ◽  
pp. R771-R778 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. Baudinette ◽  
G. K. Snyder ◽  
P. B. Frappell
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Energy Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
Blood Lactate Levels

Rates of oxygen consumption and blood lactate levels were measured in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) trained to hop on a treadmill. In addition, the work required to overcome wind resistance during forward locomotion was measured in a wind tunnel. Up to approximately 2.0 m/s, rates of oxygen consumption increased linearly with speed and were not significantly different from rates of oxygen consumption for a quadruped of similar body mass. Between 2.0 and 9.4 m/s, rates of oxygen consumption were independent of hopping speed, and between 3.9 and 7.9 m/s, the range over which samples were obtained, blood lactate levels were low (0.83 +/- 0.13 mmol.min-1.kg-1) and did not increase with hopping speed. The work necessary to overcome drag increased exponentially with speed but increased the energy cost of locomotion by only 10% at the average speed attained by our fast hoppers. Thus, during hopping, the energy cost of locomotion is effectively independent of speed. At rates of travel observed in the field, the estimated energy cost of transport in large macropods is less than one-third the cost for a quadruped of equivalent body mass. The energetic savings associated with this unique form of locomotion may have been an important physiological adaptation, enabling large macropods to efficiently cover the distances necessary to forage in the semiarid landscapes of Australia.

The energy costs of walking, carrying and pulling loads on flat surfaces by Brahman cattle and swamp buffalo

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Lawrence ◽  
R. J. Stibbards
Keyword(s):  
Energy Cost ◽  
Water Buffalo ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Flat Surfaces ◽  
Extra Energy ◽  
Brahman Cattle ◽  
Swamp Buffalo ◽  
Work Done

ABSTRACTThe extra energy for walking compared with standing still (EW) (J/m per kg live weight) was measured in three Brahman cattle and two water buffalo. Ew was not affected by species or speed within the most comfortable range of speeds (V = 0·6 to 1·0 m/s) but over the whole range tested, Ew = 0·947F + 1·99 (r = 0·66, no. = 61) with average Ew = 2·1 (s.e. 0·06).The extra energy cost of carrying loads while walking (Ec) (J/m per kg carried) was measured using two Brahman cattle, two water buffalo and a pony. Ec was independent of load (up to 70 kg) and speed but was generally lower when loads were placed over the animals' shoulders instead of on their backs. Average values for the cattle, buffaloes and the pony were 2·6, 4·2 and 3·3, respectively.The efficiency of doing work defined as: work done/energy expended was measured in two Brahman cattle and two water buffalo and gave average values of 0·30 and 0·37 respectively for the two species. Efficiency was proportionately about 0·03 higher for animals wearing a collar than when wearing a single yoke but was unaffected by whether the animals wore single or double yokes, by the speed of travel, the size of the load or whether the load was steady or variable.Along with appropriate values for the energetic efficiency of raising body weight when walking uphill, these data are used to derive a factorial equation for estimating the energy expenditure of animals working in the field.

Strength Training for Middle- and Long-Distance Performance: A Meta-Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Berryman ◽  
Iñigo Mujika ◽  
Denis Arvisais ◽  
Marie Roubeix ◽  
Carl Binet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Maximal Power ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Maximal Force ◽  
Subgroup Analyses ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
Energy Cost Of Locomotion

Purpose: To assess the net effects of strength training on middle- and long-distance performance through a meta-analysis of the available literature. Methods: Three databases were searched, from which 28 of 554 potential studies met all inclusion criteria. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated and weighted by the inverse of variance to calculate an overall effect and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Subgroup analyses were conducted to determine whether the strength-training intensity, duration, and frequency and population performance level, age, sex, and sport were outcomes that might influence the magnitude of the effect. Results: The implementation of a strength-training mesocycle in running, cycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming was associated with moderate improvements in middle- and long-distance performance (net SMD [95%CI] = 0.52 [0.33–0.70]). These results were associated with improvements in the energy cost of locomotion (0.65 [0.32–0.98]), maximal force (0.99 [0.80–1.18]), and maximal power (0.50 [0.34–0.67]). Maximal-force training led to greater improvements than other intensities. Subgroup analyses also revealed that beneficial effects on performance were consistent irrespective of the athletes’ level. Conclusion: Taken together, these results provide a framework that supports the implementation of strength training in addition to traditional sport-specific training to improve middle- and long-distance performance, mainly through improvements in the energy cost of locomotion, maximal power, and maximal strength.

