Comparing the genetic structure of codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) from Greece and France: long distance gene-flow in a sedentary pest species

2011 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.Ch. Voudouris ◽  
P. Franck ◽  
J. Olivares ◽  
B. Sauphanor ◽  
Z. Mamuris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Genetic Clusters

AbstractCodling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is the most important insect pest of apple production in Europe. Despite the economic importance of this pest, there is not information about the genetic structure of its population in Greece and the patterns of gene-flow which might affect the success of control programs. In this study, we analysed nine samples from apple, pear and walnut from various regions of mainland Greece using 11 microsatellite loci. Six samples from the aforementioned hosts from southern France were also examined for comparison. Bayesian clustering and genetic distance analyses separated the codling moth samples in two genetic clusters. The first cluster consisted mainly of the individuals from Greece, and the second of those from France, although admixture and miss-classified individuals were also observed. The low genetic differentiation among samples within each country was also revealed by FST statistics (0.009 among Greek samples and 0.0150 among French samples compared to 0.050 global value among all samples and 0.032 the mean of the pair-wise values between the two countries). These FST values suggest little structuring at large geographical scales in agreement with previous published studies. The host species and local factors (climatic conditions, topography, pest control programs) did not affect the genetic structure of codling moth populations within each country. The results are discussed in relation to human-made activities that promote gene-flow even at large geographic distances. Possible factors for the genetic differentiation between the two genetic clusters are also discussed.

scholarly journals Microsatellites reveal genetic differentiation among populations in an insect species with high genetic variability in dispersal, the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.H. Chen ◽  
S. Dorn
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
High Genetic Variability ◽  
Population Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Fruit Growing ◽  
Major Pest

AbstractLittle is known about genetic differentiation and gene flow in populations of insect species that have a high genetic variability in dispersal but lack morphologically visible morphs that disperse. These characteristics apply to the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a major pest of fruits and nuts. Larvae were collected from three orchards each of pome fruits, stone fruits and nut trees in a major fruit growing area of Switzerland (Valais) and from six further (mainly apple) orchards throughout this country. Nine microsatellite loci were used to investigate genetic differentiation and the amount of gene flow among the sampled populations. All the loci were shown to be polymorphic in all populations. The number of alleles ranged from five to 15 over nine loci for the 15 populations. Significant genetic differentiation was noted among the populations from apple, apricot and walnut in the Valais region. Furthermore, among the eight populations sampled from apple in different geographic regions throughout Switzerland, AMOVA and pairwise FST analysis revealed significant population genetic differentiation even between populations collected from orchards ≪10 km apart. These results indicate that a distinct prevailing characteristic, in the present case the sedentary behaviour of the moth, can shape population architecture.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in the Ryukyu Flying Fox Inferred from Remote Sampling in the Yaeyama Archipelago

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuto Taki ◽  
Christian E. Vincenot ◽  
Yu Sato ◽  
Miho Inoue-Murayama
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Haplotype Network ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Conservation Units ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Flying Fox

AbstractThe Ryukyu flying fox (Pteropus dasymallus) is distributed throughout the island chain spanning across southern Japan, Taiwan, and possibly the Philippines. Although P. dasymallus is listed as VU (vulnerable) in the IUCN Red List, only few genetic works have been conducted to support its conservation. In this study we analyzed 19 markers (mtDNA haplotypes and 18 microsatellite markers) to evaluate genetic diversity and investigate the genetic structure of this species.mtDNA analysis was conducted with 142 DNA remote samples, mostly from feces, and wing tissues collected on eight islands (Miyako, Ishigaki, Kohama, Kuroshima, Hateruma, Taketomi, Iriomote, Yonaguni). 39 haplotypes were identified in 526bp of the control region, and haplotype network showed no clear genetic structure.Microsatellite analysis was also conducted with 155 samples collected on six islands (Miyako, Ishigaki, Kohama, Taketomi, Iriomote, Yonaguni). It showed that the Yonaguni population exhibits low genetic diversity, high inbreeding, and clear genetic differentiation from other populations. Gene flow between Ishigaki and Miyako through small stepstone islands might be preventing inbreeding of the Miyako population.We provide for the first time indirect proof of long-distance inter-island dispersal in the Ryukyu flying fox and revealed genetic diversity, gene flow and genetic differentiation among populations of the archipelago. These results will be useful for delineating conservation units and designing specific conservation policies for each island based on metapopulation genetic structure.

