Relationship between animal protein intake and muscle mass index in healthy women

The amount and the type of dietary protein could play a role in determining the quantity of skeletal muscle mass. The aim was to examine the relationship between the type of protein intake and the level of muscle mass in healthy omnivorous and vegetarian Caucasian women. The design of the present study was an observational and cross-sectional study. Twenty-one omnivores (Om) and nineteen vegetarians (Ve) were recruited. Muscle mass index (urinary creatinine), dietary intake (5 d dietary records) and biochemical analyses (hormone, phyto-oestrogen and lipid profiles) were obtained. We found differences between groups for muscle mass (Ve: 18 kg v. Om: 23 kg; P = 0·010), muscle mass index (Ve: 6·7 kg/m2v. Om: 8·3 kg/m2; P = 0·002), animal protein intake in g/d (P = 0·001) and in g/kg body weight per d (P = 0·003), plant protein intake in g/d (P = 0·015) and in g/kg body weight per d (P = 0·007), the animal:plant protein intake ratio (P = 0·001) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) (P = 0·001). Muscle mass index still correlated with animal protein intake in g/d (P = 0·001) and in g/kg body weight per d (P = 0·008), and the animal:plant protein intake ratio (P = 0·007) even after controlling for SHBG and plant protein intake. Finally, animal protein intake (g/d) was the independent predictor of muscle mass index (adjusted r2 0·42). Thus, a vegetarian diet is associated with a lower muscle mass index than is an omnivorous diet at the same protein intake. A good indicator of muscle mass index in women seems to be animal protein intake.

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Association of Protein Intake in Three Meals with Muscle Mass in Healthy Young Subjects: A Cross-Sectional Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11030612 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 612 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jun Yasuda ◽

Mai Asako ◽

Takuma Arimitsu ◽

Satoshi Fujita

Keyword(s):

Muscle Mass ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Muscle Protein ◽

Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Intake Rate ◽

Young Population ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Young Subjects

Protein intake of >0.24 g/kg of body weight (BW) at a single meal is necessary to maximize muscle protein synthesis in a young population. However, the association between the protein intake rate for three meals and muscle mass in the young population has not been evaluated. We hypothesized that a protein intake of >0.24 g/kg BW at all three meals is effective for maintaining muscle mass. Therefore, we cross-sectionally examined the association between protein intake at all three meals with muscle mass in 266 healthy young subjects (aged 21.4 ± 2.4 years). Subjects were divided into the AP group, which achieved protein intake >0.24 g/kg BW at all three meals; and the NP group, which did not. We calculated total fat-free mass (FFM) and appendicular fat-free mass (AppFFM) with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and the percentage of total FFM (TotalFFM%) and appendicular FFM (AppFFM%) were calculated as the percentage of BW (%BW). We demonstrated that TotalFFM% (77.0 ± 0.5 vs. 75.2 ± 0.4%, p = 0.008) and AppFFM% (34.7 ± 0.3 vs. 34.1 ± 0.2%, p = 0.058) were higher in the AP than in the NP group. This finding suggests that achieving protein intake of >0.24 g/kg BW at all three meals is important for muscle mass maintenance in young populations.

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Different Associations of Socioeconomic Status on Protein Intake in the Korean Elderly Population: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12010010 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Du Ho Kwon ◽

Hyun Ah Park ◽

Young Gyu Cho ◽

Kyoung Woo Kim ◽

Na Hee Kim

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Educational Attainment ◽

Household Income ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Elderly Population ◽

Animal Protein ◽

Plant Protein ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Korean Elderly

Socioeconomic status affects food choices. This study examined the relationships between socioeconomic status (SES) and animal and plant protein intake in the Korean elderly population whose protein intake is insufficient. We used cross-sectional data from 3512 Koreans aged 60 years or older, who had participated in the Nutrition Survey of the 2013–14 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). One day 24-h recall data was used to estimate the daily total, animal, and plant protein intake. Household income and educational attainment were assessed by trained interviewers. After making adjustment, household income was positively associated with animal protein intake with a statistical significance in females (p = 0.030) and with a marginal significance in males (p = 0.069). However, plant protein intake did not show any significant association. In both sexes, educational attainment was positively associated with animal protein intake (p = 0.007 for males, p = 0.001 for females). Association of educational attainment with plant protein intake was negative in males (p = 0.037) and non-significant in females. (p = 0.945). High SES was associated with higher total protein intake and animal protein intake in the Korean elderly. Health policies and nutrition education are needed to improve protein intake of the vulnerable Korean elderly with low SES.

