Third-Party Actors and the Intentional Targeting of Civilians in War

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 1453-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. Appel ◽  
Alyssa K. Prorok
Keyword(s):  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
High Likelihood ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Interstate War ◽  
The Relationship

This article examines the relationship between third-party actors and the intentional targeting of non-combatants in interstate war. It argues that war participants kill fewer civilians in war when their expectation of third-party punishment is high. Combatants will anticipate a high likelihood of third-party sanctions when their alliance and trade networks are dominated by third parties that have ratified international treaties prohibiting the intentional targeting of non-combatants. The study hypothesizes that war combatants kill fewer civilians in war as the strength of ratifiers within their alliance and trade networks increases. Quantitative tests on a dataset of all interstate wars from 1900–2003 provide strong statistical and substantive support for this hypothesis.

The Path of the Boomerang: Human Rights Campaigns, Third-Party Pressure, and Human Rights

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Giacobbe Allendoerfer ◽  
Amanda Murdie ◽  
Ryan M Welch
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Military Interventions ◽  
Information Campaigns ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Human Rights Organizations ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract How can information campaigns of nongovernmental human rights organizations (HROs) to “name and shame” human rights violators improve human rights conditions? Is the effect direct—does HRO targeting induce violating states to change their behavior? Or is the effect indirect—does pressure by third parties mediate the relationship between HRO actions and changes in human rights practices? The boomerang and spiral models suggest HRO activity provokes third parties, such as other states and international organizations, to pressure violating states. This pressure, in turn, drives violating states to improve human rights conditions. On the other hand, recent empirical work finds third-party pressure can further degrade human rights conditions. In this paper we provide a comprehensive analysis of how these individual factors—HRO activities and pressure from third parties—work together in the larger chain of causal events influencing human rights conditions. Using a causal mediation model, we examine whether HRO campaigning improves human rights directly or if the effect is mediated by costs imposed by powerful actors through sanctions and military interventions. We find that, although HRO activities have an overall positive effect on human rights conditions, the negative effects of third-party pressure somewhat diminish the positive effects.

Developing a supplier’s third-party relationships and cooperation in project networks

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miia Martinsuo ◽  
Rami Sariola
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Project Networks ◽  
Structural Engineers ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to increase understanding on the emergence of mutually beneficial relationships between component suppliers and third parties in projects, and their interaction practices in the project and potential new services. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative, exploratory research strategy is employed in the context of construction projects, with construction component manufacturers as the focal component suppliers. In total 22 interviews were conducted with structural engineers and architects as relevant third parties, to discover the specifics of component suppliers’ third-party relationship development in construction projects. Findings – The results show the crucial role of third parties in the constructor’s and customer’s decision-making process, and various ways for component suppliers to develop the relationship toward the third parties. The results offer important knowledge about the cooperation between construction component suppliers and third parties and means to increase the centrality of component suppliers in the project network. Research limitations/implications – The research was delimited to structural engineers and architects as third parties in construction projects in one country. Further research is encouraged on third-party cooperation in other kinds of project networks, other kinds of third parties, and the various forms of triadic cooperation in project networks. Practical implications – The results encourage component suppliers to take a proactive approach in developing relationships with third parties, when strengthening their network position. The paper introduces practical ways in which component suppliers may take action toward generating powerful main contractor-supplier-third-party triads. Originality/value – Limited research attention has been directed at third parties and triadic cooperation in project networks. This paper offers important knowledge about the relationship between component suppliers and third parties, particularly in terms of third parties’ expectations and practical initiatives to enhance the relationships.

scholarly journals The Good, The Bad, and The Street: Does ‘street culture’ affect offender communication and reception in restorative justice?

