Geographic variation in the prevalence of overweight and economic status in Chinese adults

China is experiencing a rapid increase in overweight and related conditions. This study describes the geographic variation in BMI levels and the prevalence of overweight and underweight in Chinese adults, and assesses their relations with regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita levels. BMI values and the prevalence of overweight and underweight in 143 522 adults from the Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey (2002) were calculated according to geographic regions in China. Their correlations with GDP were assessed. Linear and logistic regressions were used to adjust for age, sex and city–country composition. BMI and the prevalence of overweight were highest in the Bohai coastal regions while lowest in southern provinces such as Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Hunan and Fujian. Mean BMI values ranged from 20·72 to 25·48 kg/m2, and the prevalence of overweight ranged from 6·6 to 53·9 %. BMI and the prevalence of overweight were positively correlated with economic development, particularly in the northern regions. However, for regions with similar GDP per capita levels, those in the south had substantially lower BMI and lower prevalence of overweight than those in the north. Interestingly, some southern regions with high GDP per capita had low BMI and low prevalence of overweight. The prevalence of underweight was highest in the south. Substantial geographic variations in the prevalence of overweight and underweight exist in China. Such variations cannot be fully explained by the differences in economic status. China is currently facing challenges of both overweight and underweight but priorities vary in different regions.

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Regional quality of living in Europe

REGION ◽

10.18335/region.v2i2.43 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Piet Lagas ◽

Frank Van Dongen ◽

Frank Van Rijn ◽

Hans Visser

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Capital City ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

European Regions ◽

Policy Makers ◽

The North ◽

City Regions ◽

Quality Of Living ◽

Per Capita

This article sets out the conceptual framework and results of Regional Quality of Living indicators that were developed in order to benchmark European NUTS2 regions. Nine non-business-related indicators are constructed to support the goal of policy makers to improve the attractiveness of regions and cities for people or companies to settle in, and by doing so create economic growth. Each of the constructed indicators represents a pillar of the Quality of Living. The highest indicator scores are found for regions within Switzerland, Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands. Some countries show a wide divergence between regional scores. The southern regions of Italy and Spain, for example, have significantly lower scores than those in the north. In addition, capital city regions have better RQI scores. A positive correlation was found between the average RQI scores and both GDP per capita and weighted population density. Compared to GDP per capita, weighted population density has a modest influence on the RQI score. The European regions are divided into 11 clusters, based upon GDP per capita and weighted population density in order to benchmark a region with its peers.

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Changes in Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) migration patterns and juvenile growth related to the 1989 regime shift

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f02-156 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 59 (12) ◽

pp. 1969-1979 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Ashleen J Benson ◽

Gordon A McFarlane ◽

Susan E Allen ◽

John F Dower

Keyword(s):

Food Supply ◽

Regime Shift ◽

Coastal Upwelling ◽

Juvenile Growth ◽

The South ◽

Migration Patterns ◽

Merluccius Productus ◽

The North ◽

Northern Regions ◽

Ocean Conditions

The response of Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) to recent changes in ocean conditions has been dramatic, with a larger proportion of the stock moving into Canadian waters in the 1990s. Additionally, after 1994, hake spawned in Canadian waters and a portion of the stock remained year round. The change in distribution corresponded with a change in growth of juvenile hake. These changes were examined in relation to upwelling and temperature. We also examined these changes in relation to changes in the abundance of euphausiids, which are the primary food supply. We propose that the 1989 regime shift differentially affected the availability of euphausiids in the northern and southern Coastal Upwelling Domain, with feeding conditions in the north improved relative to those in the south. This promoted faster growth of juveniles in the northern regions during the 1990s.

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A Correlational Study on the Gross Domestic Product and Gross Domestic Product Per Capita of a Country and Its COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality Rates

10.22541/au.163519367.70608655/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joseph Emmanuel G. Lopez

Keyword(s):

Gross Domestic Product ◽

Economic Status ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Domestic Product ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

State Of The Economy ◽

Per Capita ◽

Stratified Analysis

Some studies had shown that there is a relationship between the state of the economy of a country and COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates. However, these studies are just done on countries that are often on developed countries. This study aims to find the relationship between GDP and GDP per capita and COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates on all countries. In addition, they will also be analyzed based on their different income levels. The data collected are from databases from World Bank and WHO and will be analyzed through MS Excel and JASP. Spearman’s rho is used to analyze the overall data and stratified data. It has been found that the GDP per capita and incidence (r = .656, p < .001) and mortality rates (r = .521, p < .001) have a strong and moderate correlations respectively. GDP’s relationship with incidence (r = .295, p < .001) and mortality rates (r = .346, p < .001) resulted in both weak correlations. Stratified analysis resulted in no significant relationships, except for GDP per capita’s relationship with incidence (r = .362, p = .011) and mortality rates (r = .348, p = .014) in low-middle countries, which yielded both weak correlations. These results show that there is indeed a relationship between the incidence and mortality rates and the economic status of a country before a pandemic, however, more factors need to be accounted for in order to help countries improve their pandemic response in the future.