scholarly journals Genetic structure at national and regional scale in a long-distance dispersing pest organism, the bird cherry–oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramiro Morales-Hojas ◽  
Asier Gonzalez-Uriarte ◽  
Fernando Alvira Iraizoz ◽  
Todd Jenkins ◽  
Lynda Alderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Long Distance

AbstractGenetic diversity is determinant for pest species’ success and vector competence. Understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes that determine the genetic diversity is fundamental to help identify the spatial scale at which pest populations are best managed. In the present study, we present the first comprehensive analysis of the genetic diversity and evolution of Rhopalosiphum padi, a major pest of cereals and a main vector of the barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), in Great Britain. We have used a genotype by sequencing approach to study whether i) there is any underlying population genetic structure in this long distant disperser pest at a national and regional scale; ii) the populations evolve as a response to environmental change and selective pressures, and; iii) the populations comprise anholocyclic lineages. Individual R. padi were collected using the Rothamsted Insect Survey’s suction-trap network at several sites across England between 2004 and 2016 as part of the RIS long-term nationwide surveillance. Results identified two genetic clusters in Great Britain that mostly paralleled a North – South division, although gene flow is ongoing between the two subpopulations. These different groups do not correspond to sexual and asexual types, sexual reproduction being predominant in Great Britain, and could correspond to ecotypes. Results also show that there is migration with gene flow across Great Britain, although there is a reduction between the northern and southern sites with the Southwestern population being the most genetically differentiated. There is no evidence for isolation-by-distance and other factors like primary host distribution could influence the migration patterns. Finally, results also show no evidence for the evolution of the R. padi population, and it is demographically stable despite the ongoing environmental change. These results are discussed in view of their relevance to pest management and the transmission of BYDV.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and population structure in the Ryukyu flying fox inferred from remote sampling in the Yaeyama archipelago

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248672
Author(s):  
Yuto Taki ◽  
Christian E. Vincenot ◽  
Yu Sato ◽  
Miho Inoue-Murayama
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Haplotype Network ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Conservation Units ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Flying Fox

The Ryukyu flying fox (Pteropus dasymallus) is distributed throughout the island chain spanning across southern Japan, Taiwan, and possibly the Philippines. AlthoughP.dasymallusis listed as VU (vulnerable) in the IUCN Red List, only few genetic works have been conducted to support its conservation. In this study we analyzed 19 markers (mtDNA haplotypes and 18 microsatellite markers) to evaluate genetic diversity and investigate the genetic structure of this species. mtDNA analysis was conducted with 142 DNA remote samples, mostly from faeces, and wing tissues collected on eight islands (Miyako, Ishigaki, Kohama, Kuroshima, Hateruma, Taketomi, Iriomote, Yonaguni). 39 haplotypes were identified in 526bp of the control region, and haplotype network showed no clear genetic structure. Microsatellite analysis was also conducted with 155 samples collected on six islands (Miyako, Ishigaki, Kohama, Taketomi, Iriomote, Yonaguni). It showed that the Yonaguni population exhibits low genetic diversity, high inbreeding, and clear genetic differentiation from other populations. Gene flow between Ishigaki and Miyako through small stepstone islands might be preventing inbreeding of the Miyako population. We provide for the first time indirect proof of long-distance inter-island dispersal in the Ryukyu flying fox and revealed genetic diversity, gene flow and genetic differentiation among the archipelago’s populations. These results will be useful for delineating conservation units and designing specific conservation policies for each island based on metapopulation genetic structure.

scholarly journals Fine-scale genetic structure in the critically endangered red-fronted macaw in the absence of geographic and ecological barriers

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Blanco ◽  
Francisco Morinha ◽  
Séverine Roques ◽  
Fernando Hiraldo ◽  
Abraham Rojas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Genetic Structuring ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Ecological Barriers ◽  
Genetic Clusters

AbstractBehavioural and socio-cultural traits are recognized in the restriction of gene flow in species with high cognitive capacity and complex societies. This isolation by social barriers has been generally overlooked in threatened species by assuming disrupted gene flow due to population fragmentation and decline. We examine the genetic structure and ecology of the global population of the Critically Endangered red-fronted macaw (Ara rubrogenys), an endemic species to the inter-Andean valleys of Bolivia. We found a fine-scale genetic structuring in four genetic clusters. Genetic diversity was higher in wild compared to captive-bred macaws, but similar to that of captive wild-caught macaws. We found no clear evidence of severe genetic erosion in the population in recent decades, but it was patent in historic times, overlapping with drastic human habitat transformation and macaw persecution over millennia. We found no evidence of geographical and ecological barriers, owing to the high dispersal ability, nesting and foraging habits between genetic clusters. The lack of genetic intermixing despite long-distance foraging and seasonal movements suggests recruitment in natal colonies and other social factors reinforcing philopatry-related genetic structure. Conservation efforts should be specifically focussed on major threats in each genetic cluster as independent conservation units, and also considered in ex-situ management.

