Evidence for altered control of glucose disposal after total colectomy

Colonic fermentation of organic matter to short-chain fatty acids has been implicated in the improvement in insulin sensitivity achieved by feeding diets rich in complex carbohydrates. The present study assessed the potential role of the colon in determining postprandial glucose kinetics. Metabolic responses to a complex-carbohydrate test meal were determined in conjunction with a primed continuous infusion of D-[6,6-2H]glucose in a group of ileostomists and sex-matched controls. Glucose disposal (GD) was computed using non-steady-state kinetics on a single compartment model. Insulin sensitivity was derived using cumulative GD as the dependent variable, and time and the integrated insulin concentration as independent variables. The ileostomist group had a significantly higher postprandial plasma insulin concentration (P=0·034) compared with the control group, but no difference in the plasma glucose concentration. Total GD was similar in each group, although the insulin-dependent GD was substantially lower in the ileostomists (0·46 v. 0·13 mg glucose/min per pmol, P=0·015). The ileostomist group also showed a 50 % lower rate of glucose oxidation in the postprandial period (P=0·005), although the rate of non-oxidative GD was not significantly affected. The present study indicates that loss of the colon is associated with several characteristics of the insulin resistance syndrome, and favours a view that the colon has a role in the control of postprandial glucose.

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Quantitative kinetics of glucose appearance and disposal following a13C-labelled starch-rich meal: comparison of male and female subjects

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn2002586 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 87 (6) ◽

pp. 569-577 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

M. Denise Robertson ◽

Geoff Livesey ◽

John C. Mathers

Keyword(s):

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Indirect Calorimetry ◽

Compartment Model ◽

Whole Body ◽

Glucose Disposal ◽

Female Group ◽

Acute Response ◽

Fractional Rate ◽

Steady State Kinetics ◽

The Uk

In the UK, starch contributes up to 25 % of energy intake in adults (). The present study investigated the acute response to a starchy meal on whole-body glucose metabolism and assessed insulin sensitivity in men compared with women. Low insulin sensitivity has been postulated to pre-dispose individuals to a cluster of associated abnormalities known to increase the risk of CHD. Metabolic responses to a13C-labelled meal were determined in conjunction with a primed continuous infusion of D-[6,6-2H]glucose in groups of healthy age- and BMI-matched men and women. Peripheral plasma glucose disposal (Gd) was computed using non-steady state kinetics in a single compartment model, simultaneously with determination of whole-body net glucose oxidation by indirect calorimetry. Insulin sensitivity was derived using cumulative Gd as the dependent variable, and time and the integrated insulin concentration as independent variables. The female group had the higher fractional rate of glucose appearance in plasma from starch (P=0·019) immediately after ingestion. Females also had a higher rate of plasma Gd and a significantly higher insulin-dependent Gd (6·8v.5·6 μg glucose/(min.kg) per pmol insulin,P<0·05) compared with the males. A smaller absolute pool of endogenous glucose in females allowed the rate of exogenous13CO2production to be significantly higher in the females (P=0·007) corresponding also to a significantly higher (P<0·05) carbohydrate oxidation rate obtained by indirect calorimetry. The present study suggests that during the ingestion of a starchy meal, females exhibit higher glucose flux and greater whole-body insulin sensitivity than males.

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Glucose–insulin relationships and thyroid status of cockerels selected for high or low residual food consumption

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114500000829 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 83 (6) ◽

pp. 645-651 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Jean-François Gabarrou ◽

Pierre Andre Geraert ◽

John Williams ◽

Laurent Ruffier ◽

Nicole Rideau

Keyword(s):

Food Consumption ◽

Plasma Glucose ◽

Plasma Insulin ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Insulin Concentration ◽

Glucose Disposal ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Thyroid Status ◽

Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽

Diet Induced Thermogenesis

The plasma glucose–insulin relationships and thyroid status were investigated in two lines of adult cockerels divergently selected for high (R+) or low (R-) residual food consumption (RFC). For a given body weight, R+ birds had a 74 % higher food intake than R- birds. Plasma glucose concentrations were significantly lower in the R+ line compared with the R- when fasted, whereas R+ birds exhibited a significantly lower plasma insulin concentration than R- birds either in fed or fasted state. After an overnight fast, R+ birds also exhibited a higher sensitivity to exogenous insulin in view of its more pronounced hypoglycaemic effect. After an oral glucose load, the glucose disposal of R+ cockerels was faster despite lower glucose-induced plasma insulin concentration. Whilst plasma triacylglycerol concentrations were lower in the R+ line when fed, plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations were higher in fasted R+ than R- cockerels (684v.522 μmol/l). Higher plasma triiodothyronine concentrations were observed in fed R+ compared with R- birds (3·0v.2·1 nmol/l respectively). The higher plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine associated with lower concentrations of insulin could account for the leanness and the elevated diet-induced thermogenesis previously observed in the R+ line.