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A Correlational Study on the Gross Domestic Product and Gross Domestic Product Per Capita of a Country and Its COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality Rates

10.22541/au.163519367.70608655/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joseph Emmanuel G. Lopez

Keyword(s):

Gross Domestic Product ◽

Economic Status ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Domestic Product ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

State Of The Economy ◽

Per Capita ◽

Stratified Analysis

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Breastfeeding after Returning to Work: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18168631 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (16) ◽

pp. 8631

Author(s):

Frédéric Dutheil ◽

Grégory Méchin ◽

Philippe Vorilhon ◽

Amanda C. Benson ◽

Anne Bottet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Primary Outcome ◽

Economic Status ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Cultural Aspects ◽

Total Prevalence ◽

Returning To Work ◽

Per Capita

Background: The benefits of breastfeeding are widely known; however, continuation after returning to work (RTW) is not. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the prevalence of breastfeeding after RTW. The secondary objectives were to compare the economic statuses between continents. Method: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Base, and Embase were searched until 1 September 2020, and two independent reviewers selected the studies and collated the data. To be included, articles needed to describe our primary outcome, i.e., prevalence of breastfeeding after RTW. Results: We included 14 studies, analyzing 42,820 women. The overall prevalence of breastfeeding after RTW was 25% (95% CI, 21% to 29%), with an important heterogeneity (I2 = 98.6%)—prevalence ranging from 2% to 61%. Stratification by continents and by GDP per capita also showed huge heterogeneity. The Middle East had the weakest total prevalence with 10% (6% to 14%), and Oceania the strongest with 35% (21% to 50%). Despite the prevalence of breastfeeding in general increasing with GDP per capita (<US$5000: 19%, US$5000–30,000: 22%; US$30,000 to 50,000: 25%, >US$50,000 42%), the prevalence of non-exclusive breastfeeding follows more of a U-curve with the lowest and highest GDP per capita having the highest percentages of breastfeeding (<US$5000: 47% and >US$50,000: 50%, versus <28% for all other categories). Conclusion: Breastfeeding after RTW is widely heterogeneous across the world. Despite economic status playing a role in breastfeeding after RTW, cultural aspects seem influential. The lack of data regarding breastfeeding after RTW in most countries demonstrates the strong need of data to inform effective preventive strategies.

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The global prevalence of dry eye disease and its association with economy: a systematic review

10.21203/rs.2.10986/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Yu Wan ◽

Mingzhou Zhang ◽

Xuemin Li

Keyword(s):

Dry Eye ◽

Economic Status ◽

National Income ◽

Population Based ◽

Dry Eye Disease ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Eye Disease ◽

Middle Income ◽

Global Prevalence ◽

Per Capita

Abstract Objective To investigate the relationship between the economy and the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) worldwide. Methods Literature search on PubMed, Cochrane and Embase database was conducted to identify eligible records published from January 2008 to December 2018. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and gross national income (GNI) per capita was chosen to evaluate national economic status. Pearson coefficient, linear regression, and t test were performed in the statistical analyses. Results 32 population-based surveys conducted in 17 countries were included, with a total of 184255 subjects. The pooled mean prevalence of DED was 14.6%, and female individuals presented a higher prevalence than males (16.8% versus 11.5%, 𝑃 < 0.001). The prevalence of DED was negatively correlated with GNI per capita (𝑃 < 0.001, r = 0.603) and GDP per capita (𝑃 < 0.001, r = 0.600). Grouped by World Bank Income classifications, the prevalence of DED progressively declined with an increase in economic level from lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) to high-income countries (HICs). Remarkable difference was found between the prevalence of DED in LMICs and that in HICs (𝑃 < 0.001). Conclusions This study suggested a correlation between the economy and the prevalence of DED worldwide. These findings may provide valuable information on the global prevalence of DED from a distinctive epidemiologic perspective.

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Global patterns of conservation research importance in different countries of the world

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.2173 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. e2173 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Hideyuki Doi ◽

Teruhiko Takahara

Keyword(s):

Endangered Species ◽

Gross Domestic Product ◽

Positive Relationship ◽

Research Effort ◽

Economic Status ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

The World ◽

Global Patterns ◽

Per Capita ◽

Conservation Research

Conservation research is essential to help inform the science-based management of environments that support threatened and endangered wildlife; however, research effort is not necessarily uniform across countries globally. Here, we assessed how the research importance of conservation is distributed globally across different countries and what drives this variation. Specifically, we compared the number of conservation/ecological articles versus all scientific articles published for each country in relation to the number of endangered species, the protection status and number of ecosystems, and the economic status of each country (gross domestic product (GDP) per capita). We observed a significant and positive relationship between the proportion of conservation and ecology articles to all scientific articles with respect to the number of endangered species and the proportion of endangered species that are protected in a country, as well as GDP per capita. In conclusion, knowledge about the conservation and economic status of countries should be accounted for when predicting the research importance of conservation and ecology.

