Urbanisation, nutrition transition and cardiometabolic risk: the Benin study

A rising prevalence of CVD and diabetes has been observed in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in cities. The aim of the present study conducted in Benin was to examine the mediating role of nutrition transition in the relationship of urbanisation level and socio-economic status (SES) to cardiometabolic risk markers. A total of 541 subjects in apparent good health were randomly selected from the main city of Cotonou, a small town and its surrounding rural areas. SES was assessed based on a proxy for income and on education. Dietary intake and physical activity were assessed with at least two non-consecutive 24 h recalls. Scores for micronutrient adequacy and preventive diet were used as indicators of diet quality. Cardiometabolic risk markers were BMI, waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, serum cholesterol and insulin resistance according to homeostasis model assessment. A more advanced stage of nutrition transition, which correlated with lower diet quality scores and less physical activity, was observed in the large city compared with less urbanised locations. More obesity and more adverse cholesterol profiles, but also lower blood pressure, were present in the large city. Urbanisation, income, sedentary lifestyle and alcohol consumption, but not diet quality, independently contributed to higher BMI and WC. Higher micronutrient adequacy was independently associated with a better cholesterol profile. The study confirmed the positive rural–urban gradient in nutrition transition and cardiometabolic risk, except for blood pressure. This risk could be mitigated by a more adequate diet, particularly micronutrient intake, and a more active lifestyle.

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Correction to: Physical activity intensity, bout-duration, and cardiometabolic risk markers in children and adolescents

International Journal of Obesity ◽

10.1038/s41366-019-0465-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 43 (11) ◽

pp. 2346-2346

Author(s):

Jakob Tarp ◽

◽

Abbey Child ◽

Tom White ◽

Kate Westgate ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Risk Markers ◽

Physical Activity Intensity ◽

Bout Duration ◽

Activity Intensity ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Markers

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

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Relative Weight Gain Through Age 4 Years Is Associated with Increased Adiposity, and Higher Blood Pressure and Insulinemia at 4–5 Years of Age in Mexican Children

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/nxy068 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 148 (7) ◽

pp. 1135-1143 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ivonne Ramirez-Silva ◽

Juan A Rivera ◽

Belem Trejo-Valdivia ◽

Aryeh D Stein ◽

Reynaldo Martorell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Relative Weight ◽

Risk Markers ◽

Z Score ◽

Mexican Children ◽

Unit Increase ◽

Z Scores ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Markers

AbstractBackgroundRapid early weight gain has been associated with increased risk of obesity and cardiometabolic alterations, but evidence in low and middle-income countries is inconclusive.ObjectiveWe evaluated the relation between relative weight gain from 1 to 48 mo with adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors at 4–5 y of age, and determined if adiposity is a mediator for cardiometabolic alterations.MethodsWe studied 428 Mexican children with anthropometric and blood pressure (BP) information from birth to 5 y of age from POSGRAD (Prenatal Omega-3 fatty acid Supplementation and child GRowth And Development), of whom 334 provided measures of adiposity and cardiometabolic risk markers at 4 y. We estimated relative weight gain by means of conditional weight-for-height z scores for the age intervals 1–6, 6–12, 12–24, and 24–48 mo. Associations between relative weight gain and adiposity and cardiometabolic risk markers (lipid profile, triglycerides, insulin, glucose, and BP) were analyzed by multivariate multiple linear models and path analysis.ResultsA 1-unit increase in conditional weight-for-height z score within each age interval was positively associated with adiposity at 5 y, with coefficients of 0.43–0.89 for body mass index (BMI) z score, 1.08–3.65 mm for sum of skinfolds, and 1.21–3.87 cm for abdominal circumference (all P < 0.01). Positive associations were documented from ages 6 to 48 mo with systolic BP (coefficient ranges: 1.19–1.78 mm Hg; all P < 0.05) and from ages 12 to 48 mo with diastolic BP (1.28–0.94 mm Hg; P < 0.05) at 5 y. Conditional weight-for-height z scores at 12–24 and 24–48 mo of age were more strongly associated with adiposity and BP relative to younger ages. A unit increase in conditional weight-for-height z scores from 12 to 24 mo was associated with 14% higher insulin levels (P < 0.05) at 4 y. Path analyses documented that the associations of conditional weight gain with BP were mediated by BMI and sum of skinfolds.ConclusionRelative weight gain at most periods during the first 4 y of life was associated with greater adiposity and higher systolic and diastolic BP at 5 y. These associations with BP were mediated by adiposity. Relative weight gain from 12 to 24 mo was associated with increased serum insulin concentrations at 4 y, but there were no associations with lipid profiles or glucose concentration.