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Dietary Protein Intake and Lean Muscle Mass in Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Report From the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study

Physical Therapy ◽

10.2522/ptj.20150507 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 96 (7) ◽

pp. 1029-1038 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Alexandra M. Boland ◽

Todd M. Gibson ◽

Lu Lu ◽

Sue C. Kaste ◽

James P. DeLany ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Dietary Protein Intake ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Childhood All ◽

Lean Muscle Mass

Abstract Background Survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are at risk for low lean muscle mass and muscle weakness, which may contribute to inactivity and early development of chronic diseases typically seen in older adults. Although increasing protein intake, in combination with resistance training, improves lean muscle mass in other populations, it is not known whether muscular tissue among survivors of ALL, whose impairments are treatment-related, will respond similarly. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate associations among dietary protein intake, resistance training, and lean muscle mass in survivors of ALL and age-, sex-, and race-matched controls. Design This was a cross-sectional study. Methods Lean muscle mass was determined with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, dietary information with 24-hour recalls, and participation in resistance training with a questionnaire. Participants were 365 survivors of ALL (52% male; 87% white; median age=28.5 years, range=23.6–31.7) and 365 controls with no previous cancer. Results Compared with controls, survivors of ALL had lower lean muscle mass (55.0 versus 57.2 kg, respectively) and lower percentage of lean muscle mass (68.6% versus 71.4%, respectively) than controls. Similar proportions of survivors (71.1%) and controls (69.7%) met recommended dietary protein intake (0.8 g/kg/d). Survivors (45.4%) were less likely to report resistance training than controls (53.8%). In adjusted models, 1-g higher protein intake per kilogram of body mass per day was associated with a 7.9% increase and resistance training ≥1×wk, with a 2.8% increase in lean muscle mass. Limitations The cross-sectional study design limits temporal evaluation of the association between protein intake and lean muscle mass. Conclusions The findings suggest that survivors of childhood ALL with low lean muscle mass may benefit from optimizing dietary protein intake in combination with resistance training. Research is needed to determine whether resistance training with protein supplementation improves lean muscle mass in survivors of childhood ALL.

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Supplementation of Protein at Breakfast Rather Than at Dinner and Lunch Is Effective on Skeletal Muscle Mass in Older Adults

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2021.797004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Hyeon-Ki Kim ◽

Hanako Chijiki ◽

Mayuko Fukazawa ◽

Jin Okubo ◽

Mamiho Ozaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Mass ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Intervention Study ◽

Handgrip Strength ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Related Factors ◽

Cross Sectional

Background: The effects of different intake patterns of meal protein on muscle mass have not been clarified. We cross-sectionally and longitudinally examined the effect of different timing of protein intake on sarcopenia-related factors in older adults.Methods: This cross-sectional study 1 included 219 (male, n = 69, female, n = 150) elderly subjects aged ≥65 years. Subjects who consumed more protein at breakfast than at dinner were grouped into the morning group (MG, n = 76; male, n = 26; female, n = 50), and those who consumed more protein at dinner than at breakfast were grouped into the evening group (EG, n = 143; male, n = 43; female, n = 100). In cross-sectional study 2-1 (female, n = 125), the subjects were classified into four groups according to the number of meals with sufficient protein intake. In cross-sectional studies 2-2 (female, n = 125) and 2-3 (female, n = 27), the subjects were classified into eight groups and three groups according to whether they had consumed sufficient protein at three meals; sarcopenia-related factors were compared. The intervention study was a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized controlled trial that included 40 elderly women with low daily breakfast protein intake. The subjects were divided into four groups: morning protein and placebo intake groups and evening protein and placebo intake groups. Each group consumed the test food (containing 10 g milk protein) or placebo in the morning or evening for 12 weeks. Blood indices and physical function were assessed before and after the intervention.Results: Comparing all subjects, MG showed significantly higher handgrip strength than did EG (P < 0.05). The higher ratio of morning protein intake relative to the total protein intake, the better the muscle mass (r = 0.452, P < 0.05) and handgrip strength (r = 0.383, P < 0.05). The intervention study showed an increase in muscle mass with the intake of milk protein in the morning rather than in the evening (P < 0.05).Conclusions: Protein intake at breakfast might have relatively stronger effects on skeletal muscle mass than at lunch and dinner.

