Maternal Dietary Intake, Nutritional Status, and Macronutrient Composition of Human Breast Milk: Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-66
Author(s):  
Shiksha Adhikari ◽  
Urszula Kudla ◽  
Jean Nyakayiru ◽  
Elske M. Brouwer-Brolsma
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Maternal Dietary Intake

Abstract Introduction: Human breast milk is the best source of nutrition in early life, particularly during the first six months. Nevertheless, human breast milk composition is variable and more insight in the exact factors contributing to this variability is warranted. In this review, we explored the impact of maternal dietary intake and nutritional status (e.g., anthropometric measures, body mass index, bioimpedance) on human milk macronutrient composition. Method: PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane were systematically searched till November 2019. Results: In total, 4946 publications underwent title-abstract screening; 101 publications underwent full-text screening. Eventually, 50 publications were included in this review, investigating either associations between maternal dietary intake (n=29) and/or maternal nutritional status (n=29), and macronutrient composition of human breast milk. Reported energy composition ranged from 51-72 kcal/dl, and 67% and 54% of the studies reported associations between with maternal nutritional intake and status, respectively. Protein content ranged from 0.8-3.3g/dl and four studies suggested a negative association with nutritional status. Fat content ranged from 2.1- 9.8g/dl, and 68% of the studies reported positive associations with nutritional status. Carbohydrate content ranged from 5.8-7.5g/dl, and 67% of the included studies did not report an association between intake or status. Conclusion: Literature investigating associations of maternal dietary intake and nutrition status with breast milk composition of macronutrients and energy content is diversified, both in terms of used methodology as well as results. Further studies using well defined and standard parameters are essential to aid the formulation of scientific recommendations.

The impact of lactation and gestational age on the composition of branched-chain fatty acids in human breast milk

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1747-1754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Jie ◽  
Ce Qi ◽  
Jin Sun ◽  
Renqiang Yu ◽  
Xiangyu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The main BCFAs in preterm breast milk were iso-14:0, iso-15:0, anteiso-15:0, iso-16:0, iso-17:0, and anteiso-17:0, which were low than that in term breast milk. They were mainly located in the sn-2 position of TAGs and concentration in colostrum.

scholarly journals New strategies for profiling and characterization of human milk oligosaccharides

Glycobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 774-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Porfirio ◽  
Stephanie Archer-Hartmann ◽  
G Brett Moreau ◽  
Girija Ramakrishnan ◽  
Rashidul Haque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Human breast milk is an incredibly rich and complex biofluid composed of proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates, including a diverse repertoire of free human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Strikingly, HMOs are not digested by the infant but function as prebiotics for bacterial strains associated with numerous benefits. Considering the broad variety of beneficial effects of HMOs, and the vast number of factors that affect breast milk composition, the analysis of HMO diversity and complexity is of utmost relevance. Using human milk samples from a cohort of Bangladeshi mothers participating in a study on malnutrition and stunting in children, we have characterized breast milk oligosaccharide composition by means of permethylation followed by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. This approach identified over 100 different glycoforms and showed a wide diversity of milk composition, with a predominance of fucosylated and sialylated HMOs over nonmodified HMOs. We observed that these samples contain on average 80 HMOs, with the highest permethylated masses detected being >5000 mass units. Here we report an easily implemented method developed for the separation, characterization and relative quantitation of large arrays of HMOs, including higher molecular weight sialylated HMOs. Our ultimate goal is to create a simple, high-throughput method, which can be used for full characterization of sialylated and/or fucosylated HMOs. These results demonstrate how current analytical techniques can be applied to characterize human milk composition, providing new tools to help the scientific community shed new light on the impact of HMOs during infant development.

Exploring human breast milk composition by NMR-based metabolomics

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Praticò ◽  
Giorgio Capuani ◽  
Alberta Tomassini ◽  
Maria Elisabetta Baldassarre ◽  
Maurizio Delfini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast

scholarly journals Human Milk Oligosaccharide Profiles and Associations with Maternal Nutritional Factors: A Scoping Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 965
Author(s):  
Caren Biddulph ◽  
Mark Holmes ◽  
Anna Kuballa ◽  
Peter S. W. Davies ◽  
Pieter Koorts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Milk Sample ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Body Composition Assessment ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Maternal Dietary Intake

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex unconjugated glycans associated with positive infant health outcomes. This study has examined current knowledge of the effect of maternal diet and nutritional status on the composition of HMOs in breast milk. Using the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, a comprehensive, systematic literature search was conducted using Scopus, Web of Science, Global Health (CABI), and MEDLINE. Titles and abstracts were screened independently by two reviewers against predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria and reported on maternal dietary intake (n = 3), maternal body composition indices (n = 9), and dietary supplementation interventions (n = 2). In total, data from 1388 lactating mothers (4011 milk samples) were included. Design methodologies varied substantially across studies, particularly for milk sample collection, HMO analysis, dietary and body composition assessment. Overall, this review has identified potential associations between maternal dietary intake and nutritional status and the HMO composition of human milk, though an abundance and sufficiency of evidence is lacking. Standardised procedures for human milk sample collection and HMO analysis, along with robust and validated nutrition assessment techniques, should be employed to further investigate the impact of maternal nutritional factors on HMO composition.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Nutrient Composition in Breast Milk of Breast Feeding Mothers in Urban and Sub-Urban Subjects in Rivers State

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Ikewuchi Catherine ◽  
Kalaotaji Glory Biambo ◽  
Jonathan Nyebuchi ◽  
Amadi Chikadibia Fyneface ◽  
Nwika Goodnews
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Lipid Level ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
P Value ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urban Group ◽  
Rivers State