2019 ◽  
pp. 147737081988751
Author(s):  
Roxana Willis ◽  
Carolyn Hoyle
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Restorative Justice ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Socioeconomically Disadvantaged ◽  
Street Culture ◽  
Communication Difficulties ◽  
The Relationship

This article examines whether and how ‘street culture’ affects offender communication and reception in restorative justice. Drawing on an archival dataset of police-led restorative justice conferences, we analysed the relationship between street cultural capital and offenders’ ability to communicate during restorative justice. We explored how offenders’ social background, measured by street cultural capital, and/or communication abilities affect third-party perceptions of offender sincerity and their likelihood to reoffend. Results indicate that the embodiment of street cultural capital may affect offender participation in restorative justice. Socioeconomically disadvantaged offenders appeared more likely to experience communication difficulties, and were less likely to be perceived by third parties as sincere or willing to desist from offending. These findings are considered within a theoretical framework that draws on Bourdieu’s concept of cultural capital, Skeggs’ notion of inscription and Loftus’ research on ‘attitude tests’.

One Organ Donation, Three Perspectives: Experiences of Donors, Recipients, and Third Parties with Living Kidney Donation

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Burroughs ◽  
Amy D. Waterman ◽  
Barry A. Hong
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Retrospective Studies ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Kidney Donation ◽  
Potential Bias ◽  
Living Kidney Donation ◽  
Memory Biases ◽  
Living Kidney Donors ◽  
The Relationship

Although living kidney donors' experiences with donation have been studied, questions of potential bias in retrospective donor reports remain. This study examined the experience of living kidney donation from 3 perspectives: those of the donor, the recipient, and a third party involved with the donation (ie, a donor triad). Surveys were completed with 174 donor triads to examine triad members' perceptions of donors' concerns before transplantation, whether these concerns came true after transplantation, the donors' experiences with surgery and recovery, and whether they would make the same decision again today. Triad members all agreed that donors were highly satisfied with their donation experience and that the relationship between recipient and donor improved after transplantation. Although recipients and third parties correctly identified the donors' primary concerns, they underestimated the prevalence of 16 of 18 donor concerns, including the donors' willingness to make the same decision again. Recipients also overestimated how painful and difficult the surgery and recovery were for donors. The results suggest that retrospective studies of donors may not be marred by significant misreporting or memory biases and that better education about the donation experience for the entire donor triad might provide better social support for donors, reduce recipients' guilt about donors' pain, and increase donation rates overall.

Domestic uncertainty, third-party resolve, and international conflict

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew DiLorenzo ◽  
Bryan Rooney
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
International Conflict ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Third ◽  
Interstate Disputes ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
The Third Party ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Militarized Interstate Disputes

Uncertainty about resolve is a well-established rationalist explanation for war. In addition to estimating the resolve of immediate rivals, leaders choose their actions in a crisis based on expectations about how third parties will respond. We argue that leaders will become more likely to develop inconsistent estimates of rivals’ relative capabilities and resolve – and thus will become more likely to fight – when domestic political changes occur in states that are allied with an opponent. We also consider how the relationship between conflict in rivalries and third-party domestic change depends on domestic political institutions in the third party. We argue that this effect should only hold when a challenger does not also share an alliance with the third party, and that the effect should be strongest when the third party is a non-democratic state. We test our theory using a dataset of changes in leaders’ domestic supporting coalitions and data on militarized interstate disputes from 1920 to 2001. Consistent with our hypotheses, we find that the likelihood of conflict increases in rivalries only when domestic coalition changes occur in states that share an alliance with only one member of a rivalry, and that this effect is strongest and most consistent for non-democratic third parties.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pendapatan Usaha, Beban Usaha, dan Bagi Hasil Pihak Ketiga terhadap Laba Usaha pada Pt. Bank Syariah Mandiri

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-49
Author(s):  
Laely Purnamasari
Keyword(s):  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Profit Sharing ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Operating Expense ◽  
Operating Income ◽  
The Third ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Operating Revenue

