Linear patterns of dispersal and build up of the introduced parasitoidMicroctonus hyperodae(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Canterbury, New Zealand

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.L. Goldson ◽  
J.R. Proffitt ◽  
M.R. McNeill ◽  
D.B. Baird
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Generalized Linear Model ◽  
Release Site ◽  
South American ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
The South ◽  
Listronotus Bonariensis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Year

AbstractThe dispersal ofMicroctonus hyperodaeLoan, an introduced parasitoid of the South American grassland pestListronotus bonariensisKuschel, was measured in Canterbury, New Zealand. Considering all directions, the mean annual dispersive increment was 1.9 ± 0.9 km year–1as measured in the winters of 1993, 1994 and 1995. The parasitoid’s ground distribution suggested that its movement was biased towards the south-west indicating probable wind-borne dispersal. The overall relatively low rate of dispersal was thought to be related to the inhibitory effects ofM. hyperodaeparasitism onL. bonariensisflight. A generalized linear model fitted to percentage ofL. bonariensisparasitized took a simple form, with a quadratic increase in weevil infection, that with time, gradually decreased. The build-up of parasitism at the release site was significantly greater than the rates at the other sites measured in this study (P< 0.001) with a ratio of release site: dispersal site rates of 1.33: 1. The simplicity of the fitted generalized linear model indicated remarkable uniformity in both parasitism build-up and dispersal from one year to the next; this finding indicated that all dispersal was ‘natural’ and unassisted by human activity. Despite such modest dispersal rates, by the winter of 1996, five years after its release, the parasitoid had spread geometrically over an area ofc. 140 km2.

Allozyme markers to help define the South American origins ofMicroctonus hyperodae(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) established in New Zealand for biological control of Argentine stem weevil

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.I. Iline ◽  
C.B. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
South American ◽  
Isofemale Lines ◽  
The South ◽  
Morphometric Variation ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Dehydrogenase Isozyme ◽  
Listronotus Bonariensis

AbstractThe thelytokous parasitoid,Microctonus hyperodaeLoan, was collected from eight South American locations and introduced to New Zealand in 1991 for biological control of Argentine stem weevil,Listronotus bonariensis(Kuschel) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Parasitoids from each population were released in equal numbers at each New Zealand site to give them the same opportunities to establish. Population markers have been sought to identify the South American geographic populations that have become most successful in New Zealand. These would assist in determining the importance of concepts such as climate matching and host–parasitoid coevolution to the establishment of natural enemies in new regions for biological control. Vertical polyacrylamide electrophoresis was used to survey 16 enzymes and ten calcium binding proteins, and this paper reports variation at three putative loci. Malate dehydrogenase, a dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase isozyme and a calcium binding protein exhibited clear genetic variation, each with two alleles. AllM. hyperodaeisofemale lines from east of the Andes mountains shared one genotype, all but one from west of the Andes shared another, while a population from within the Andes contained both genotypes. This variation was highly congruent with previously described morphometric variation. At two loci, the maintenance of heterozygotes, and the absence of homozygotes, within isofemale lines suggestedM. hyperodaethelytoky is apomictic.

New and little-known bryozoans from Monte León Formation (early Miocene, Argentina) and their paleobiogeographic relationships

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 956-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro M. Pérez ◽  
Juan López-Gappa ◽  
Miguel Griffin
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Early Miocene ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
New Material ◽  
Recent Species ◽  
Stratigraphic Range

AbstractThe bryozoan fauna from the South American Cenozoic is poorly known. The study of new material collected in the Monte León Formation (early Miocene), gave us the opportunity to describe four new species: Valdemunitella canui n. sp., Foveolaria praecursor n. sp., Neothoa reptans n. sp., and Calyptotheca santacruzana n. sp. Two of them (V. canui and C. santacruzana) were first recorded by F. Canu and interpreted as recent species from the Australian bryozoan fauna, but are herein described as new species. The stratigraphic range of Otionella parvula (Canu, 1904) is extended to the early Miocene. The present study emphasizes the close relationships between the South American Neogene bryozoan faunas and those of other Gondwanan sub-continents such as New Zealand and Australia.