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Abstract P089: Total, Plant and Animal Protein Intake and Blood Pressure: A Meta-analysis of Observational and Intervention Studies

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.127.suppl_12.ap089 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽

Author(s):

Susanne M Tielemans ◽

Wieke Altorf - van der Kuil ◽

Mariëlle F Engberink ◽

Elizabeth J Brink ◽

Marleen A van Baak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Prospective Studies ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Total Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Animal Protein ◽

Plant Protein ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cross Sectional Studies

Background: Dietary protein may beneficially influence blood pressure (BP), but evidence is not conclusive. Objective: To quantify the association of total protein, plant protein, and animal protein intake with BP and incident hypertension by means of meta-analysis. Methods: A systematic literature search for eligible studies was conducted until January 2012, using MEDLINE and manual search. Of >3,000 titles evaluated, 29 met the inclusion criteria. Dose-response meta-analyses were performed using STATA 11.0. We included 8 cross-sectional studies (total of 48,985 participants), 4 prospective studies (11,761 participants), and 17 randomized controlled trials (1,449 subjects). Results: Total protein intake was significantly inversely associated with systolic BP ([[Unable to Display Character: ‑]]0.20 mmHg per SD, 95%-CI: [[Unable to Display Character: ‑]]0.39 to [[Unable to Display Character: ‑]]0.01) in cross-sectional studies, but no relation was found with incident hypertension in prospective studies (HR of 0.99 per SD, 95%-CI: 0.96 to 1.02). Trials showed an overall reduction of [[Unable to Display Character: ‑]]2.1 mmHg in systolic BP (95%-CI:[[Unable to Display Character: ‑]]2.9 to [[Unable to Display Character: ‑]]1.4) for a weighed difference in protein intake of 41 g/d, compared to carbohydrates. Plant protein, but not animal protein, was weakly inversely associated with BP in cross-sectional studies. Plant protein and animal protein showed similar associations in prospective studies (non-significant HR of 0.96 and 0.98 per SD, respectively) and randomized trials (-2.0 vs -2.2 mmHg, P<0.05, respectively). Conclusion: Dietary protein may have a beneficial effect on BP if consumed instead of carbohydrates. No clear difference was observed between plant and animal protein, but data on protein from different sources and BP is scarce and more research is needed to draw conclusions.

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Daily Protein and Energy Intake Are Not Associated with Muscle Mass and Physical Function in Healthy Older Individuals—A Cross-Sectional Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12092794 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 2794

Author(s):

Grith Højfeldt ◽

Yusuke Nishimura ◽

Kenneth Mertz ◽

Simon R. Schacht ◽

Jonas Lindberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Function ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Dietary Protein Intake ◽

Older Individuals ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

Dietary protein has a pivotal role in muscle mass maintenance with advancing age. However, an optimal dose and distribution of protein intake across the day as well as the interaction with energy intake for the maintenance of muscle mass and physical function in healthy older adults remain to be fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between muscle mass, strength, and physical function, and the total amount and distribution of protein and energy intake across the day in healthy older individuals. The research question was addressed in a cross-sectional study including 184 Danish men and woman (age: 70.2 ± 3.9 years, body mass: 74.9 ± 12.1 kg, Body Mass Index (BMI): 25.4 ± 3.7 kg/m2) where a 3-day dietary registration, muscle mass, strength, and functional measurements were collected. We found that neither daily total protein intake nor distribution throughout the day were associated with muscle mass, strength, or physical function. Consequently, we do not provide an incentive for healthy older Danish individuals who already adhere to the current internationally accepted recommended dietary protein intake (0.83 g/kg/day) to change dietary protein intake or its distribution pattern throughout the day.