The development of operating revenue in Syariah Mandiri Bank is quiet excellent along with the increasing awareness of Muslims in using Islamic banking services. However, the development of this revenue is not accompanied by proportional increase in net operating income. This article focuses on the discussion of the relationship of operating revenue, operating expense and profit sharing of third parties and their effects on net operating income at Syariah Mandiri Bank. The purposes of this research are to describe and analyze the relationship of operating revenue, operating expense and profit sharing of third parties and their effects on net operating income both partially and simultaneously. The research method used descriptive and verification. The results showed that the operating revenue and the operating expenses had a strong relationship with the third party profit sharing. For the results of the third parties, the operating revenue and the operating expenses partially were not proven to significantly affect the net operating income but the operating revenue and the operating expenses were proven to affect the net operating income significantly. From this research, it was also known that the operating revenue component that most influenced net operating income was the mudharabah income and the operating expenses that most influenced net operating income was the loss expense for the elimination of productive assets.Perkembangan pendapatan usaha pada Bank Syariah Mandiri sangat baik seiring dengan semakin tingginya kesadaran umat islam dalam menggunakan layanan perbankan syariah. Namun perkembangan pendapatan ini ternyata tidak disertai dengan kenaikan laba usaha secara proporsional. Artikel ini akan memfokuskan pada pembahasan mengenai hubungan pendapatan usaha, beban usaha dan bagi hasil pihak ketiga serta pengaruhnya terhadap laba usaha pada Bank Syariah Mandiri. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis hubungan pendapatan usaha, beban usaha dan bagi hasil pihak ketiga serta pengaruhnya terhadap laba usaha baik secara parsial maupun simultan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif dan verifikatif. Dalam penelitian ini akan menguji hubungan  pendapatan usaha, beban usaha dan bagi hasil pihak ketiga, serta pengaruhnya terhadap laba usaha. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan, dapat ditemukan bahwa pendapatan usaha dan beban usaha memiliki hubungan yang kuat dengan bagi hasil pihak ketiga. Bagi hasil pihak ketiga, pendapatan usaha dan beban usaha secara parsial tidak terbukti mempengaruhi laba usaha secara signifikan namun pendapatan usaha dan beban usaha secara simultan terbukti mempengaruhi laba usaha secara signifikan. Dari penelitian ini juga diketahui komponen pendapatan usaha yang paling mempengaruhi laba usaha adalah pendapatan mudharabah dan beban usaha yang paling mempengaruhi laba usaha adalah beban kerugian penghapusan aset produktif.

'Damned if You Do, and Damned if You Don't': Nordic Involvement and Images of Third-Party Neutrality in Sri Lanka

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isak Svensson ◽  
Kristine Höglund
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Peace Process ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
The Third ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThird-party actors who mediate or monitor peace often strive to uphold an image of neutrality. Yet, they commonly face accusations of partiality. The Nordic engagement in the Sri Lankan peace process is an illustration of this puzzle: despite the efforts to uphold an image of being neutral mediators and monitors, they have been seen as favoring one side or the other. This article suggests that part of the explanation for their failure to be seen as neutral lies in the fact that armed conflicts are characterized by certain asymmetries between the main antagonists – in capabilities, status and behavior. These imbalances pose particular challenges to the third party aspiring to act in a neutral manner. We suggest that third parties have two strategies available to deal with imbalances in the relationship between the contenders: 1) they can choose to disregard the asymmetrical relationship and act in an even-handed manner or 2) they can seek to counterbalance the lopsidedness. This article explores the dynamics of these strategies by analyzing the Nordic involvement in Sri Lanka's peace process that began in 2002.