Ocean Cruising: A Sailing Subculture

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Macbeth
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
The South ◽  
Fringing Reef ◽  
The North ◽  
Hurricane Season ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
One Year

Just after dawn, an English couple in their 30's haul up their anchor and motor across the stillness of Suva harbour. The hurricane season is approaching and they are embarking on the 2–3 week trip to Bay of Islands New Zealand for the southern summer. Three months earlier, as their yacht lay aground on the fringing reef of uninhabited Suvarov atoll, they wondered if they'd ever reach New Zealand. But, with the help of other cruisers and lucky tides their steel 36 footer was clear and safe in under 24 hours. What was to be a one year trip around the north Atlantic was now happily way off course in the South Pacific and likely to remain so for some time. That is just a glimpse of one small aspect of ocean cruising, the subculture of interest here. However, throughout the paper the ethnography of cruising is developed further. A model is proposed to show how individuals come to share the subculture ideology and then to participate in the lifestyle. Subsequently, 1 will place ocean cruising in the context of subculture theory by expanding the ethnography and relating cruising to other subcultures.

Microsatellites and 16S sequences corroborate phenotypic evidence of trans-Andean variation in the parasitoidMicroctonus hyperodae(Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.M. Winder ◽  
C.B. Phillips ◽  
C. Lenney-Williams ◽  
R.P. Cane ◽  
K. Paterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Andes Mountains ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
The Andes ◽  
16S Gene ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Geographical Populations ◽  
Listronotus Bonariensis ◽  
Microctonus Hyperodae ◽  
Chilean Populations

AbstractEight South American geographical populations of the parasitoidMicroctonus hyperodaeLoan were collected in South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay) and released in New Zealand for biological control of the weevilListronotus bonariensis(Kuschel), a pest of pasture grasses and cereals. DNA sequencing (16S, COI, 28S, ITS1, β-tubulin), RAPD, AFLP, microsatellite, SSCP and RFLP analyses were used to seek markers for discriminating between the South American populations. All of the South American populations were more homogeneous than expected. However, variation in microsatellites and 16S gene sequences corroborated morphological, allozyme and other phenotypic evidence of trans-Andes variation between the populations. The Chilean populations were the most genetically variable, while the variation present on the eastern side of the Andes mountains was a subset of that observed in Chile.

scholarly journals Station correction analysis for surface-wave magnitudes of New Zealand earthquakes

1999 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Rhoades ◽  
D. J. Dowrick
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Surface Wave ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Vertical Component ◽  
Horizontal Component ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Station Correction ◽  
The Mean

Station terms and standard errors are presented for 345 world-wide stations used in the determination of surface-wave magnitudes of 190 selected New Zealand earthquakes over the period 1901-1993 [1]. These will facilitate the estimation of surface-wave magnitudes of other earthquakes in the New Zealand region. The station terms and the residuals from the linear model used to estimate them are both found to be weakly related to the mean distance from the earthquakes recorded by each station. The horizontal and vertical components at a given site are treated as separate stations. The station term for the horizontal component tends to exceed that for the vertical component at mean distances in the 20°-40° range.

scholarly journals Projected End-of-Century Changes in the South American Monsoon in the CESM Large Ensemble

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (18) ◽  
pp. 7859-7874
Author(s):  
Ana Claudia Thome Sena ◽  
Gudrun Magnusdottir
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Large Ensemble ◽  
South American Monsoon ◽  
The Mean

AbstractProjected changes in the South American monsoon system by the end of the twenty-first century are analyzed using the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM-LENS). The wet season is shorter in LENS when compared to observations, with the mean onset occurring 19 days later and the mean retreat date 21 days earlier in the season. Despite a precipitation bias, the seasonality of rainfall over South America is reproduced in LENS, as well as the main circulation features associated with the development of the South American monsoon. Both the onset and retreat of the wet season over South America are delayed in the future compared to current climate by 3 and 7 days, respectively, with a slightly longer wet season. Central and southeastern Brazil are projected to get wetter as a result of moisture convergence from the strengthening of the South Atlantic low-level jet and a weaker South Atlantic subtropical high. The Amazon is projected to get drier by the end of the century, negatively affecting rain forest productivity. During the wet season, an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events is found over most of South America, and especially over northeastern and southern Brazil and La Plata. Meanwhile, during the dry season an increase in the maximum number of consecutive dry days is found over northeastern Brazil and the northern Amazon.

