Iodised salt contribution to iodine nutrition status of pregnant and lactating women

Sufficient iodine intake by pregnant and lactating women is crucial to their offspring's cognitive development. The aim of the present study was to explore the impact of iodised salt intake on the iodine status of pregnant and lactating women. Thirty towns were selected from 211 towns in the rural areas of Shijiazhuang city using probability proportionate to size sampling in this cross-sectional survey. In each selected town, forty pregnant women and forty lactating women were randomly selected to contribute urine samples to determine iodine content. The median urinary iodine content (UIC) of 1200 pregnant women in all was 146 (interquartile range (IQR) 88–239) μg/l. The median UIC in the first, second and third trimesters were 166 (IQR 92–276) μg/l, 145 (IQR 83–248) μg/l and 134 (IQR 79–221) μg/l, respectively. The median UIC in the first trimester was significantly higher than that in the third trimester (P= 0·04). The median UIC of 1200 lactating women in all was 120 (IQR 66–195) μg/l. Their median UIC in every 4-week block was higher than the WHO criteria except in weeks 25–28 and weeks 33–36 of lactation. Pregnant women's median UIC did not correlate with median salt iodine (MSI) (P= 0·402); however, there was a linear correlation between MSI and the lactating women's median UIC (P= 0·007). Iodised salt failed to provide adequate iodine to pregnant women possibly due to limited intake of iodised salt during pregnancy, though it was found to provide adequate iodine to lactating women in the rural areas of Shijiazhuang city.

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Iodine nutrition status in clinically euthyroid pregnant women attending in BSMMU

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Journal ◽

10.3329/bsmmuj.v9i1.28942 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 38

Author(s):

Md. Anowar Hossain ◽

M. Abul Hasanat ◽

Murshed Ahamed Khan ◽

Jobaida Naznin ◽

Kazi Ashraful Alam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Content ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Digestion Method ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Nutritional Problem

Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) are common nutritional problem globally. All groups of people are affected by it, but the pregnant women and their neonates are most vulnerable.Objectives: This study was carried out to see the iodine status of pregnant women using median urinary iodine concentration (MUI) as a measure of outcome. Methods: This cross sectional observational study assessed the MUI in casual urine samples from 225 pregnant women (75 pregnants from each trimester) and 75 non-pregnant healthy controls. The urinary iodine content was estimated in urine sample using the method of Dunn et al. with the modification of Sandell & Kolthoff (wet digestion method).Results: Median value of urinary iodine in pregnant women was 48.21Ug/L compared to 52.27

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The impact of iodised salt or iodine supplements on iodine status during pregnancy, lactation and infancy

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980007360965 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 10 (12A) ◽

pp. 1584-1595 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Michael B Zimmermann

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Life Stages ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Iodine Status ◽

Iodised Salt ◽

The Impact

AbstractObjectives:Monitoring of iodine status during pregnancy, lactation and infancy is difficult as there are no established reference criteria for urinary iodine concentration (UI) for these groups; so it is uncertain whether iodized salt programs meet the needs of these life stages.Design and Subjects:The method used in this paper was: 1) to estimate the median UI concentration that reflects adequate iodine intake during these life stages; and 2) to use these estimates in a review of the literature to assess whether salt iodisation can control iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women, and their infants.Results:For pregnancy, recommended mean daily iodine intakes of 220-250 μg were estimated to correspond to a median UI concentration of about 150 μg l− 1, and larger surveys from the iodine sufficient countries have reported a median UI in pregnant women ≥ 140 μg l− 1. Iodine supplementation in pregnant women who are mild-to-moderately iodine deficient is beneficial, but there is no clear affect on maternal or newborn thyroid hormone levels. In countries where the iodine intake is sufficient, most mothers have median breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) greater than the concentration (100-120 μg l− 1) required to meet an infant's needs. The median UI concentration during infancy that indicates optimal iodine nutrition is estimated to be ≥ 100 μg l− 1. In iodine-sufficient countries, the median UI concentration in infants ranges from 90-170 μg l− 1, suggesting adequate iodine intake in infancy.Conclusions:These findings suggest pregnant and lactating women and their infants in countries with successful sustained iodised salt programs have adequate iodine status.