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JPMA-2019-06-735 Bioevaluation of agro-waste for postprandial glucose and insulin concentration in blood

Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association ◽

10.47391/jpma.735 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Huma Umbreen ◽

Sadia Javed ◽

Razia Noreen ◽

Munazzah Meraj ◽

Admin

Keyword(s):

Human Study ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Apple Pomace ◽

Insulin Concentration ◽

Control Group ◽

Single Subject ◽

White Flour ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Fruit Processing ◽

Mango Peels

Abstract Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of apple pomace and mango peels powder supplemented cookies on postprandial glucose and insulin concentration to promote nutraceutical snacks between the meals. Methods: This single subject experimental study was conducted during Feb-Aug 2018 at Nutrition Counseling Center, GCWUF. In this study different cookies with apple pomace and mango peels powder were prepared and the most nutritive acceptable cookies were further used to determine their postprandial effect on glucose and insulin concentrations against the control cookies in female subjects. Thirty females were selected through advertisement having age 25±10 years with normal BMI (19-24.9) while the subjects having obesity, diabetes, hypertension or allergic reaction to any of content were excluded from this study. A written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. The data obtained was analyzed statistically to know the significant difference between the means. Results: The results showed that cookies supplemented with up to 15% of either mango peels or apple pomace powders were acceptable, which were further used for bio-evaluation. The human study showed that overall blood glucose and insulin concentrations were significantly lower in the treatment group specially in group with mango peels enriched cookies (103.53±2.44 mg/dL; 130.48±12.52 mg/dL) as compared to control group receiving white flour based cookies (145.00±1.15 mg/dL; 186.47±26.47 mg/dL). Conclusion: On the basis of the study it can be concluded that fruit processing waste can be used as nutraceutical agent in diet based modules and thus promoting healthy snacking which maintains postprandial

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THE EFFECT OF A HIGH-FAT DIET ON GLUCOSE, INSULIN SENSITIVITY AND PLASMA INSULIN IN RATS

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.0.0420489 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 489-494 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

E. BLÁZQUEZ ◽

C. LOPEZ QUIJADA

Keyword(s):

Plasma Glucose ◽

High Fat Diet ◽

Plasma Insulin ◽

Diet Group ◽

Insulin Concentration ◽

Control Group ◽

High Fat ◽

Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽

The Mean

SUMMARY The influence of the diet on the levels of insulin was studied in rats on a high-fat diet. Plasma and glucose insulin concentrations of a control group and of rats on a high-fat diet were compared, and so was the insulin concentration in the pancreas of the two groups. The mean plasma insulin concentration in the control group was 40 μ-u./ml. and that of insulin extracted from the pancreas was 2·5 μg./100 mg. tissue; plasma glucose was 156 mg./100 ml. The animals fed on a high-fat diet showed diabetic features. The mean plasma insulin level was 9 μ-u./ml., and plasma glucose increased to 210 mg./100 ml. The insulin concentration in the pancreas was not significantly different from that in the controls. In vitro the epididymal fat and the diaphragm of the high-fat-diet group were less sensitive to insulin than the same tissues in the control group.

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Perioperative insulin and glucose infusion maintains normal insulin sensitivity after surgery

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1998.275.1.e140 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 275 (1) ◽

pp. E140-E148 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jonas O. Nygren ◽

Anders Thorell ◽

Mattias Soop ◽

Suad Efendic ◽

Kerstin Brismar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Metabolic Response ◽

Elective Surgery ◽

Substrate Utilization ◽

Glucose Infusion ◽

Whole Body ◽

Glucose Disposal ◽

Control Group ◽

Insulin Group ◽

Postoperative Changes

Elective surgery was performed after overnight fasting, a routine that may affect the metabolic response to surgery. We investigated the effects of insulin and glucose infusions before and during surgery on postoperative substrate utilization and insulin sensitivity. Seven patients were given insulin and glucose infusions 3 h before and during surgery (insulin group), and a control group of six patients underwent surgery after fasting overnight. Insulin sensitivity and glucose kinetics (d-[6,6-2H2]glucose) were measured before and immediately after surgery using a hyperinsulinemic, normoglycemic clamp. Glucose infusion rates and whole body glucose disposal decreased after surgery in the control group (−40 and −29%, respectively), whereas no significant change was found in the insulin group (+16 and +25%). Endogenous glucose production remained unchanged in both groups. Postoperative changes in cortisol, glucagon, fat oxidation, and free fatty acids were attenuated in the insulin group (vs. control). We conclude that perioperative insulin and glucose infusions minimize the endocrine stress response and normalize postoperative insulin sensitivity and substrate utilization.

