Plebiscitarianism Revisited: A Typology of Independence Referendums

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Marc Sanjaume-Calvet
Keyword(s):  
Actual Decision

Abstract This article explores the strategic functions of independence referendums. These referendums are normally framed as popular decisions on statehood over a certain territory. However, I argue that the popular will does not always have the decisory function that plebiscitarian theories suggest. In fact, actual decision referendums are rare; often independence referendums are instead used strategically as a leverage and signalling tactic. The article is structured as follows. First, I propose two key criteria to classify independence referendums regarding actors and timing. Through the application of these criteria, I build a typology proposing four main uses of referendums: leverage, signalling, decision and ratification. Second, I focus on the specific case of leverage referendums. I argue that analyzing the outcomes of leverage referendums can provide some clues about why secessionists still call for these referendums even though they almost never result in internationally recognized statehood. Finally, I conclude by discussing the implications of my findings.

The Measurement of Performance in Probabilistic Diagnosis IV. Utility Considerations in Therapeutics and Prognostics

1981 ◽  
Vol 20 (02) ◽  
pp. 80-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. F. Habbema ◽  
J. Hilden
Keyword(s):  
Decision Theory ◽  
Figure Of Merit ◽  
Acute Abdominal Pain ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Expected Loss ◽  
Patient Benefit ◽  
Evaluation Approach ◽  
Average Loss ◽  
Actual Decision ◽  
Probabilistic Diagnosis

It is argued that it is preferable to evaluate probabilistic diagnosis systems in terms of utility (patient benefit) or loss (negative benefit). We have adopted the provisional strategy of scoring performance as if the system were the actual decision-maker (not just an aid to him) and argue that a rational figure of merit is given by the average loss which patients would incur by having the system decide on treatment, the treatment being selected according to the minimum expected loss principle of decision theory.A similar approach is taken to the problem of evaluating probabilistic prognoses, but the fundamental differences between treatment selection skill and prognostic skill and their implications for the assessment of such skills are stressed. The necessary elements of decision theory are explained by means of simple examples mainly taken from the acute abdomen, and the proposed evaluation tools are applied to Acute Abdominal Pain data analysed in our previous papers by other (not decision-theoretic) means. The main difficulty of the decision theory approach, viz. that of obtaining good medical utility values upon which the analysis can be based, receives due attention, and the evaluation approach is extended to cover more realistic situations in which utility or loss values vary from patient to patient.

scholarly journals Elite Decision-making and International Law: Promises and Perils of the Behavioral Revolution

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 242-247
Author(s):  
Emilie M. Hafner-Burton
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
International Law ◽  
Real World ◽  
General Public ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Direct Study ◽  
The People ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Actual Decision

A growing body of research applies behavioral approaches to the study of international law, mainly by studying convenience samples of students or other segments of the general public. Alongside the promises of this agenda are concerns about applying findings from non-elite populations to the people, and groups of people, charged with most real-world decision-making in the domain of law and governance. This concern is compounded by the fact that it is extremely difficult to recruit these actual decision-makers in a way that allows for direct study.

When Praising Yourself Insults Others: Self-Superiority Claims Provoke Aggression

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 1008-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolien Van Damme ◽  
Eliane Deschrijver ◽  
Eline Van Geert ◽  
Vera Hoorens
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Actual Decision ◽  
Better Than

We tested the prediction, derived from the hubris hypothesis, that bragging might serve as a verbal provocation and thus enhance aggression. Experiments 1 and 2 were vignette studies where participants could express hypothetical aggression; Experiment 3 was an actual decision task where participants could make aggressive and/or prosocial choices. Observers disliked an explicit braggart (who claimed to be “better than others”) or a competence braggart as compared with an implicit braggart (who claimed to be “good”) or a warmth braggart, respectively. Showing that explicit and competence bragging function as verbal provocations, observers responded more aggressively to the explicit and competence braggart than to the implicit and warmth braggart, respectively. They did so because they inferred that an explicit and a competence braggart viewed other people and them negatively, and therefore disliked the braggart. Rather than praising the self, braggarts are sometimes viewed as insulting others.