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Impact of removing iodised salt on children's goitre status in areas with excessive iodine in drinking-water

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114514003365 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 113 (1) ◽

pp. 114-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Shengmin Lv ◽

Dong Xu ◽

Yuchun Wang ◽

Zhao Jun ◽

Lihui Jia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urinary Iodine ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Iodine Content ◽

Hebei Province ◽

Age Group ◽

Iodised Salt ◽

Excessive Iodine ◽

Before And After ◽

Goitre Prevalence ◽

The Impact

The impact of removing iodised salt on children's goitre status in a high-iodine area (HIA) remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to explore the changes in the prevalence of goitre in children after removing iodised salt from their diet. For this purpose, three towns with the median water iodine content of 150–300 μg/l were selected randomly in Hengshui City, Hebei Province, China. A total of 452 and 459 children were randomly selected from the three towns in order to measure thyroid volume by ultrasound before and after removing iodised salt, respectively. Their goitre status was judged using the criteria of age-specific thyroid volume recommended by the WHO. After removing iodised salt, the overall median urinary iodine content (MUIC) of children decreased from 518 (interquartile range (IQR) 347–735) to 416 (IQR 274–609) μg/l. The MUIC of children across sex and age group decreased significantly except for the age group of 9 years. The overall prevalence of goitre in the three towns significantly decreased from 24·56 % (n 111/452) to 5·88 % (n 27/459) (P< 0·001). Goitre prevalence in children aged 8–10 years decreased from 33·70 % (n 31/92), 23·32 % (n 45/193) and 20·96 % (n 35/167) to 6·10 % (n 10/164), 5·52 % (n 9/163) and 6·06 % (n 8/132), respectively. Goitre prevalence in boys and girls decreased from 27·05 % (n 66/244) and 21·63 % (n 45/208) to 6·66 % (n 15/226) and 5·15 % (n 12/233), respectively. The decreases in the prevalence of goitre in children across sex and age group were all statistically significant. The present study revealed that goitre prevalence in children decreased significantly after removing iodised salt from their diet for about 1·5 years in the HIA in Hebei Province.

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Relationship of household cooking salt and eating out on iodine status of pregnant women in environmental iodine-deficient coastal areas of China

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s000711452000207x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 124 (9) ◽

pp. 971-978

Author(s):

Zhengyuan Wang ◽

Wei Jin ◽

Zhenni Zhu ◽

Xueying Cui ◽

Qi Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Content ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Third Trimester ◽

Iodine Status ◽

Iodised Salt ◽

Home Cooking ◽

Eating Out ◽

Relationship Of

AbstractAs city residents eat out more frequently, it is unknown that if iodised salt is still required in home cooking. We analysed the relationship of household salt and eating out on urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in pregnant women. A household condiment weighing method was implemented to collect salt data for a week. A household salt sample was collected. A urine sample was taken at the end of the week. Totally, 4640 participants were investigated. The median UIC was 139·1 μg/l in pregnant women and 148·7, 140·0 and 122·9 μg/l in the first, second and third trimesters. Median UIC in the third trimester was lower than in the other trimesters (P < 0·001). The usage rates of iodised (an iodine content ≥ 5·0 mg/kg) and qualified-iodised (an iodine content ≥ 21·0 mg/kg) salt were 73·9 and 59·3 %. The median UIC in the qualified-iodised salt group was higher than in the non-iodised group (P = 0·037). The median UIC in the non-iodised group who did not eat out was lower than in qualified-salt groups who both did and did not eat out (P = 0·007, <0·001). The proportion of qualified-iodised salt used in home cooking is low, but foods eaten out have universal salt iodisation according to the national compulsory policy. Household iodised salt did not play a decisive role in the iodine status of pregnant women. Pregnant women in their third trimester who are not eating out and using non-iodised salt at home require extra iodine.

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Evaluation of the impact of an iodine supplementation programme on severely iodine-deficient schoolchildren with hypothyroidism

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn2003471 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 529-533 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Nahid Salarkia ◽