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Association between Ag-RP, alpha-MSH and cardiovascular risk factors regarding adherence to Diet Quality Index- International (DQI-I) among obese individuals

Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research ◽

10.34172/jcvtr.2021.48 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mahsa Mahmoudinezhad ◽

Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Quality Index ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Diet Quality Index ◽

Adherence To Diet

Introduction: Obesity is a strong promoter of cardiometabolic risk factors and is associated with several chronic comorbidities. Recently, the role of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and agouti related peptide (Ag-RP) in regulation of energy balance has attracted much attention. In current study, we evaluated the association between α-MSH and Ag-RP with cardiometabolic factors among obese individuals with different adherence to Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I) values. Methods: In this research, 188 obese adults aged between 20 and 50 years old and body mass index (BMI) between 30 and 40 kg/m2 were recruited. Dietary intakes of participants and DQI-I calculation was performed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with 132 food items. Serum glucose, lipids, insulin, and plasma α-MSH and Ag-RP levels were measured using ELISA kits. Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were also calculated. Results: Among those with the lowest adherence to DQI-I, Ag-RP was positively associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) (P = 0.03) among males, which was associated with waist circumference (WC) (P = 0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P = 0.01). Moreover, among males with low and moderate adherence to DQI-I, α-MSH was positively associated with insulin (P = 0.04), weight (P = 0.03), WC (P < 0.01), SDP (P = 0.02) and DBP (P = 0.01). Also, Ag-RP showed a positive association with BMI values (R2 = 0.03; P = 0.03). Conclusion: According to our findings, in obese subjects with poor to moderate adherence to DQI-I, Ag-RP and α-MSH were in positive correlation with cardiometabolic risk factors. These findings further clarify the clinical importance of these parameters as prognostic factors of cardiometabolic abnormalities.

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Physical activity intensity, bout-duration, and cardiometabolic risk markers in children and adolescents

International Journal of Obesity ◽

10.1038/s41366-018-0152-8 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (9) ◽

pp. 1639-1650 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Jakob Tarp ◽

◽

Abbey Child ◽

Tom White ◽

Kate Westgate ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Risk Markers ◽

Physical Activity Intensity ◽

Bout Duration ◽

Activity Intensity ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Markers

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The Clustering of Low Diet Quality, Low Physical Fitness, and Unhealthy Sleep Pattern and Its Association with Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12020591 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 591

Author(s):

Xianwen Shang ◽

Yanping Li ◽

Haiquan Xu ◽

Qian Zhang ◽

Ailing Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Fasting Glucose ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Sleep Pattern ◽

Cardiometabolic Health ◽

Z Scores

The clustering of diet quality, physical activity, and sleep and its association with cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors remains to be explored. We included 5315 children aged 6–13 years in the analysis. CMR score (CMRS) was computed by summing Z-scores of waist circumference, an average of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (multiplying by −1), and triglycerides. Low diet quality and low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were more likely to be seen in a pair, but low diet quality was less likely to be clustered with unhealthy sleep patterns. Low diet quality, low CRF, and unhealthy sleep pattern was associated with a 0.63, 0.53, and 0.25 standard deviation (SD) higher increase in CMRS, respectively. Compared to children with no unhealthy factor (−0.79 SD), those with ≥1 unhealthy factor had a higher increase (−0.20 to 0.59 SD) in CMRS. A low diet quality-unhealthy sleep pattern resulted in the highest increase in CMRS, blood pressure, and triglycerides. A low diet quality–low CRF-unhealthy sleep pattern resulted in the highest increase in fatness and fasting glucose. Unhealthy factor cluster patterns are complex; however, their positive associations with changes in CMR factors are consistently significant in children. Some specific patterns are more harmful than others for cardiometabolic health.

