The effects of a mid-morning snack and moderate-intensity exercise on acute appetite and energy intake in 12–14-year-old adolescents

AbstractEnergy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE) should not be considered independent entities, but more an inter-connected system. With increased physical activity and reduced snacking initiatives as prevalent Public Health measures, any changes to subsequent EI from these recommendations should be monitored. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in acute EI and appetite over four conditions: (1) a control condition with no snack and no exercise (CON); (2) a snack condition (+1 MJ; SK); (3) a moderate-intensity cycling exercise condition (−1 MJ; EX); and finally (4) both snack and exercise condition (+1 MJ, −1 MJ; EXSK). Acute changes in appetite (visual analogue scale) and lunchtime EI (ad libitum pizza meal) were recorded in twenty boys and eighteen girls (12–13 years). Lunch EI was not significantly different between conditions or sexes (P>0·05). Relative EI was calculated, where the energy manipulation (+1 MJ from the snack or −1 MJ from the exercise) was added to lunchtime EI. Relative EI indicated no significant differences between the sexes (P>0·05); however, in the EX condition, relative EI was significantly lower (P<0·001) compared with all other conditions. Appetite increased significantly over time (P<0·001) and was significantly higher in the CON and EX conditions compared with the SK and EXSK conditions. No significant sex differences were found between conditions. When aiming to evoke an acute energy deficit, increasing EE created a significantly larger relative energy deficit than the removal of the mid-morning snack. Sex was not a confounder to influence EI or appetite between any of the conditions.

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Breaking up prolonged sitting time with walking does not affect appetite or gut hormone concentrations but does induce an energy deficit and suppresses postprandial glycaemia in sedentary adults

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2015-0462 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 324-331 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Daniel P. Bailey ◽

David R. Broom ◽

Bryna C.R. Chrismas ◽

Lee Taylor ◽

Edward Flynn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Random Order ◽

Sitting Time ◽

Metabolic Effects ◽

Energy Deficit ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Prolonged Sitting ◽

Gut Hormone ◽

Ad Libitum

Breaking up periods of prolonged sitting can negate harmful metabolic effects but the influence on appetite and gut hormones is not understood and is investigated in this study. Thirteen sedentary (7 female) participants undertook three 5-h trials in random order: (i) uninterrupted sitting (SIT), (ii) seated with 2-min bouts of light-intensity walking every 20 min (SIT + LA), and (iii) seated with 2-min bouts of moderate-intensity walking every 20 min (SIT + MA). A standardised test drink was provided at the start of each trial and an ad libitum pasta test meal provided at the end of each trial. Subjective appetite ratings and plasma acylated ghrelin, peptide YY, insulin, and glucose were measured at regular intervals. Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for each variable. AUC values for appetite and gut hormone concentrations were unaffected in the activity breaks conditions compared with uninterrupted sitting (linear mixed modelling: p > 0.05). Glucose AUC was lower in SIT + MA than in SIT + LA (p = 0.004) and SIT (p = 0.055). There was no difference in absolute ad libitum energy intake between conditions (p > 0.05); however, relative energy intake was lower in SIT + LA (39%; p = 0.011) and SIT + MA (120%; p < 0.001) than in SIT. In conclusion, breaking up prolonged sitting does not alter appetite and gut hormone responses to a meal over a 5-h period. Increased energy expenditure from activity breaks could promote an energy deficit that is not compensated for in a subsequent meal.

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Acute Effects of Energy Deficit Induced by Moderate-Intensity Exercise or Energy-Intake Restriction on Postprandial Lipemia in Healthy Girls

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.2014-0096 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 192-202 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Alice Emily Thackray ◽

Laura Ann Barrett ◽

Keith Tolfrey

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Postprandial Lipemia ◽

Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽

Energy Deficit ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Time Curve ◽

Fasting Plasma ◽

Exercise Effect ◽

Exercise Induced

Eleven healthy girls (mean ± SD: age 12.1 ± 0.6 years) completed three 2-day conditions in a counterbalanced, crossover design. On day 1, participants either walked at 60 (2)% peak oxygen uptake (energy deficit 1.55[0.20] MJ), restricted food energy intake (energy deficit 1.51[0.25] MJ) or rested. On day 2, capillary blood samples were taken at predetermined intervals throughout the 6.5 hr postprandial period before, and following, the ingestion of standardized breakfast and lunch meals. Fasting plasma triacylglycerol concentrations (TAG) was 29% and 13% lower than rest control in moderate-intensity exercise (effect size [ES] = 1.39, p = .01) and energy-intake restriction (ES = 0.57, p = .02) respectively; moderate-intensity exercise was 19% lower than energy-intake restriction (ES = 0.82, p = .06). The moderate-intensity exercise total area under the TAG versus time curve was 21% and 13% lower than rest control (ES = 0.71, p = .004) and energy-intake restriction (ES = 0.39, p = .06) respectively; energy-intake restriction was marginally lower than rest control (-10%; ES = 0.32, p = .12). An exercise-induced energy deficit elicited a greater reduction in fasting plasma TAG with a trend for a larger attenuation in postprandial plasma TAG than an isoenergetic diet-induced energy deficit in healthy girls.