Mehdi Hedayati ◽

Parvin Mirmiran ◽

Masood Kimiagar ◽

Fereidoun Azizi

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

World Health ◽

Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽

Iodised Salt ◽

Iodine Supplementation ◽

Normal Ranges ◽

The Impact

AbstractBackground:Northern rural areas of Tehran have been shown to have severe iodine deficiency in our previous studies. In 1989 the inhabitants of these villages received an injection of iodised oil, followed by iodised salt distribution in 1993. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the iodine supplementation on iodine-deficient schoolchildren with hypothyroidism in these villages.Methods:In total, 571 students aged 6–14 years were studied. Goitre was graded according to the World Health Organization classification. Serum concentrations of thyroid hormones (thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were determined using commercial kits, and urinary iodine was measured using a digestion method. The results were compared with data from our previous study in 1989.Results:Total goitre rate decreased by 42% in 1999 compared with that in 1989. A significant decrease in Grade 2 goitre concomitant with an increase in Grade 1 goitre was seen (P < 0.001). Values of the variables studied before (1989) and 10 years after iodine supplementation (1999) were: median urinary iodine excretion, 2.0 vs. 19.0 μg dl−1 (P < 0.001); T4, 6.5 ± 2.0 vs. 8.4 ± 1.6 μg dl−1 (P < 0.001); T3, 177 ± 38.0 vs. 145 ± 29.0 ng dl−1 (P < 0.001); TSH, 10.8 ± 15.1 vs. 1.8 ± 0.8 μU ml−1 (P < 0.001). No correlation was found between thyroid hormones and TSH on the one hand, and goitre and urinary iodine, on the other. Serum T4, T3 and TSH concentrations were within normal ranges in all schoolchildren in 1999.Conclusion:This study showed that euthyroidism induced by administration of iodised oil in iodine-deficient schoolchildren with hypothyroidism is sustained following the consumption of iodised salt.

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Prevalence of Iodine Insufficiency Is High Among Pregnant and Lactating Women in Northern Bangladesh Three Decades After Initiating Mandatory Salt Iodization

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab053_030 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1037-1037

Author(s):

Abu abdullah Mohammad Hanif ◽

Md Mokbul Hossain ◽

Mehedi Hasan ◽

Abu Ahmed Shamim ◽

Malay Kanti Mridha

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Content ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Second Trimester ◽

Third Trimester ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Iodine Status ◽

Salt Iodization ◽

Salt Iodine

Abstract Objectives Optimum Iodine status during pregnancy and lactation is crucial for normal fetal growth and child development. We assessed the urinary iodine concentration of pregnant and lactating women to determine their iodine status and measured salt iodine from their households. Methods We collected spot urine samples and corresponding household salt samples from 80 pregnant women (37 and 43 second and third-trimester women, respectively) and 49 lactating women (with children <6 months). Urinary iodine was determined by manual digestion with ammonium persulfate followed by Sandell-Kolthoff Reaction using 96 multi-well plates and a micro-plate reader at 405 nm. The iodine content in salt was measured by iodometric titration method. Samples were analyzed at the icddr, b Immunology, Nutrition, and Toxicology Laboratory, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Results The median [IQR] UIC in the second-trimester women, third-trimester women, and lactating women was 90.6[41.9–171.5] mcg/L, 67.9[24.2–144.5] mcg/L, and 74.7[48.1–134.8] mcg/L, respectively. More than three-quarters of pregnant women (73% of the second-trimester women and 79% of the third-trimester women) and more than half of the lactating mothers (57%) were below the WHO recommended cut-offs. Only 42% of the household salts were adequately iodized. A moderate positive linear relationship was found between urinary and household salt iodine content (r = 0.51, P < 0.0001). Conclusions Even with mandatory salt iodization policy in Bangladesh for about three decades, the iodine insufficiency among pregnant and lactating women is widespread and needs to be improved through ensuring the availability of adequately iodized salt or supplement. Funding Sources ETH Zurich, Switzerland.

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Women Remain at Risk of Iodine Deficiency during Pregnancy: The Importance of Iodine Supplementation before Conception and Throughout Gestation

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11010172 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 172 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Kristen Hynes ◽

