Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is associated with visceral fat in children

Abstract Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption has been associated with visceral fat partitioning in adults; however, the underlying mechanisms in childhood remain unclear and warrant exploration. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between SSB consumption and body fat in children aged 9–13 years and the potential modifying effect of children’s sex and serum cortisol levels. A sample of 2665 Greek schoolchildren participated in the ‘Healthy Growth Study’, and anthropometric, body composition, dietary intake and serum cortisol data were assessed. SSB consumption was defined as low (<1 serving/d), medium (1–2 servings/d) or high (>2 servings/d). We used linear regression models to assess the association between SSB consumption and measures of adiposity and to assess effect modification; models were stratified by sex and tertiles of morning serum cortisol. A significant positive association was observed between high SSB consumption and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (β = 1·4, 95 % CI 0·4, 2·3, P = 0·01) but not BMI or BMI z-score. When stratified by sex, the association was observed in boys (β = 1·8, 95 % CI 0·3, 3·4, P = 0·02) but not in girls. When stratified by cortisol levels, SSB consumption was associated with VAT in children with cortisol levels in the lowest tertile (β = 2·8, 95 % CI 1·0, 4·6, P < 0·01). These results indicate that increased SSB consumption is associated with visceral adiposity in schoolchildren and this association may be modified by sex and morning serum cortisol. To prevent VAT accumulation and concomitant disease risk, dietary interventions should target SSB consumption during childhood.

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Ambient air pollutants are associated with morning serum cortisol in overweight and obese Latino youth in Los Angeles

Environmental Health ◽

10.1186/s12940-021-00713-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

C. M. Toledo-Corral ◽

T. L. Alderete ◽

M. M. Herting ◽

R. Habre ◽

A. K. Peterson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hpa Axis ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Latino Youth ◽

Serum Cortisol ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Pubertal Status ◽

Ambient Air Pollutants ◽

Morning Cortisol ◽

Morning Serum Cortisol ◽

Cortisol Levels

Abstract Background Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis dysfunction has been associated with a variety of mental health and cardio-metabolic disorders. While causal models of HPA-axis dysregulation have been largely focused on either pre-existing health conditions or psychosocial stress factors, recent evidence suggests a possible role for central nervous system activation via air pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM). Therefore, in an observational study of Latino youth, we investigated if monthly ambient NO2, O3, and PM with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 (PM2.5) exposure were associated with morning serum cortisol levels. Methods In this cross-sectional study, morning serum cortisol level was assessed after a supervised overnight fast in 203 overweight and obese Latino children and adolescents (female/male: 88/115; mean age: 11.1 ± 1.7 years; pre-pubertal/pubertal/post-pubertal: 85/101/17; BMI z-score: 2.1 ± 0.4). Cumulative concentrations of NO2, O3 and PM2.5 were spatially interpolated at the residential addresses based on measurements from community monitors up to 12 months prior to testing. Single and multi-pollutant linear effects models were used to test the cumulative monthly lag effects of NO2, O3, and PM2.5 on morning serum cortisol levels after adjusting for age, sex, seasonality, social position, pubertal status, and body fat percent by DEXA. Results Single and multi-pollutant models showed that higher O3 exposure (derived from maximum 8-h exposure windows) in the prior 1–7 months was associated with higher serum morning cortisol (p < 0.05) and longer term PM2.5 exposure (4–10 months) was associated with lower serum morning cortisol levels (p < 0.05). Stratification by pubertal status showed associations in pre-pubertal children compared to pubertal and post-pubertal children. Single, but not multi-pollutant, models showed that higher NO2 over the 4–10 month exposure period associated with lower morning serum cortisol (p < 0.05). Conclusions Chronic ambient NO2, O3 and PM2.5 differentially associate with HPA-axis dysfunction, a mechanism that may serve as an explanatory pathway in the relationship between ambient air pollution and metabolic health of youth living in polluted urban environments. Further research that uncovers how ambient air pollutants may differentially contribute to HPA-axis dysfunction are warranted.