The human breast milk is considered to be the perfect food for infants, specifically adapted to their needs. Changes in lifestyle and environment may impact on breast milk composition. This study was aimed at comparing the nutrients composition in breast milk in postpartum women in urban and sub-urban areas in Rivers State. The cross-sectional study was conducted among 59 postpartum subjects between 0 and 10days of child delivery in each group. Sampling was done through a simple random sampling method. Human breast milk was collected by means of a manual breast pump for the analysis of carbohydrate, protein and lipid using ClegAnthrone Method, Kjedahl Method and Soxhelt Extraction Method respectively. The results revealed that carbohydrate level was 6.1±0.5% in urban group and 5.0±0.1% in sub-urban group which was statistically significant (t-value=2.2; p-value=0.04). Protein level was 3.5±0.6% in urban group and 3.9±0.3% in sub-urban group which was statistically non-significant (t-value=0.6; p-value=0.57).  Lipid level was 6.1±0.5% and 5.0±0.1% in urban and sub-urban groups respectively which was statistically non- significant (t-value=1.2; p-value=0.27). This study has revealed that differences in settlements (urban and sub-urban) have no impact on breast milk composition except in carbohydrate.

scholarly journals Comparing different methods of human breast milk fortification using measured v. assumed macronutrient composition to target reference growth: a randomised controlled trial

2015 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma McLeod ◽  
Jill Sherriff ◽  
Peter E. Hartmann ◽  
Elizabeth Nathan ◽  
Donna Geddes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Pragmatic Trial ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Routine Practice ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis

AbstractThe variable content of human breast milk suggests that its routine fortification may result in sub-optimal nutritional intakes and growth. In a pragmatic trial, we randomised infants born below 30 weeks of gestation to either the intervention (Igp) of fortifying milk on measured composition according to birth weight criteria and postmenstrual age (PMA) or our routine practice (RPgp) of fortifying on assumed milk composition to target 3·8–4·4 g protein/kg per d and 545–629 kJ/kg per d. Milk composition was measured using the MIRIS® Human Milk Analyser. Percentage fat mass (%FM) was measured using PEA POD (COSMED). The effects of macronutrient intakes and clinical variables on growth were assessed using mixed model analysis. Mean measured protein content (1·6 g/100 ml) was higher than the assumed value (1·4 g/100 ml), often leading to lower amounts of fortifier added to the milk of intervention infants. At discharge (Igp v. RPgp), total protein (3·2 (sd 0·3) v. 3·4 (sd 0·4) g; P=0·067) and energy (456 (sd 39) v. 481 (sd 48) kJ; P=0·079) intakes from all nutrition sources, weight gain velocity (11·4 (sd 1·4) v. 12·1 (sd 1·6) g/kg per d; P=0·135) and %FM (13·7 (sd 3·6) v.13·6 (sd 3·5) %; P=0·984) did not significantly differ between groups. A protein intake >3·4 g/kg per d reduced %FM by 2 %. Nutrition and growth was not improved by targeting milk fortification according to birth weight criteria and PMA using measured milk composition, compared with routine practice. Targeting fortification on measured composition is labour intensive, requiring frequent milk sampling and precision measuring equipment, perhaps reasons for its limited practice. Guidance around safe upper levels of milk fortification is needed.

scholarly journals Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances associates with altered lipid profile of breast milk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh Lamichhane ◽  
Heli Siljander ◽  
Daniel Duberg ◽  
Jarno Honkanen ◽  
Suvi M. Virtanen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Maternal Exposure ◽  
Compositional Variation ◽  
Milk Lipid ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Polyfluoroalkyl Substances ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundChemical composition of human breast milk is highly variable inter- and intra-individually. Environmental factors are suspected to partly explain the compositional variation, however, their impact on breast milk composition is currently poorly understood.ObjectivesWe sought (1) to define the impact of maternal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on lipid composition of human breast milk, and (2) to study the combined impact of maternal PFAS exposure and breast milk lipid composition on the growth of the infants.MethodsIn a mother-infant study (n=44) we measured the levels of PFAS and lipids in maternal serum and conducted lipidomics analysis of breast milk at birth and at 3 months of infant age, by using ultra high performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Maternal diet was studied by a validated food frequency questionnaire.ResultsPFAS levels were inversely associated with total lipid levels in the breast milk collected at birth. In the high exposure group, the ratio of acylated saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in triacylglycerols was increased. Moreover, high exposure to PFAS associated with the altered phospholipid composition, which was indicative of unfavorable increase in the size of milk fat globules. These changes in the milk lipid composition were further associated with slower infant growth and with elevated intestinal inflammatory markers.DiscussionOur data suggest that the maternal exposure to PFAS impacts the nutritional quality of the breast milk, which, in turn, may have detrimental impact on the health and growth of the children later in life.

scholarly journals Human Breast Milk Composition and Function in Human Health: From Nutritional Components to Microbiome and MicroRNAs

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 3094
Author(s):  
Dae Yong Yi ◽  
Su Yeong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Gut Colonization ◽  
And Function

Human breast milk (HBM) is not only an indispensable source of nutrients for early human growth and development, supplying components that support infant growth and development, but also contains various essential immunologic components with anti-infectious activities and critical roles in the formation of immunity. It is also known that HBM contains its own unique microbiome, including beneficial, commensal, and potentially probiotic bacteria, that can contribute to infant gut colonization. In addition, HBM-derived extracellular vesicles, exosomes, and microRNA are attracting increasing interest for their potential to transfer to the infant and their role in infant development. In this article, we examine some of the various constituents in HBM and review the evidence supporting their associated health effects and their potential applications in human health.

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