Dealing with Third Parties

2017 ◽  
pp. 506-518
Author(s):  
Joe Scroppo
Keyword(s):  
Third Parties ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Mandated Reporting ◽  
Patient Relationship ◽  
Court Order ◽  
Treatment Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter provides guidance on managing the ethical, regulatory, and legal issues that arise when a third party seeks to intervene in the psychotherapist–patient relationship. The chapter reviews the concepts of confidentiality and privilege. The author identifies types of third parties that may try to impinge on the psychotherapist–patient relationship, discusses ways in which third parties can enter the relationship, and identifies reasons for such impingement. A set of guidelines that psychotherapists can apply when confronted with an attempted or actual third-party penetration of the treatment relationship is offered. The following situations are covered: when a psychotherapist is mandated to involve a third party in the relationship (mandated reporting); when a patient authorizes a psychotherapist to involve a third party; when there is a legal demand for involvement in the relationship (subpoena or court order); and when the psychotherapist or client invite a third party into the relationship.

Framework for enhanced third-party relationships in project networks

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rami Sariola ◽  
Miia Maarit Martinsuo
Keyword(s):  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Dyadic Relationship ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Relationship Strength ◽  
Project Networks ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – This paper investigates third-party relationships in project networks in the construction industry and seeks increased understanding on how such relationships can be strengthened. The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework and propositions on enhanced relationship strength between component suppliers and designers as third parties. Design/methodology/approach – A conceptual approach is used in this paper. Previous empirical research on business relationships, project networks and relationship strength is reviewed systematically, to identify factors required for strengthening the relationship in project networks. Findings – Cooperative practices needed for strengthening the relationships in project networks were identified. The framework on how such practices are associated with relationship strength between supplier and designers was developed. Propositions on strengthening the relationship between component suppliers and designers were stated. These propositions can be developed further and tested in a hypothetic-deductive study. Research limitations/implications – The research was delimited by the choice of designers as third parties. The authors used some excerpts from the earlier interview study with over 20 designers, to illustrate the issues. Empirical analysis was not included in this paper which causes an evident limitation to validity. Additional research is proposed on analyzing the contractors’ and suppliers’ viewpoints to third-party relationships. Practical implications – The paper suggests cooperative practices for construction component suppliers to enhance their relationship strength with third parties in project networks. Originality/value – Limited research attention has been directed at the third-party relationships of suppliers in project networks. This paper offers important knowledge about these less salient relationships in project networks, beyond a simple dyadic relationship in the direct supply chain.

Cláusulas de franquicia o deducible en seguros de responsabilidad civil en el Derecho español: Naturaleza y efectos respecto de terceros perjudicados

2018 ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Rafael Lara González
Keyword(s):  
Civil Liability ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Insurance Contract ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Liability Insurance ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Insurance Contracts ◽  
Spanish Law ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Legal Nature

ResumenPese a su ubicuidad en la práctica contractual, las cláusulas de franquicia han recibido tratamiento incidental en la doctrina. La discusión sobre ellas se ha enfocado en los contratos de seguros de responsabilidad civil, y en la interpretación del artículo 76 de la Ley española de Contrato de Seguro. En este contexto se ha tratado de establecer si el asegurador puede o no oponer la cláusula de franquicia al tercero perjudicado. El presente trabajo analiza la cláusula de franquicia en la obligación principal del asegurador, su naturaleza jurídica, y examina su relación con los terceros perjudicados. La consideración principal a este respecto estará en si nos encontramos ante un seguro obligatorio o ante un seguro voluntario de responsabilidad civil. Palabras clave: Contrato de seguro; Cláusula de franquicia; Terceroperjudicado; Responsabilidad civil.AbstractDespite their ubiquity in contractual praxis, deductible clauses have received only incidental treatment in legal doctrine. Discussion on them has focused on civil liability insurance contracts, and the interpretation of article 76 of the Spanish Law of Insurance Contracts. In this context it has been attempted to establish whether the insurer can invoke the clause to oppose the injured third party's claim. This article examines the deductible clause included in the insurer's main obligation, its legal nature, and its relation to injured third parties. The main consideration in this regard will be whether the insurance contract is of a mandatory or voluntary nature.Keywords: Insurance contract; Deductible clause; Injured third party; Civil liability.

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