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Animal and Plant Protein Intake and Socioeconomic Status in Young and Middle-Aged Korean Adults

Korean Journal of Health Promotion ◽

10.15384/kjhp.2020.20.2.70 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 70-78

Author(s):

Hyun Ah Park

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Educational Attainment ◽

Household Income ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Positive Association ◽

Animal Protein ◽

Plant Protein ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Korean Adults

Background: Dietary intake is affected by socioeconomic status (SES). The aim of this study is to assess adequacy of protein intake, and to investigate the association between SES, in terms of household income and educational attainment, and protein intake according to the protein source i.e., plant or animal protein, in a nationally representative sample of young and middle-aged Korean adults.Methods: We used cross-sectional data from 1,404 Koreans, aged between 19 and 64, who had participated in the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. One day (24-hour) recall data was used to estimate the daily total of animal and plant protein intake. Household income quartiles and educational attainment were assessed by trained interviewers.Results: The proportion of protein intake adequacy, based on the Korean recommended nutrient intake (RNI; 0.91 g/kg/day), was 66.5% (0.8) for males and 58.2% (0.8) for females. After adjustment, household income quartiles were positively associated with animal protein intake with a marginal significance both in males (P=0.051) and females (P=0.080) and showed a marginal negative association with plant protein intake in males (P=0.050) and a marginal positive association in females (P=0.074). Educational attainment was positively associated with total protein (P=0.001), animal protein (P=0.003), and plant protein intake (P=0.002), only in females.Conclusions: One out of three young and middle-aged Korean adults showed protein intake inadequacy. Socioeconomic status, measured by household income and educational attainment, was associated with protein intake in young and middle-aged Korean adults and the associations were more marked in females.

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Animal Protein Intake Is Associated with General Adiposity in Adolescents: The Teen Food and Development Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12010110 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 110 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gina Segovia-Siapco ◽

Golandam Khayef ◽

Peter Pribis ◽

Keiji Oda ◽

Ella Haddad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Intake ◽

Central Obesity ◽

Evaluation Studies ◽

Safety Evaluation ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Animal Protein ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

General Body ◽

Z Scores ◽

Branched Chain

Protein plays a crucial role in the growth and development of adolescents. However, being a secondary energy source, protein’s role in obesity has been sidelined. We examined whether intake of protein (total, animal, plant), branched-chain (BCAAs), and sulfur-containing (SCAAs) amino acids are associated with general body and central obesity and body composition in a cross-sectional study among healthy adolescents. Students aged 12–18 years old (n = 601) in schools near two major Adventist universities in California and Michigan provided dietary data via a validated web-based food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and anthropometric data during school visits. Intakes of total, animal, and plant proteins, and BCAAs and SCAAs were derived from FFQ data. We defined general body obesity with body-mass-index-for-age (BMIz) z-scores and central obesity with waist-to-height ratios (WHtR). After full adjustment for covariates, multiple regression analyses showed significant positive associations between intakes of total protein (β = 0.101, 95% CI: 0.041, 0.161), animal protein (β = 0.118, 95% CI: 0.057, 0.178), BCAAs (β = 0.056, 95% CI: 0.025, 0.087), and SCAAs (β = 0.025, 95% CI: 0.012, 0.038) with general body adiposity. Animal protein (β = 0.017, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.033) and SCAAs (β = 0.004, 95% CI: 0.000, 0.008) were also associated with central obesity. Total and animal protein and BCAA and SCAA were also significantly associated with fat mass. Our findings suggest that high protein intake may pose a possible detriment to adolescent health. Longitudinal and safety evaluation studies are recommended.

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