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The effect of an incremental increase in exercise on appetite, eating behaviour and energy balance in lean men and women feedingad libitum

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114508968240 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 100 (5) ◽

pp. 1109-1115 ◽

Cited By ~ 99

Author(s):

Stephen Whybrow ◽

Darren A. Hughes ◽

Patrick Ritz ◽

Alexandra M. Johnstone ◽

Graham W. Horgan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eating Behaviour ◽

Energy Deficit ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Constant Composition ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Doubly Labelled Water ◽

Men And Women ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Incremental Increase

The effects of incremental exercise on appetite, energy intake (EI), expenditure (EE) and balance (EB) in lean men and women were examined. Six men (age 29·7 (sd5·9) years, weight 75·2 (sd15·3) kg, height 1·75 (sd0·11) m) and six women (age 24·7 (sd5·9) years, weight 66·7 (sd9·10) kg, height 1·70 (sd0·09) m) were each studied three times during a 16 d protocol, corresponding to no additional exercise (Nex), moderate-intensity exercise (Mex; 1·5–2·0 MJ/d) and high-intensity exercise (Hex; 3·0–4·0 MJ/d) regimens. Subjects were fed to EB during days 1–2, and during days 3–16 they fedad libitumfrom a medium-fat diet of constant composition. Daily EE, assessed using the doubly labelled water method, was 9·2, 11·6 and 13·7 MJ/d (P < 0·001;sed0·45) for the women and 12·2, 14·0 and 16·7 MJ/d (P = 0·007;sed1·11) for the men on the Nex, Mex and Hex treatments, respectively. EI was 8·3, 8·6 and 9·9 MJ/d (P = 0·118;sed0·72) for the women and 10·6, 11·6 and 12·0 MJ/d (P = 0·031;sed0·47) for the men, respectively. On average, subjects compensated for about 30 % of the exercise-induced energy deficit. However, the degree of compensation varied considerably among individuals. The present study captured the initial compensation in EI for exercise-induced energy deficits. Total compensation would take a matter of weeks.

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Positive Effect of Moderate Intensity Exercise on Energy Intake and Feeding Behaviour Following an Ad Libitum Meal in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetic Adults

Canadian Journal of Diabetes ◽

10.1016/s1499-2671(08)24216-4 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 354

Author(s):

Marie-Christine Dube ◽

Carole Lavoie ◽

Angelo Tremblay ◽

S. John Weisnagel

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Feeding Behaviour ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

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Post-moderate-intensity exercise energy replacement does not reduce subsequent appetite and energy intake in adolescents with obesity

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114519003106 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 123 (5) ◽

pp. 592-600

Author(s):

D. Thivel ◽

J. Roche ◽

M. Miguet ◽

A. Fillon ◽

M. Khammassi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Food Reward ◽

Energy Deficit ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Positive Energy ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Energy Replacement

AbstractExercise modifies energy intake (EI) in adolescents with obesity, but whether this is mediated by the exercise-induced energy deficit remains unknown. The present study examined the effect of exercise with and without dietary replacement of the exercise energy expenditure on appetite, EI and food reward in adolescents with obesity. Fourteen 12–15-year-old adolescents with obesity (eight girls; Tanner 3–4; BMI 34·8 (sd 5·7) kg/m2; BMI z score 2·3 (sd 0·4)) randomly completed three experimental conditions: (i) rest control (CON); (ii) 30-min cycling (EX) and (iii) 30-min cycling with dietary energy replacement (EX + R). Ad libitum EI was assessed at lunch and dinner, and food reward (Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire) before and after lunch. Appetite was assessed at regular intervals. Lunch, evening and total EI (excluding the post-exercise snack in EX − R) were similar across conditions. Lunch and total EI including the post-exercise snack in EX + R were higher in EX − R than CON and EX; EX and CON were similar. Total relative EI was lower in EX (6284 (sd 2042) kJ) compared with CON (7167 (sd 2218) kJ; P < 0·05) and higher in EX + R (7736 (sd 2033) kJ) compared with CON (P < 0·001). Appetite and satiety quotients did not differ across conditions (P ≥ 0·10). Pre-meal explicit liking for fat was lower in EX compared with CON and EX + R (P = 0·05). There was time by condition interaction between EX and CON for explicit wanting and liking for fat (P = 0·01). Despite similar appetite and EI, adolescents with obesity do not adapt their post-exercise food intake to account for immediate dietary replacement of the exercise-induced energy deficit, favouring a short-term positive energy balance.

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Comparing the Short and Long-Term Effects of Acute Moderate-Intensity Exercise on Mnemonic Similarity and Emotional Memory Tasks

Acta Neuropsychologica ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.6997 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 33-61

Author(s):

Cesar Acevedo-Triana ◽

Diana Cordoba-Patiño ◽

Juan Francisco Muñoz ◽

Julian Cifuentes ◽

Victor Melgarejo Pinto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Undergraduate Students ◽

Memory Task ◽

Discrimination Performance ◽

Rest Period ◽

Emotional Memory ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Exercise Session ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Exercise Condition

Mounting research has linked acute moderate-intensity exercise with changes indiscrimination of similar events – i.e., mnemonic memory. Conversely, few studies have compared performance in tasks associated to each type of memory(mnemonic similarity and emotional) and less have evaluatedperformance several days after exercise sessions. Thirty-five undergraduate students were randomly distributed in three groups that differed in the assigned duration of the moderate-intensity exercise session.Weestablished first the moderate-intensityexercise program by calculating the VO2max 50%. Two-to-five days later, participantsengaged in the exercise condition to which they were assigned, followed by a five-minute rest period. Immediately after, all participantswere exposed to the training phase of both memory tasks. The first retrieval phase was tested 45 minutes afterencoding phase was completed. Subsequent retrieval phases were conducted 24, 48, and 168 hours post-training. Exercise of long duration in creased discrimination performance in images of low similarity. Comparison of the effects of exercise on discrimination of the three types of images that the emotional-memory task entailsshowed improved performance only for aversive and neutral images. Exercise improves discrimination of low similarity images, with better overall performance after a longer exercise session. This finding adds to previous reports that have found analogous effects using other memory tasks.It also supports the notion that acute effects due to exercise are specifically related to hippocampal functionality and its ability to separate patterns. Finally, maintenance of emotional information across time suggest a different mechanism,independent of pattern-separation processing.

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