scholarly journals Monthly Weather Forecasts in a Pest Forecasting Context: Downscaling, Recalibration, and Skill Improvement

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1633-1638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Hirschi ◽  
Christoph Spirig ◽  
Andreas P. Weigel ◽  
Pierluigi Calanca ◽  
Jörg Samietz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pest ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Lead Times ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Weather Information ◽  
Agricultural Applications ◽  
Resampling Procedure ◽  
Skill Improvement

AbstractMonthly weather forecasts (MOFCs) were shown to have skill in extratropical continental regions for lead times up to 3 weeks, in particular for temperature and if weekly averaged. This skill could be exploited in practical applications for implementations exhibiting some degree of memory or inertia toward meteorological drivers, potentially even for longer lead times. Many agricultural applications fall into these categories because of the temperature-dependent development of biological organisms, allowing simulations that are based on temperature sums. Most such agricultural models require local weather information at daily or even hourly temporal resolution, however, preventing direct use of the spatially and temporally aggregated information of MOFCs, which may furthermore be subject to significant biases. By the example of forecasting the timing of life-phase occurrences of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella), which is a major insect pest in apple orchards worldwide, the authors investigate the application of downscaled weekly temperature anomalies of MOFCs for use in an impact model requiring hourly input. The downscaling and postprocessing included the use of a daily weather generator and a resampling procedure for creating hourly weather series and the application of a recalibration technique to correct for the original underconfidence of the forecast occurrences of codling moth life phases. Results show a clear skill improvement of up to 3 days in root-mean-square error over the full forecast range when incorporating MOFCs as compared with deterministic benchmark forecasts using climatological information for predicting the timing of codling moth life phases.

scholarly journals A differential expression of pyrethroid resistance genes in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus across Uganda is associated with patterns of gene flow

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0240743
Author(s):  
Maurice Marcel Sandeu ◽  
Charles Mulamba ◽  
Gareth D. Weedall ◽  
Charles S. Wondji
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Metabolic Resistance ◽  
Transcription Analysis ◽  
Genome Wide

Background Insecticide resistance is challenging the effectiveness of insecticide-based control interventions to reduce malaria burden in Africa. Understanding the molecular basis of insecticides resistance and patterns of gene flow in major malaria vectors such as Anopheles funestus are important steps for designing effective resistance management strategies. Here, we investigated the association between patterns of genetic structure and expression profiles of genes involved in the pyrethroid resistance in An. funestus across Uganda and neighboring Kenya. Methods Blood-fed mosquitoes An. funestus were collected across the four localities in Uganda and neighboring Kenya. A Microarray-based genome-wide transcription analysis was performed to identify the set of genes associated with permethrin resistance. 17 microsatellites markers were genotyped and used to establish patterns of genetic differentiation. Results Microarray-based genome-wide transcription profiling of pyrethroid resistance in four locations across Uganda (Arua, Bulambuli, Lira, and Tororo) and Kenya (Kisumu) revealed that resistance was mainly driven by metabolic resistance. The most commonly up-regulated genes in pyrethroid resistance mosquitoes include cytochrome P450s (CYP9K1, CYP6M7, CYP4H18, CYP4H17, CYP4C36). However, expression levels of key genes vary geographically such as the P450 CYP6M7 [Fold-change (FC) = 115.8 (Arua) vs 24.05 (Tororo) and 16.9 (Kisumu)]. In addition, several genes from other families were also over-expressed including Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), carboxylesterases, trypsin, glycogenin, and nucleotide binding protein which probably contribute to insecticide resistance across Uganda and Kenya. Genotyping of 17 microsatellite loci in the five locations provided evidence that a geographical shift in the resistance mechanisms could be associated with patterns of population structure throughout East Africa. Genetic and population structure analyses indicated significant genetic differentiation between Arua and other localities (FST>0.03) and revealed a barrier to gene flow between Arua and other areas, possibly associated with Rift Valley. Conclusion The correlation between patterns of genetic structure and variation in gene expression could be used to inform future interventions especially as new insecticides are gradually introduced.