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Use of the Dietary Guideline Index to assess cardiometabolic risk in adolescents

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114515001026 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 113 (11) ◽

pp. 1741-1752 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Wendy L. Chan She Ping-Delfos ◽

Lawrence J. Beilin ◽

Wendy H. Oddy ◽

Sally Burrows ◽

Trevor A. Mori

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Inverse Association ◽

Raine Study ◽

Dietary Guideline

The long-term adherence to the dietary guidelines has not been evaluated against emergence of cardiometabolic risks in adolescents with increasing rates of obesity. The present study aimed to (1) determine the level of adherence to the guidelines using the Australian Dietary Guideline Index for Children and Adolescents (DGI-CA) in adolescents of age 14 and 17 years and to (2) examine the relationship between their assessed diet quality and concurrently measured cardiometabolic risk factors over time. Data were analysed from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. The DGI-CA was determined from a FFQ. Anthropometry and fasting biochemical measures were taken using standard procedures. Hierarchical linear mixed models examined associations between cardiometabolic risk factors and DGI-CA, adjusting for socio-economic status, physical activity, BMI, and sex, and examining for interactions. The mean DGI-CA scores were 47·1 (sd 10·2) at 14 years (n 1419) and 47·7 (sd 11·0) at 17 years (n 843), and were not different between sex. There was a significant inverse association between DGI-CA and insulin, homeostasis model assessment score and heart rate. The DGI-CA was positively associated with BMI (P= 0·029) but negatively with waist:hip ratio (P= 0·026). It was not associated with lipids or blood pressure, with the exception of a negative association with TAG (P= 0·011). The degree of adherence in the Raine Study adolescents was suboptimal but similar to the Australian Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. The present study shows that, at any particular time, better diet quality was associated with better insulin sensitivity and TAG levels and decreased abdominal fatness.

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Antioxidant biomarkers and cardiometabolic risk markers in an Aboriginal community in remote Australia: a cross-sectional study

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980020004899 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Lenette Knudsen ◽

Jasmine G Lyons ◽

Kerin O’Dea ◽

Dirk L Christensen ◽

Julie K Brimblecombe

Keyword(s):

Diet Quality ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Aboriginal People ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Risk Markers ◽

Sectional Study ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Markers

Abstract Objective: High-quality diets, characterised by nutrient-rich foods, are one of the foundations for health and well-being. Indicators of diet quality, antioxidants, are associated with protection against cardiometabolic diseases. The current study explores relationships between plasma antioxidants and cardiometabolic risk among Aboriginal people in Australia. Design: As part of a community-driven health promotion programme, we conducted a cross-sectional study including a health-behaviour questionnaire, plasma antioxidants and cardiometabolic risk markers (anthropometric, blood pressure measurements, fasting glucose, glycated Hb (HbA1c), lipids, C-reactive protein and albumin-creatinine-ratio) continuous and categorised into population-specific cut-offs. Antioxidants (β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein-zeaxanthin, retinol and α-tocopherol measured using HPLC) were applied to a principal component analysis, which aggregated these into a single component. Linear regression models were applied to investigate associations between the antioxidant component and cardiometabolic risk markers. Setting: Community in a remote area in Northern Territory, Australia. Participants: A total of 324 Aboriginal people, mean age 35·5 (range 15–75) years. Results: Antioxidant component levels were higher among individuals with higher self-reported vegetable intake (P < 0·01), higher among individuals with higher self-reported fruit intake (P = 0·05) and lower among current smokers (P = 0·06). Linear regression revealed an inverse association between the antioxidant component and C-reactive protein (β = –0·01, P < 0·01) after adjusting for confounders. Conclusion: Higher plasma antioxidant levels, indicators of diet quality, were associated with lower levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in this Aboriginal population in remote Australia. This association suggests plasma antioxidants may be protective against inflammation; however, longitudinal studies are needed to examine this potentially protective relationship.