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Low Morning Serum Cortisol Levels in Children with Tonsillar Hypertrophy and Moderate-to-Severe OSA

SLEEP ◽

10.5665/sleep.2962 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 36 (9) ◽

pp. 1349-1354 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Georgia Malakasioti ◽

Emmanouel I. Alexopoulos ◽

Vasiliki Varlami ◽

Konstantinos Chaidas ◽

Nikolaos Liakos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Serum Cortisol ◽

Tonsillar Hypertrophy ◽

Morning Serum Cortisol ◽

Cortisol Levels

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Sex Differences in the Genetic Basis of Morning Serum Cortisol Levels: Genome-Wide Screen Identifies Two Novel Loci Specific to Women

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2005-0384 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 90 (8) ◽

pp. 4747-4752 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Lianne M. Kurina ◽

Lauren A. Weiss ◽

Steven W. Graves ◽

Rodney Parry ◽

Gordon H. Williams ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Genetic Basis ◽

Serum Cortisol ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Morning Serum Cortisol ◽

Cortisol Levels

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Visceral Fat Accumulation and Postdexamethasone Serum Cortisol Levels in Patients With Adrenal Incidentaloma

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2012-4276 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 98 (6) ◽

pp. 2383-2391 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Miguel Debono ◽

Anna Prema ◽

Timothy J. B. Hughes ◽

Matthew Bull ◽

Richard J. Ross ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Fat ◽

Adrenal Incidentaloma ◽

Serum Cortisol ◽

Fat Accumulation ◽

Visceral Fat Accumulation ◽

Cortisol Levels

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Changes in Sugar Sweetened Beverage Intake Related to Changes in Body Composition in Mexican Adolescents

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab053_022 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1029-1029

Author(s):

Lindsey English ◽

Karen Peterson ◽

Erica Jansen ◽

Yanelli Rodríguez-Carmona ◽

Martha Maria Téllez-Rojo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Body Fat ◽

Birth Cohort Study ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

Sweetened Beverage ◽

Mexican Adolescents

Abstract Objectives To examine the relationship between changes in sugar sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and changes in adiposity over a two-year period during adolescence in a Mexico City cohort. Methods The analytic sample comprised 511 Mexican adolescents enrolled in a birth cohort study with complete information on sugar sweetened beverage intake and body composition for two time points. In 2015 and 2017, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from the 2006 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey was administered to participants ages 9 to 20. Seven variables from the FFQ were summed to use as daily servings of SSBs as a predictor: regular soda, coffee with sugar, tea with sugar, sweetened fruit water, chocolate milk, corn atole, and Yakult (sweetened probiotic milk beverage). Adiposity measurements included body mass index (BMI), body fat % estimated by bioelectrical impedance, and waist circumference, measured by trained research assistants using standard techniques. We used linear regression models with changes in adiposity measures as the continuous outcome and quartiles of change in sugar sweetened beverage intake as the predictor adjusting for age, sex, household socioeconomic status, screen time, and physical activity. Results At baseline (2015), mean age was 14.5 ± 2.1 years with 48% male. The median intake of SSBs was 341 mL/day (IQR = 463 mL) for males and 257 mL/day (IQR = 391 mL) for females. The median SSB intake change over the 2-year period was a 51 mL decrease (IQR = 441 mL) for males and no change (IQR = 360 mL) for females. In adjusted analyses, adolescents with the highest change in SSB intake (Quartile 4,274.3 mL median (IQR = 297.1) increase in SSB intake) had a 0.30 increase kg/m2 in BMI (95% CI −0.15, 0.75), a 1.14% increase in body fat (95% CI −0.02, 2.31), and a 1.64 cm increase in waist circumference (95% CI 0.27, 3.00), compared to those with decreases or no change in SSB intake. Conclusions Increased intake of sugar sweetened beverages was associated with higher changes in body fat percentage, waist circumference, and BMI over a two-year period among Mexican adolescents. Funding Sources This project was supported by a P01 research grant through the NIH/NIEHS.