ENERGY COST OF LOCOMOTION IN PATIENTS WITH PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE (PAD) AND CLAUDICATION

1999 ◽  
Vol 31 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S250
Author(s):  
C. Marconi ◽  
G. Ferretti ◽  
S. Anchisi ◽  
A. Colombini ◽  
C. Moia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Arterial Disease ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Arterial Disease ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
Peripheral Arterial ◽  
Energy Cost Of Locomotion

scholarly journals Energy exchanges associated with eating and rumination in sheep given grass diets of different physical forms

1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. O. Osuji ◽  
J. G. Gordon ◽  
A. J. F. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Heat Increment Of Feeding ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Energy Exchanges ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
True Energy

1. Energy exchanges and other physiological functions associated with eating and rumination were determined in four experiments. Sheep were given chopped, dried grass (DGC), pelleted, dried grass (DGP) or fresh grass (FGC).2. In Expt 1 a preliminary study was made using all three diets. The dry matter (DM) of DGP was eaten significantly faster than that of chopped diets. Sheep salivated most during eating and ruminated longest when given DGC. Rates of contraction for the reticulo-rumen did not differ significantly between diets during idling and rumination, but were significantly faster during eating with DGP. The apparent energy costs of eating were 17, 109 and 176 kJ/kg DM eaten for DGP, DGC and FGC respectively, but these probably underestimated the true energy cost.3. Expt 2 compared DGP and DGC at two levels of intake. The mean energy costs of eating DGP and DGC were 23.5 and 267 kJ/kg DM respectively. There was no consistent relationship between the energy cost of eating and the duration of the meal. The proportion of time the sheep spent ruminating DGC was about 23% but less than 1% for DGP. There was no significant relationship between heat production and the time spent ruminating.4. In Expt 3 four sheep were offered fresh grass and, later, an equivalent DM intake after the material had been dried. The sheep ate the dried meal significantly faster. The mean energy costs of eating were 208 and 346 kJ/kg DM for DGC and FGC respectively. In this experiment the sheep ruminated significantly longer when given FGC, and the energy cost of rumination was 0.11 kJ/min.5. Increases in heat production during and after fistula-feeding were only 2–8% of those obtained during eating, indicating that nearly all the increase in heat production during eating could be attributed to the energy cost of eating per se.6. The contribution of the energy costs of eating and rumination to the heat increment of feeding and the energy requirement for maintenance of sheep are discussed.

Energy Efficiency of Legged Robot Locomotion With Elastically-Suspended Loads Over a Range of Suspension Stiffnesses

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Ackerman ◽  
Xingye Da ◽  
Justin Seipel
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Simple Model ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Legged Locomotion ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Legged Robot ◽  
Robot Locomotion ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
Energy Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
Suspended Loads

Elastically suspending a load from humans and animals can increase the energy efficiency of legged locomotion and load carrying. Similarly, elastically-suspended loads have the potential to increase the energy efficiency of legged robot locomotion. External loads and the inherent mass of a legged robot, such as batteries, electronics, and fuel, can be elastically-suspended from the robot chassis with a passive compliant suspension system, reducing the energetic cost of locomotion. In prior work, we developed a simple model to examine the effect of elastically-suspended loads on the energy cost of locomotion from first principles. In this paper, we present experimental results showing the energy cost of locomotion for a simple hexapod robot over a range of suspension stiffness values. Elastically-suspended loads were shown to reduce the energy cost of locomotion by up to 20% versus a rigidly-attached load. We compare the experimental results to the theoretical results predicted by the simple model.

Adaptation of whole animal energy metabolism to undernutrition in ewes: influence of time and posture

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Ortigues ◽  
M. Vermorel
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Behavioural Adaptation ◽  
Spontaneous Physical Activity

AbstractThe effects of undernutrition and of the duration of undernutrition on changes in whole animal energy metabolism and on spontaneous physical activity were studied in adult, non-lactating, non-pregnant ewes. Animals were first given food at 338 kj metabolizable energy (ME) per day per kg live weight 0·75 (LW0·75), (M). Intake was then reduced by half (0·5M) during 7 weeks. Diet apparent digestibility decreased slightly with undernutrition. Rate of LW loss remained constant throughout the whole 0·5M period. Heat production (HP) declined by proportionately 0·18 within the 1st week at 0·5M and by another 0·05 in the following weeks. These latter changes were directly related to LW loss, since HP scaled to metabolic LW remained unchanged over the whole 0·5M period. Time spent standing decreased with undernutrition from proportionately 0·42 at M to 0·33 at 0·5M as a result of a reduction in the average duration of individual standing periods at all hours of the day except in a few hours preceeding feeding times. Energy cost of standing could not be dissociated from the energy cost of eating; these overall costs were not clearly modified by undernutrition but varied with time post prandially. Standing cost alone was estimated at 10 J/min per kg LW. Efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance (km) was calculated at 0·71, and ME requirements for maintenance (MEm) at 338 kj/day per kg LW0'75. No adaptation was noted with the duration of undernutrition. Accounting for the behavioural adaptation tended to increase km to 0·74 but MEm remained unchanged, suggesting that the behavioural changes observed with undernutrition were not sufficient to significantly modify whole animal energy metabolism.

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