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Meal-induced insulin sensitization and its parasympathetic regulation in humans

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y08-080 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 86 (12) ◽

pp. 880-888 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Rita S. Patarrão ◽

W. Wayne Lautt ◽

Ricardo A. Afonso ◽

Rogério T. Ribeiro ◽

Maria P. Guarino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Test Meal ◽

Standardized Test ◽

Whole Body ◽

Glucose Disposal ◽

Saline Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Fasting Period ◽

Fasted State ◽

Sensitivity Assessment

In animal studies, the whole-body glucose disposal effect of insulin is low in the fasted state or after atropine infusion, but doubles after a meal, consistent with the hepatic insulin-sensitizing substance (HISS) hypothesis. We tested how a standardized test meal and atropine affected the dynamic response to insulin in humans. Insulin sensitivity was assessed in healthy male subjects (aged 28.9 ± 1.9 years, body mass index 23.3 ± 0.8 kg·m–2) by using the rapid insulin sensitivity test (RIST), which is a transient euglycemic clamp. After a 24-hour fasting period, dynamic insulin sensitivity was assessed and then repeated 100 min after the test meal. In a second protocol, the volunteers were fed the standardized test meal and intravenous atropine (0.5 mg) or saline (control group) was administered 50 min before insulin sensitivity assessment. Insulin sensitivity increased in the fed state (232.1% ± 46.3%, n = 7) in comparison with the 24-hour fasted state. In the atropine protocol, the drug partially blocked (56.5% ± 11.6%, n = 6) insulin sensitivity. In humans, feeding resulted in increased insulin sensitivity. The low dose of atropine in humans lead to a partial HISS-dependent decrease in insulin sensitivity. Meal-induced insulin sensitization occured in humans by a similar mechanism as that reported in other species. The sensitization process was regulated by a cholinergic ‘feeding signal.’

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Rapeseed protein inhibits the initiation of insulin resistance by a high-saturated fat, high-sucrose diet in rats

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s000711450896092x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 100 (5) ◽

pp. 984-991 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

François Mariotti ◽

Dominique Hermier ◽

Charlotte Sarrat ◽

Joëlle Magné ◽

Evelyne Fénart ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Plasma Glucose ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Insulin Resistance Syndrome ◽

Control Group ◽

Sensitivity Index ◽

Rapeseed Protein ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

In contrast to the quality of carbohydrates and lipids, little is known on the influence of the type of dietary protein on the development of the metabolic or insulin resistance syndrome. Cysteine intake has been recently documented to impact insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to determine whether rapeseed protein, an emergent cysteine-rich protein, could inhibit the onset of the metabolic syndrome. For 9 weeks, rats were fed a diet rich in saturated fats and sucrose, which also included 20 % protein either as milk protein (‘Induction’ diet I) or rapeseed protein (diet R). A third, control group received an isoenergetic diet containing milk protein but polyunsaturated fats and starch (‘Prudent’ diet P). Plasma glucose, insulin, TAG and cholesterol, and blood pressure were monitored during the study, glucose tolerance was tested at week 7 and body composition determined at week 9. Plasma glucose, insulin and TAG increased during the experiment and, at week 9, plasma insulin was significantly 34 % lower in the R group and 56 % lower in P group as compared with the I group. The insulin peak after the glucose load was significantly 28–30 % lower in R and P than in I and the insulin sensitivity index was significantly higher in R than in I. Unexpectedly, peripheral fat deposition was slightly higher in R than in I. In this model, substituting rapeseed protein for milk protein had preventive effects on the early onset of insulin resistance, similar to those achieved by manipulating the types of dietary fat and carbohydrates.