Judy Seal ◽

Petr Otahal ◽

Wendy Oddy ◽

John Burgess

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Supplement Use ◽

Iodine Supplementation ◽

The Impact

In Australia, pregnant women are advised to take an iodine supplement (I-supp) (150 µg/day) to reduce risks to the foetus associated with iodine deficiency (ID). To examine the impact of this recommendation on iodine status, and to identify factors that contribute to adequacy during gestation, supplement use and Urinary Iodine Concentration (UIC) was measured in 255 pregnant women (gestation range 6 to 41 weeks) in Tasmania. The median UIC (MUIC) of 133 µg/L (Inter-quartile range 82–233) was indicative of ID, being below the 150–249 µg/L range for adequacy during pregnancy. Women taking an iodine-containing-supplement (I-supp) had a significantly higher MUIC (155 µg/L) (n = 171) compared to the combined MUIC (112.5 µg/L) (n = 84) of those who had never (120 µg/L) (n = 61) or were no longer taking an I-supp (90 µg/L) (n = 23) (p = 0.017). Among women reporting I-supp use, the MUIC of those commencing the recommended 150 µg/day prior to conception was significantly higher than those starting supplementation following pregnancy confirmation: 196 (98–315) µg/L (n = 45) versus 137.5 (82.5–233.5) µg/L (n = 124), p = 0.032. Despite recommendations for iodine supplementation pregnant Tasmanian women remain at risk of ID. Commencing an I-supp of 150 µg/day prior to conception and continuing throughout pregnancy is required to ensure adequacy. Timely advice regarding the importance of adequate iodine nutrition, including supplementation is needed to reduce the risk of irreversible in utero neurocognitive damage to the foetus.

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IODINE STATUS OF PREGNANT WOMEN RESIDING IN URBAN SLUMS IN DELHI

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i7.25002 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 506

Author(s):

Spriha Rao ◽

Gurudayal Singh Toteja ◽

Neena Bhatia ◽

Supriya Dwivedi ◽

Zaozianlungliu Gonmei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Urban Slums ◽

Iodized Salt ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Iodine Status ◽

Salt Iodine

Objectives: The present study was carried out to determine the iodine nutrition status among pregnant women in slums of West Delhi.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among the third-trimester pregnant women residing in urban slums of West Delhi. Urinary iodine concentration was estimated using ammonium persulfate method, and salt iodine was estimated using iodometric titration.Results: Of the total 180 pregnant women, 70.6% were consuming adequately iodized salt (iodine levels ≥15 ppm). Median urinary iodine level for the pregnant women was 147.5 μg/L indicating iodine deficiency among this group. A total of 51.1% of women had urinary iodine levels <150 μg/L.Conclusion: Pregnant women belonging to slum community from Delhi have a suboptimal iodine status. Further, the proportion of women consuming iodized salt is less than the national average indicating the need to educate these women about the importance of iodine during pregnancy.

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Iodised salt contribution to iodine nutrition status of pregnant and lactating women – CORRIGENDUM

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114515005280 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 115 (5) ◽

pp. 935-935

Author(s):

Haihong Zhang ◽

Shengmin Lv ◽

Zhenguo Mu ◽

Weihong Li ◽

Xia Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutrition Status ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Iodised Salt

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Current iodine nutrition status in Poland (2017): is the Polish model of obligatory iodine prophylaxis able to eliminate iodine deficiency in the population?

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980020000403 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (14) ◽

pp. 2467-2477

Author(s):

Małgorzata Trofimiuk-Müldner ◽

Joanna Konopka ◽

Grzegorz Sokołowski ◽

Agnieszka Dubiel ◽

Małgorzata Kieć-Klimczak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

School Children ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Iodine Status ◽

Iodine Prophylaxis ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Thyroglobulin Level

AbstractObjective:The monitoring of the populations’ iodine status is an essential part of successful programmes of iodine deficiency elimination. The current study aimed at the evaluation of current iodine nutrition in school children, pregnant and lactating women as a marker of the effectiveness and sustainability of mandatory iodine prophylaxis in Poland.Design:The following iodine nutrition indicators were used: urinary iodine concentration (UIC) (all participants) and serum thyroglobulin (pregnant and lactating women).Setting:The study was conducted in 2017 within the National Health Programme in five regions of Poland.Participants:The research included 300 pregnant women, 100 lactating women and 1000 school children (aged 6–12 years).Results:In pregnant women, median UIC was 111·6 µg/l; there was no significant difference in median UIC according to the region of residence. In 8 % of pregnant women, thyroglobulin level was >40 ng/ml (median thyroglobulin 13·3 ng/ml). In lactating women, median UIC was 68·0 µg/l. A significant inter-regional difference was noted (P = 0·0143). In 18 % of breastfeeding women, thyroglobulin level was >40 ng/ml (median thyroglobulin 18·5 ng/ml). According to the WHO criteria, the investigated sample of pregnant and lactating women was iodine-deficient. Median UIC in school children was 119·8 µg/l (with significant inter-regional variation; P = 0·0000), which is consistent with iodine sufficiency. Ninety-four children (9·4 %) had UIC < 50 µg/l.Conclusions:Mandatory iodisation of household salt in Poland has led to a sustainable optimisation of iodine status in the general population. However, it has failed to assure adequate iodine nutrition during pregnancy and lactation.

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