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Assessment of early morning serum cortisol levels in adult male patients with alcohol-related disorders

Medical Journal Armed Forces India ◽

10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.03.001 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Barun K. Chakrabarty ◽

Karan Sud ◽

Prosenjit Ganguli ◽

S.A. Khan

Keyword(s):

Adult Male ◽

Serum Cortisol ◽

Early Morning ◽

Morning Serum Cortisol ◽

Male Patients ◽

Cortisol Levels

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Morning Serum Cortisol May Be Less Accurate for Diagnosing Adrenal Insufficiency in Hospitalized Patients, Particularly Those on Opioids

Journal of the Endocrine Society ◽

10.1210/jendso/bvab048.179 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. A89-A90

Author(s):

Caitlin Ann Colling ◽

Lisa B Nachtigall ◽

Beverly M K Biller ◽

Karen Klahr Miller

Keyword(s):

Positive Predictive Value ◽

Adrenal Insufficiency ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Serum Cortisol ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Opioid Use ◽

Morning Cortisol ◽

Morning Serum Cortisol ◽

Cortisol Levels ◽

The Impact

Abstract Introduction: The positive predictive value of a low morning serum cortisol to diagnose adrenal insufficiency (AI) is reported to be >90%, which is the basis for guidelines recommending morning cortisol as the first-line test for central AI. A level <3 µg/dL is considered diagnostic. However, studies that established this cut-off were conducted primarily in outpatients, not hospitalized patients in whom diurnal variation may be disrupted. Studies suggest that opioids suppress cortisol levels acutely, may disrupt diurnal cortisol rhythm, and cause adrenal insufficiency in 8–50% of chronically-exposed patients. The impact of hospitalization, particularly in the setting of opioid use, on the accuracy of diagnostics for AI is unknown. We hypothesized that low morning cortisol values in hospitalized patients, especially those prescribed opioids, do not accurately diagnose adrenal insufficiency, as determined by corticotropin stimulation test (CST) peak cortisol <18 µg/dL. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of CSTs in hospitalized patients in the Mass General Brigham health system from 5/2015 to 9/2020. Opioid-exposed adults who underwent CST were included if they had a morning cortisol (5–9 AM) result. Control patients were matched by age, gender and race and had no opioid prescriptions within 30 days of testing. Patients were excluded if tested in the outpatient or ICU setting, had a history of cirrhosis or pituitary disease, had an elevated ACTH, were prescribed oral estrogen, or received oral, IV or intraarticular glucocorticoids within 30 days. Results: The analysis included 124 opioid-exposed and 322 control patients, mean (±SD) age 60.8±14.4 and 63.8±15.3y, and 55.6% and 45.0% female, respectively. Twenty-two (17.7%) opioid-exposed and 33 (10.2%) control patients were diagnosed with AI by CST (p=0.031). Nineteen opioid-exposed (15.3%) and 22 control (6.8%) patients had morning cortisol of <3 µg/dL (p=0.005). A morning cortisol <3 µg/dL had a positive predictive value of 36.8% (CI 19.1–59.0%) for AI in opioid-exposed and 50.0% (CI 30.7–69.3%) in control patients. In opioid-exposed patients with low morning cortisol levels, mean daily morphine milligram equivalent and duration of opioid exposure did not differ between those with AI confirmed by CST and those with normal CST (p=0.13 and 0.38, respectively). Conclusion: Among hospitalized patients with suspected AI, those prescribed opioids have a higher prevalence of central AI than controls. Serum morning cortisol <3 µg/dL is not an accurate test for AI in hospitalized patients, including those prescribed opioids in whom low morning cortisol is more prevalent than in controls. Given the risks associated with misdiagnosis of AI, caution should be exercised in relying on morning cortisol values for the diagnosis of AI in hospitalized patients.