scholarly journals Models for Multiple Attribute Decision Making with Some 2-Tuple Linguistic Pythagorean Fuzzy Hamy Mean Operators

Mathematics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiumei Deng ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
Guiwu Wei ◽  
Mao Lu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Supplier Selection ◽  
Fuzzy Numbers ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Multiple Attribute Decision Making ◽  
Linguistic Terms ◽  
Multiple Integration ◽  
Multiple Attribute ◽  
Pythagorean Fuzzy Numbers ◽  
Actual Decision

The Hamy mean (HM) operator, as a useful aggregation tool, can capture the correlation between multiple integration parameters, and the 2-tuple linguistic Pythagorean fuzzy numbers (2TLPFNs) are a special kind of Pythagorean fuzzy numbers (PFNs), which can easily describe the fuzziness in actual decision making by 2-tuple linguistic terms (2TLTs). In this paper, to consider both Hamy mean (HM) operator and 2TLPFNs, we combine the HM operator, weighted HM (WHM) operator, dual HM (DHM) operator, and dual WHM (DWHM) operator with 2TLPFNs to propose the 2-tuple linguistic Pythagorean fuzzy HM (2TLPFHM) operator, 2-tuple linguistic Pythagorean fuzzy WHM (2TLPFWHM) operator, 2-tuple linguistic Pythagorean fuzzy DHM (2TLPFDHM) operator and 2-tuple linguistic Pythagorean fuzzy DWHM (2TLPFDWHM) operator. Then some multiple attribute decision making (MADM) procedures are developed based on these operators. At last, an applicable example for green supplier selection is given.

scholarly journals The estimation of seismic risk for central Italy

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. CAPUTO ◽  
V. I. KEILIS-BOROK ◽  
T. I. KRONROD ◽  
G. M. MOLCHAN ◽  
G. F. PANZA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Actual Decision

The estimation of seismic risk is made for three types of objects in the central Italy, considering three kinds of models: 1) - A(2I,g): the intensity of the Poisson's flow of earthquakes, M being the magnitude, g the liypocentre. 2) - I(g,g,M): giving the distribution on the surface for a single earthquake (g,M), g being the epicentre. 3) - x(g,I): giving the effect x of the shakings of intensity / , g being the position of the object. For actual decision-making additional computations may be necessary in order to estimate how our results are influenced by the errors in these models. However practical decision can be made on the basis of these data, because the experience shows that normally results are exagerated.

ASSESSING THE ASSESSMENTS: BRITISH PLANNING AUTHORITIES AND THE REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENTS

1999 ◽  
Vol 01 (03) ◽  
pp. 369-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
PHILIPPA KREUSER ◽  
RICHARD HAMMERSLEY
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Local Planning ◽  
Consultation System ◽  
Independent Review ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
British Planning ◽  
Actual Decision ◽  
Planning Authority

For environment assessments to provide a positive contribution to official decision making in planning, the resulting environmental statement (ES) needs to exhibit such qualities as veracity, completeness and understandability; therefore the planning authority should "review" the ES to establish whether this is indeed the case and then move on to utilising the information contained therein. This research surveyed a sample of British local planning authorities to discover how they "assess the assessments" and use the information supplied. The literature suggests that planners use the "statutory consultation" system to achieve many aspects of a review, and therefore, a sample of consultees was asked about their treatment of ESs. From the surveys, it is clear that planners do in fact place great reliance on the consultees to review, verify and summarise at least parts of ESs. However there is some mismatch between the expectations of consultee review on the part of planners against the objectives of the consultees themselves. This then throws into question how useful the information is in the actual decision making processes. The paper goes on to examine the alternatives available for reviews and proposes the development of an independent review body which can ensure that ESs are "fit for purpose".