scholarly journals Allozyme variation between South American geographic populations of Microctonus hyperodae

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 267-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.I. Iline ◽  
C.B. Phillips ◽  
S.L. Goldson ◽  
H.M. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
South American ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
The West ◽  
South American Population ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Geographic Populations ◽  
Listronotus Bonariensis ◽  
Microctonus Hyperodae

Eight South American geographic populations of the parasitoid Microctonus hyperodae Loan (Hymenoptera Braconidae) have been released in New Zealand to help suppress the pasture pest Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel) (Colepotera Curculionidae) Parasitoids from each South American population were released in equal numbers throughout New Zealand It was postulated that the population(s) best suited to the conditions encountered at each New Zealand release locality would eventually become prevalent there Genetic markers which will enable the South American populations that have become successful in New Zealand to be identified are being developed and this paper reports a preliminary assessment of M hyperodae allozyme variation Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) was the only variable enzyme of the six that were assayed and it exhibited variation consistent with the presence of two alleles All parasitoids from east of the Andes (Argentina Brazil and Uruguay) were heterozygous (MDHa/MDHb) while all those from the west (Chile) were homozygous (MDHa/MDHa) This corroborates earlier morphometric evidence of genetic differentiation between South American populations and indicates that work with additional enzymes should yield more markers

scholarly journals Simultaneous prediction in the generalized linear model

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1037-1047
Author(s):  
Chao Bai ◽  
Haiqi Li
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Generalized Linear Model ◽  
Target Function ◽  
Finite Sample ◽  
Linear Unbiased Prediction ◽  
Composite Target ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Simultaneous Prediction ◽  
Best Linear Unbiased ◽  
The Mean

AbstractThis paper studies the prediction based on a composite target function that allows to simultaneously predict the actual and the mean values of the unobserved regressand in the generalized linear model. The best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) of the target function is derived. Studies show that our BLUP has better properties than some other predictions. Simulations confirm its better finite sample performance.

Ancient divergence and biogeography of Raukaua (Araliaceae) and close relatives in the southern hemisphere

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Mitchell ◽  
Rong Li ◽  
Joseph W. Brown ◽  
Ines Schönberger ◽  
Jun Wen
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Divergence Times ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Representative Species ◽  
The Common ◽  
Close Relatives

Molecular genetic analyses were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships and estimate divergence times for Raukaua species and their close relatives. A monophyletic group identified as the ‘greater Raukaua clade’ was circumscribed, with eight representative species; its basal divergence was estimated at c. 70 Mya, possibly after Zealandia had separated from Gondwana. Raukaua is paraphyletic because of the placement of Motherwellia, Cephalaralia, Cheirodendron and Schefflera s.s. The phylogeny supports a more narrowly circumscribed Raukaua that includes the New Zealand but not the South American or Tasmanian representatives. Ancestors of the monophyletic South American and Tasmanian Raukaua and the mainland Australian Motherwellia and Cephalaralia diverged at c. 66 Mya and their current disjunction may be vicariant, with overland dispersal between Australia and South America, possibly via Antarctica. Vicariance is also a likely mechanism for divergence at c. 57 Mya of the monophyletic Motherwellia, Cephalaralia and Tasmanian Raukaua. The common ancestor of New Zealand Raukaua¸ Cheirodendron and Schefflera s.s. is inferred to have existed c. 62 Mya in New Zealand, before the marine incursions during the Oligocene, implying that New Zealand Raukaua and Schefflera s.s. survived the inundation period or speciated outside New Zealand and subsequently colonised. Ancestors of Cheirodendron split from New Zealand Raukaua c. 43 Mya and dispersed over vast expanses of the south-western Pacific to Hawaii.

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