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Modulating DDAH/NOS Pathway to Discover Vasoprotective Insulin Sensitizers

Journal of Diabetes Research ◽

10.1155/2016/1982096 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Li Lai ◽

Yohannes T. Ghebremariam

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Insulin Resistance Syndrome ◽

Glucose Disposal ◽

Increase Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Endogenous Factors ◽

Insulin Sensitizers ◽

Pharmacological Studies ◽

Novel Target

Insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) is a configuration of cardiovascular risk factors involved in the development of metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition to diet, age, socioeconomic, and environmental factors, genetic factors that impair insulin signaling are centrally involved in the development and exacerbation of IRS. Genetic and pharmacological studies have demonstrated that the nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) genes are critically involved in the regulation of insulin-mediated glucose disposal. The generation of NO by the NOS enzymes is known to contribute to vascular homeostasis including insulin-mediated skeletal muscle vasodilation and insulin sensitivity. By contrast, excessive inhibition of NOS enzymes by exogenous or endogenous factors is associated with insulin resistance (IR). Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous molecule that competitively inhibits all the NOS enzymes and contributes to metabolic perturbations including IR. The concentration of ADMA in plasma and tissue is enzymatically regulated by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH), a widely expressed enzyme in the cardiovascular system. In preclinical studies, overexpression of DDAH has been shown to reduce ADMA levels, improve vascular compliance, and increase insulin sensitivity. This review discusses the feasibility of the NOS/DDAH pathway as a novel target to develop vasoprotective insulin sensitizers.

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Sodium-lithium countertransport and platelet cytosolic free calcium concentration in relation to peripheral insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0830319 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 83 (3) ◽

pp. 319-324 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ingrid Mattiasson ◽

Kerstin Berntorp ◽

Folke Lindgärde

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Plasma Insulin ◽

Normal Glucose Tolerance ◽

Insulin Concentration ◽

Glucose Disposal ◽

Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽

Normal Glucose ◽

Basal Plasma

1. Peripheral glucose disposal (assessed by the euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique), Na+-Li+ countertransport in erythrocytes and the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration in platelets were determined in 41 women with impaired glucose tolerance and in 38 women with normal glucose tolerance. The groups were matched for body mass index (range 18–44 kg/m2) and diastolic blood pressure (range 58–109 mmHg). 2. Na+-Li+ countertransport was correlated significantly with body mass index, basal plasma insulin concentration and basal plasma glucose concentration, and was inversely correlated with peripheral glucose disposal rate. Stepwise regression analysis showed that Na+-Li+ countertransport was positively correlated with basal plasma insulin concentration (r2 = 8.7%). 3. Systolic blood pressure was correlated with fasting plasma insulin concentration (model r2 = 25%) and with Na+-Li+ countertransport (model r2 = 34%) in the group with impaired glucose tolerance. In the group with normal glucose tolerance there were no correlations between blood pressure and Na+-Li+ countertransport. 4. No correlation was found between platelet cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration and any of the variables measured. 5. It is concluded that Na+-Li+ countertransport is correlated with the degree of peripheral insulin sensitivity and with the plasma insulin concentration. Platelet cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration was not correlated with any of these variables, and there was no relationship between Na+-Li+ countertransport and the platelet cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration.

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Novel α-MSH analog causes weight loss in obese rats and minipigs and improves insulin sensitivity

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1530/joe-13-0284 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 220 (2) ◽

pp. 97-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Keld Fosgerau ◽

Kirsten Raun ◽

Cecilia Nilsson ◽

Kirsten Dahl ◽

Birgitte S Wulff

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Food Intake ◽

Body Weight Loss ◽

Vehicle Control ◽

Glucose Disposal ◽

Control Group ◽

Euglycemic Hyperinsulinemic Clamp ◽

Peptide Agonist

Obesity is a major burden to people and to health care systems around the world. The aim of the study was to characterize the effect of a novel selective α-MSH analog on obesity and insulin sensitivity. The subchronic effects of the selective MC4-R peptide agonist MC4-NN1-0182 were investigated in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats and DIO minipigs by assessing the effects on food intake, energy consumption, and body weight. The acute effect of MC4-NN1-0182 on insulin sensitivity was assessed by a euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic clamp study in normal rats. Three weeks of treatment of DIO rats with MC4-NN1-0182 caused a decrease in food intake and a significant decrease in body weight 7±1%,P<0.05 compared with 3±1% increase with the vehicle control. In DIO minipigs, 8 weeks of treatment with MC4-NN1-0182 resulted in a body weight loss of 13.3±2.5 kg (13±3%), whereas the vehicle control group had gained 3.7±1.4 kg (4±1%). Finally, clamp studies in normal rats showed that acute treatment with MC4-NN1-0182 caused a significant increase in glucose disposal (Rd) compared with vehicle control (Rd, mg/kg per min, 17.0±0.7 vs 13.9±0.6,P<0.01). We demonstrate that treatment of DIO rats or minipigs with a selective MC4-R peptide agonist causes weight loss. Moreover, we have demonstrated weight-independent effects on insulin sensitivity. Our observations identify MC4 agonism as a viable target for the treatment of obesity and insulin resistance.

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