common law. This is a far reaching power to interfere with the freedom of individuals to contract. The court can say ‘no’, you cannot freely agree this, because, in our opinion, it is not fair and reasonable. The actual decision in this case specifically regarding s 55 is of limited importance (as we are told s 55 is protecting the contracts made between 18 May 1973 and 1 February 1978) and, as such, would soon outlive its usefulness. However, the wording of s 55 is substantially replicated in s 11 and Schedule 2 of UCTA 1977, which Bridge predicts will be of increasing importance (and he was correct). • He discusses the fact that the exercise of any power to decide what is fair or reasonable will involve legitimate judicial differences and that the courts should refrain from interfering with the decision of the previous court unless they feel that there was a clearly wrong decision or that the case was decided on some clearly erroneous principle. • Lord Bridge turns to a question of construction, of the meaning of words used in the statute. • The onus is on the respondents to show that it would not be fair or reasonable to allow the appellant to rely on the relevant condition. • Appellants said the court must look at the situation at the date of the contract, but Lord Bridge said that the true meaning of the phrase in s 55(5) ‘regard shall be had to all the circumstances of the case’ must mean that the situation at the time of breach and after breach must be taken into account. • Lord Bridge discusses another issue of the meaning of words used in the statute. The meaning of the words ‘to the extent’ in s 55(4). • Lord Bridge asks: ‘Is it fair and reasonable to allow partial reliance on a limitation clause, to decide…that the respondents should recover say, half their consequential damage?’ • Lord Bridge goes on to say that he considers that the meaning of the phrase ‘to the extent’ is ‘in so far as or in circumstances in which’. • He suggests that the phrase does not ‘permit the kind of judgment of Solomon illustrated by the example’. The reference to Solomon is typical of the literary/religious referencing that one often finds in cases. Solomon was an Old Testament king accredited with much wisdom in his judging. When confronted with a baby claimed by two mothers he suggested cutting it in half so each could have half. The false mother agreed, the real mother said no, the other mother could have the baby. Thus, he located the real mother.

2012 ◽  
pp. 110-110
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Common Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wrong Decision ◽  
The Real ◽  
Relevant Condition ◽  
True Meaning ◽  
Actual Decision

13. The nature of judicial review

2020 ◽  
pp. 277-308
Author(s):  
Neil Parpworth
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Private Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
Procedural Reform ◽  
Actual Decision ◽  
Public Bodies

Judicial review is a procedure whereby the courts determine the lawfulness of the exercise of executive power. It is concerned with the legality of the decision-making process as opposed to the merits of the actual decision. Thus it is supervisory rather than appellate. Emphasis is also placed on the fact that the jurisdiction exists to control the exercise of power by public bodies. This chapter discusses the supervisory jurisdiction of the courts, procedural reform, the rule in O’Reilly v Mackman, the public law/private law distinction, collateral challenge, and exclusion of judicial review. The procedure for making a claim for judicial review under the Civil Procedural Rules (CPR) 54 is outlined.

Supporting Pediatric Patients and Their Families at the End of Life: Perspectives From Bereaved Parents

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 1009-1015
Author(s):  
Laura K. Sedig ◽  
Jessica L. Spruit ◽  
Trisha K. Paul ◽  
Melissa K. Cousino ◽  
Harlan McCaffery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
The United States ◽  
Parental Perception ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Supportive Services ◽  
Bereaved Parents ◽  
Actual Decision

Background: Cancer remains the leading cause of death by disease for children in the United States. It is imperative to optimize measures to support patients and families facing the end of a child’s life. This study asked bereaved parents to reflect on their child’s end-of-life care to identify which components of decision-making, supportive services, and communication were helpful, not helpful, or lacking. Methods: An anonymous survey about end-of-life experiences was sent to families of children treated at a single institution who died of a malignancy between 2010 and 2017. Results: Twenty-eight surveys were returned for a 30.8% response rate. Most of the bereaved parents (61%) reported a desire for shared decision-making; this was described by 52% of families at the end of their child’s life. There was a statistically significant association between how well death went and whether the parental perception of actual decision-making aligned with desired decision-making ( P = .002). Families did not utilize many of the supportive services that are available including psychology and psychiatry (only 22% used). Respondents felt that additional services would have been helpful. Conclusions: Health care providers should strive to participate in decision-making models that align with the preferences of the patient and family and provide excellent communication. Additional resources to support families following the death of a child should be identified for families or developed and funded if a gap in available services is identified.

The falsifiability of actual decision-making models.

2014 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 676-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Heathcote ◽  
E.-J. Wagenmakers ◽  
Scott D. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Making Models ◽  
Actual Decision
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