scholarly journals Assessment of local genetic structure and connectivity of the common eelgrass Zostera marina for seagrass restoration in northern Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 664 ◽  
pp. 103-116
Author(s):  
L Martínez-García ◽  
B Hansson ◽  
J Hollander
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Zostera Marina ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Seagrass Meadows

Seagrass meadows are one of the most important habitats in coastal regions since they constitute a multifunctional ecosystem providing high productivity and biodiversity. They play a key role in carbon sequestration capacity, mitigation against coastal erosion and as nursery grounds for many marine fish and invertebrates. However, despite these ecosystem functions and services, seagrass meadows are a threatened ecosystem worldwide. In the Baltic Sea, seagrass meadows have declined rapidly, mainly because of eutrophication, anthropogenic activities and climate change. This decline has the potential to erode the genetic variation and genetic structure of the species. In this study, we assessed how genetic variation and genetic differentiation vary among Zostera marina meadows and with a number of environmental characteristics in the county of Scania in southern Sweden. A total of 205 individuals sampled at 12 locations were analysed with 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Results showed that in spite of anthropogenic impacts and climate change pressures, locations of Z. marina possessed high genetic variation and weak genetic differentiation, with 3 major genetic clusters. Long-distance dispersal and/or stepping-stone dispersal was found among locations, with higher migration rates within the west coast. Organic matter, salinity and maximum depth appeared to be factors most strongly associated with the genetic structure and morphological variation of Z. marina. These findings contribute significantly in the identification of potential donor sites and the viability of impacted areas to recover from natural recruitment, for the development of effective transplantation measures of Z. marina in the southern Baltic Sea and temperate regions elsewhere.

scholarly journals Economic Impact of a Potential Expansion of Pest Infestation: Apple Maggot in Washington State

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 651-659
Author(s):  
Suzette P. Galinato ◽  
R. Karina Gallardo ◽  
David M. Granatstein ◽  
Mike Willett
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pest ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Rhagoletis Pomonella ◽  
Pest Infestation ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Production Areas

Apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella) is an insect pest of apple (Malus domestica) that is currently limited in extent in the commercial production areas of Washington State thanks to a quarantine program. We estimate the costs to the Washington economy if this pest were to spread more widely. Apple maggot control costs are related to the pressure of codling moth (Cydia pomonella), the most prevalent insect pest in commercial apple production in Washington State. It was found that the losses for the Washington apple industry’s range from $510 million to $557 million, depending on the codling moth pressure. Our findings underscore the importance of an efficient quarantine program that minimized the risk of spreading the pest along with additional costs associated with quarantined areas.

scholarly journals The Genomic Basis of the Genetic Differentiation and Local Adaptive Evolution of Pampus Echinogaster based on SLAF-seq

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Li ◽  
Fangrui Lou ◽  
Hai Li ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Zizi Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Genomic Study

Abstract Background: Factors such as climate change (especially ocean warming) and overfishing have led to a decline in the supply of Pampus echinogaster and a trend of decreasing age. Exploring the genetic structure and local adaptive evolutionary mechanisms is crucial for the management of P. echinogaster. Results: This population genomic study of nine geographical populations of P. echinogaster in China was conducted by specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq). A total of 935,215 SLAF tags were obtained, and the average sequencing depth of the SLAF tags was 20.80×. After filtering, a total of 46,187 high-consistency genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected. Based on all SNPs, the overall genetic diversity among the nine P. echinogaster populations was high. The Shantou population had the lowest genetic diversity, and the Tianjin population had the highest. Meanwhile, the population genetic structure based on all SNPs revealed significant gene exchange and insignificant genetic differentiation between the nine P. echinogaster populations. Based on pairwise genetic differentiation (FST), we further screened 1,852 outlier SNPs that might have been affected by habitat selection and annotated SLAF tags containing these 1,852 outlier SNPs using Blast2GO. The annotation results showed that the genomic sequences at the outlier SNPs were mainly related to material metabolism, ion transport, breeding, stress response, and inflammatory reactions, which may be related to the adaptation of P. echinogaster to different environmental conditions (such as water temperature and salinity) in different sea areas.Conclusions: The high genetic similarity of nine P. echinogaster populations may have been caused by the population expansion after the last glacial period, the lack of balance between migration and genetic drift, and the long-distance diffusion of eggs and larvae. We suspected that variation of these genes associated with material metabolism, ion transfer, breeding, stress reactions, and inflammatory reactions were critical for adaptation to spatially heterogeneous temperatures in natural P. echinogaster populations.

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