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Sugar-sweetened Beverage Consumption May Modify Associations between Genetic Variants in the CHREBP Locus and HDL-C and TG Concentrations

Circulation Genomic and Precision Medicine ◽

10.1161/circgen.120.003288 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Danielle E. Haslam ◽

Gina M. Peloso ◽

Melanie Guirette ◽

Fumiaki Imamura ◽

Traci M. Bartz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variants ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Aging Research ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

Genomic Epidemiology ◽

Sweetened Beverage ◽

The Uk

Background - Carbohydrate responsive element binding protein (ChREBP) is a transcription factor that responds to sugar consumption. Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and genetic variants in the CHREBP locus have separately been linked to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations. We hypothesized SSB consumption would modify the association between genetic variants in the CHREBP locus and dyslipidemia. Methods - Data from 11 cohorts from the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium (N=63,599) and the UK Biobank (UKB) (N=59,220) were used to quantify associations of SSB consumption, genetic variants, and their interaction on HDL-C and TG concentrations using linear regression models. A total of 1,606 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within or near CHREBP were considered. SSB consumption was estimated from validated questionnaires and participants were grouped by their estimated intake. Results - In a meta-analysis, rs71556729 was significantly associated with higher HDL-C concentrations only among the highest SSB consumers [β (95% CI) = 2.12 (1.16, 3.07) mg/dl; p <0.0002], but not significantly among the lowest SSB consumers ( p =0.81; p Diff <0.0001). Similar results were observed for two additional variants (rs35709627 and rs71556736). For TG, rs55673514 was positively associated with TG concentrations only among the highest SSB consumers [β (95% CI): 0.06 (0.02, 0.09) per allele count for log(mg/dl), p =0.001], but not the lowest SSB consumers ( p =0.84; p Diff =0.0005). Conclusions - Our results identified genetic variants in the CHREBP locus that may protect against SSB-associated reductions in HDL-C and other variants that may exacerbate SSB-associated increases in TG concentrations.

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Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and breast composition in a longitudinal study of Chilean girls

Breast Cancer Research ◽

10.1186/s13058-021-01495-8 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lara Yoon ◽

Camila Corvalán ◽

Ana Pereira ◽

John Shepherd ◽

Karin B. Michels

Keyword(s):

Adolescent Girls ◽

Breast Density ◽

Maternal Education ◽

After School ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Sweetened Beverage ◽

Multivariable Analyses ◽

Fibroglandular Volume

Abstract Background Frequent sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake has been associated with indirect markers of breast cancer risk, such as weight gain in adolescents and early menarche. How SSB intake relates to breast composition in adolescent girls has not been explored. Methods We evaluated the association between prospective intake of SSB and breast density in a cohort of 374 adolescent girls participating in the Growth and Obesity Cohort Study in Santiago, Chile. Multivariable linear regression models were used to analyze the association between average daily SSB intake quartiles and breast composition (absolute fibroglandular volume [aFGV], percent fibroglandular volume [%FGV], total breast volume [tBV]). Models were adjusted for potential confounding by BMI Z-score, age, daily energy intake (g/day), maternal education, hours of daily television watching after school, dairy intake (g/day), meat intake (g/day), waist circumference, and menarche. To examine the sensitivity of the association to the number of dietary recalls for each girl, analyses were further stratified by girls with one dietary recall and girls with > one dietary recall. Results A total of 881 dietary recalls were available for 374 girls prior to the breast density assessment. More than 60% of the cohort had > one dietary recall available. In multivariable analyses, we found no association between SSB intake quartile and aFGV (Q2 vs Q1 β: − 5.4, 95% CI − 15.1, 4.4; Q3 vs Q1 β: 1.3, 95% CI − 8.6, 11.3; Q4 vs Q1 β: 3.0, 95% CI − 7.1, 13). No associations were noted for %FGV and tBV. Among girls with at least one dietary recall, we found no significant associations between SSB intake quartiles and %FGV, aFGV, or tBV. Conclusion Overall, we observed no evidence that SSB intake was associated with breast density in adolescent Chilean girls.

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