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A Correlational Study on the Gross Domestic Product and Gross Domestic Product Per Capita of a Country and Its COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality Rates

10.22541/au.163519367.70608655/v5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joseph Emmanuel G. Lopez

Keyword(s):

Gross Domestic Product ◽

Economic Status ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Domestic Product ◽

Significant Relationships ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

State Of The Economy ◽

Per Capita ◽

Stratified Analysis

Some studies had shown that there is a relationship between the state of the economy of a country and COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates. However, these studies are mostly done on countries that are already developed. This study aims to find the relationship between GDP and GDP per capita and COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates in all countries. In addition, they will also be analyzed based on their different income levels. The data collected are from databases from World Bank and WHO and are analyzed through MS Excel and JASP. Spearman’s rho is used to analyze the overall data and stratified data. It has been found that the GDP per capita and incidence (r = .656, p < .001) and mortality rates (r = .521, p < .001) have a strong and moderate correlation, respectively. GDP’s relationship with incidence (r = .295, p < .001) and mortality rates (r = .346, p < .001) resulted in both weak correlations. Stratified analysis resulted in no significant relationships, except for GDP per capita’s relationship with incidence (r = .362, p = .011) and mortality rates (r = .348, p = .014) in low-middle countries, which yielded both weak correlations. These results show that there is indeed a relationship between the incidence and mortality rates and the economic status of a country before a pandemic, however, more factors need to be accounted for in order to help countries improve their pandemic response in the future.

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The geographic variation of salt precipitated over Western Australia

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr9760319 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 319 ◽

Cited By ~ 143

Author(s):

FJ Hingston ◽

V Gailitis

Keyword(s):

Geographic Variation ◽

Western Australia ◽

Regional Differences ◽

Salt Composition ◽

The South ◽

Source Areas ◽

The North ◽

South West ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

Chloride Deposition

The amounts of Na+, Mg2 +, K+, Ca2 +, C1-, SO42-, HCO3- and dust precipitated in rainfall and as dry fallout into continuously open collection funnels are reported for 59 centres throughout Western Australia. Ionic accessions for 1973 were in the following ranges; Na+, 2-98 kg ha-1; Mg2+, 0.3-15 kg ha-1; Ca2+, 0.8-35 kg ha-1; K+, 0.3-14 kg ha-1; SO42-, 2-57 kg ha-1; C1-, 2-180 kg ha-1; HCO3-, 1-105 kg ha-1. Chloride deposition at the coast is approximately an order of magnitude greater in the south-west of the state than in the north. In each region the amount of chloride precipitated exhibited the usual decrease with distance inland. There were regional differences in rainwater salt composition. Excess of ions over the amounts attributed to oceanic aerosols are explained by the locations of sampling centres relative to other source areas. Perth, the largest city, had the highest excess sulphur and above average values were obtained at the larger mining and country centres. Industry and domestic fires are the probable sources of this sulphur. Excesses of all ions from terrestrial sources were indicated at many inland centres, and were greatest in the zone of salt lakes and occluded drainage in the south-west.

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Movers and stayers in STEM enrollment in Italy: who performs better?

Genus ◽

10.1186/s41118-021-00141-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Antonella D’Agostino ◽

Giulio Ghellini ◽

Gabriele Lombardi

Keyword(s):

Multilevel Modelling ◽

The South ◽

Social Scientists ◽

Policy Makers ◽

The North ◽

Northern Regions ◽

Stem Students ◽

Modelling Techniques ◽

Mobility Behavior ◽

Geographical Characteristics

AbstractRecently, the mobility behavior of Italian university students has garnered increasing interest from both social scientists and politicians. The very particular geographical characteristics of the country, together with the recognized persistence of a significant economic gap between the southern and northern regions, drive a large number of students to move from the first macro-region to the latter. As this phenomenon has several economic and social implications for policy-makers—at both central and local levels—it has led to various theories and prejudices. The present article will study the differences between the performance of STEM students who have decided to move from the south to the north and those who have decided to stay close to their hometowns. We devised multilevel modelling techniques to analyze this issue using administrative microdata from the Italian Ministry for Universities and Research (MUR), including eight cohorts of students from AY 2008–2009 to AY 2015–16, who enrolled in STEM fields after earning their high school diploma. One of the main findings is that individuals who moved from the south show lower levels of performance than their stayer counterparts who are enrolled in northern or central universities.

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