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Long sedentary time is associated with worsened cardiometabolic risk markers among working adults in Eastern Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1216972/v1 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Aboma Motuma ◽

Tesfaye Gobena ◽

Kedir Teji Roba ◽

Yemane Berhane ◽

Alemayehu Worku

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Sedentary Time ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

World Health ◽

P Value ◽

Risk Markers ◽

Eastern Ethiopia ◽

Working Adults ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Markers

Abstract This study aimed to examine the associations of sedentary time and cardiometabolic risk markers among working adults in Eastern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,200 participants. Data were collected using the World Health Organization NCD STEPS survey instrument, and the sedentary behavior questionnaire. The biochemical parameters were analyzed by using the Mindray BS-200 chemistry analyzer. STATA version 16.1 software was used for analysis. The associations between sedentary time and cardiometabolic risk markers controlling confounders were examined using linear regression models. An adjusted coefficient (β) with the 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to report the results. P-value < 0.05 was considered for statistical significance. One hour per day increases in total sedentary time increases the average body mass index (β = 0.61kg/m2: 95% CI: 0.49, 0.71), waist circumference (β = 1.48cm: 95% CI:1.14-1.82), diastolic blood pressure (β = 0.87mmHg: 95% CI: 0.56-1.18), systolic blood pressure (β = 0.95mmHg: 95% CI: 0.45, 1.48), triglycerides (β = 7.07mg/dl: 95% CI: 4.01-10.14), total cholesterol (β = 3.52mg/dl: 95% CI: 2.02-5.02), fasting plasma glucose (β = 4.15mg/dl: 95% CI: 5.31-4.98) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (β = 2.14mg/dl: 95% CI: 0.96-3.33). Long sedentary time is significantly associated with cardiometabolic risk markers. Interventions to reduce sedentary time to decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases among working adults.

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Vitamin D status and cardiometabolic risk markers in young Swedish children: a double-blind randomized clinical trial comparing different doses of vitamin D supplements

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/nqaa031 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 111 (4) ◽

pp. 779-786

Author(s):

Inger Öhlund ◽

Torbjörn Lind ◽

Olle Hernell ◽

Sven-Arne Silfverdal ◽

Per Liv ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Risk Markers ◽

Double Blind ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Markers ◽

Different Doses

ABSTRACT Background Observational studies have linked low vitamin D status to unfavorable cardiometabolic risk markers, but double-blinded vitamin D intervention studies in children are scarce. Objectives The aim was to evaluate the effect of different doses of a vitamin D supplement on cardiometabolic risk markers in young healthy Swedish children with fair and dark skin. Methods Cardiometabolic risk markers were analyzed as secondary outcomes of a double-blind, randomized, milk-based vitamin D intervention trial conducted during late fall and winter in 2 areas of Sweden (latitude 63°N and 55°N, respectively) in both fair- and dark-skinned 5- to 7-y-old children. During the 3-mo intervention, 206 children were randomly assigned to a daily milk-based vitamin D3 supplement of either 10 or 25 µg or placebo (2 µg; only at 55°N). Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, apoA-I, apoB, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were analyzed and non–HDL cholesterol calculated at baseline and after the intervention. Results At baseline, serum 25(OH)D was negatively associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (β = −0.194; 95% CI: −0.153, −0.013; and β = −0.187; 95% CI: −0.150, −0.011, respectively). At follow-up, there was no statistically significant difference in any of the cardiometabolic markers between groups. Conclusions We could not confirm any effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum lipids, blood pressure, or CRP in healthy 5- to 7-y-old children. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01741324).

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