Варијантност лингвистичке терминологије у србистици код именовања лексике преузете из словенских језика

Variance of Serbian Linguistic Terms for Naming Lexemes Borrowed from Slavic LanguagesThis article provides an overview of Serbian linguistic terms for naming lexemes borrowed from Slavic languages. The terms were extracted from the reference linguistic sources in which they are mentioned, such as encyclopedic dictionaries of the linguistic terminology of the Serbian language and the latest Правопис српскога језика [Orthographic Rules of the Serbian Language], and from previous Serbian literature, such as monographs, studies and articles by various Serbian linguists. Considering the entire extracted material, the study notes terminological problems concerning the variance and inconsistency of linguistic terms in this area. It also makes a comparison with linguistic terms in other Slavic languages, based on the material from the Dictionary of Slavonic Linguistic Terminology and the Slavic Bibliographic Database iSybislaw. Wariantywność serbskich terminów językoznawczych na określenie leksemów zapożyczonych z języków słowiańskichNiniejszy artykuł przedstawia serbskie terminy językoznawcze określające leksemy zapożyczone z języków słowiańskich. Omawiane terminy pochodzą ze źródeł językoznawczych, w których się pojawiają, takich jak encyklopedyczne słowniki serbskiej terminologii językoznawczej czy najnowszy Правопис српскога језика [Zasady ortograficzne języka serbskiego], oraz z serbskiej literatury przedmiotu, np. monografii, studiów i artykułów serbskich językoznawców. W odniesieniu do całości analizowanego materiału, opracowanie zwraca uwagę na problemy terminologiczne związane z wariantywnością i niespójnością terminów językoznawczych w tym zakresie. Dokonuje również porównania z terminami w innych językach słowiańskich na podstawie materiału ze słownika pod redakcją Aloisa Jedlički (Slovník slovanské lingvistické terminologie / Словарь славянской лингвистической терминологии / Dictionary of Slavonic Linguistic Terminology) oraz bibliograficznej bazy danych iSybislaw.

Sustainable performance analysis and ranking of organizations through fuzzy multi-criteria group decision making - A case study

In this paper, a decision support methodology for multiple attributes group decision making problem is developed. The proposed methodologies are based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Grey Relation analysis (GRA) and hybrid GRA-DEA methods. These methods are implemented for evaluation and ranking of organizations in sustainable perspective. In the proposed methods, the payoff values of alternatives are expressed in linguistic terms, given by the decision makers. Then, these linguistic terms are described by triangular fuzzy numbers. Charnes model of DEA is formulated in fuzzy environment to determine efficiencies of DMUs. Following the GRA method’s algorithm, a relative closeness coefficient is defined to determine the ranking order of all alternatives by calculating the distances to the fuzzy positive-ideal solution (FPIS), as well as to the fuzzy negative-ideal solution (FNIS). Also, performance evaluation of these companies is made through hybrid GRA-DEA in fuzzy environment. The weights of the criteria are determined objectively during evaluation of these companies in the proposed GRA and DEA-GRA methods. Comparison of proposed approaches is made and final ranking of the organizations is sustainable perspective is arrived. The proposed methodologies are illustrated with a case study of five steel manufacturing companies in India.

Debatable aspects of constructing construction of corpus delicti in the sphere of economic activity (Chapter 22 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation)

The article analyzes the features of the regulation of crimes in the field of economic activity with formal, material and truncated structures of the compositions in the 1996 Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The author notes that the presence in Chapter 22 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of a significant number of criminal-legal prohibitions containing a formal type of structure of a crime is criticized in the doctrine of criminal law and does not always meet the rules of criminalization of a socially dangerous act and the needs of law enforcement practice. The absence of signs characterizing the economic consequences (damage, avoidance of losses, etc.) in many dispositions with a formal structure does not allow us to speak of the presence of the level of social danger necessary for criminalization of the illegal behavior of economic entities. A number of crimes, in our opinion, should be legally transferred to the category of administrative offenses. The author notes that when designing complex alternative compositions, one should carefully select the necessary features with a homogeneous nature and level of public danger. Such alternative signs should be used in a situation where it is impossible to use abstract linguistic terms covering all the signs listed in the disposition. You should also avoid including false signs in alternative constructions of dispositions: repetitive, unreasonable criminologically, intersecting with other elements of crime, etc.

Jazyk a krajina v antropologickém výzkumu

Language is a key element in the perception, formation, and reproduc- tion of landscapes and group boundaries. It is effective in at least three dimensions, namely, the inner/cognitive, the outward/appropriative, and the collective/identitarian. The inner dimension refers to the fact that our perception of landscape and our spatial cognition are determined, to a large extent, by the linguistic terms and grammatical structures specific to our language. The outward dimension refers to the capacity of language to project linguistically- and culturally-determined understandings into the physical world and create and appropriate places and landscapes by the act of naming. Finally, the collective dimension points to the importance of the linguistic delimitation of landscapes and their association with group identities. The article summarizes crucial recent findings in all three of the aforementioned dimensions and suggests possibilities for further research

The application of probabilistic linguistic CODAS method based on new score function in multi-criteria decision-making

Probabilistic linguistic term sets (PLTSs) play an important role in multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM) problems because it can not only describe objects with several possible linguistic terms, but also represent the proportion of each linguistic term, which can effectively avoid the distortion of decision information to a greater extent and ensure the credibility of decision results. First, to compare PLTS more simply and reasonably, we define a new score function that takes into account partial deviations. Then considering the superiority of the classic combinative distance-based assessment (CODAS) method in the complete representation of information, it is extended to the probabilistic linguistic environment. Subsequently, we improved the classic CODAS method and proposed the PL-CODAS method. Finally, we apply the PL-CODAS method to a cases of venture investors choosing emerging companies, and we compare the proposed method with PL-TOPSIS method, PL-TODIM method and PL-MABAC method to verify its applicability and effectiveness.

Application of a Novel Hybrid f-SC Risk Analysis Method in the Paint Industry

Occupational health and safety (OHS) activities aim to ensure the full mental and physical well-being of employees in the workplace. For this reason, it is essential to determine the precautions to be taken and the suitability of risk assessments. In this study, f-SC, a novel hybrid risk analysis method using Step-Wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) and Complex Proportional Assessment (COPRAS) multi-criteria decision making methods (MCDM) based on fuzzy logic, was developed to perform a classical Fine–Kinney risk analysis method. There are few studies in the literature about the Fine–Kinney method compared to other risk analysis methods such as FMEA and FTA. Therefore, this work aimed to integrate this classical method with the proposed method to obtain more accurate and sensitive results in risk analyses. First, the criteria used in determining the risk score were weighted with the help of 10 OHS experts. As the criteria used in the classical method are evaluated with equal importance, this situation can cause serious errors in the risk scores obtained with the relevant calculations and in the risk priorities based on these calculations. We aimed to minimize the occurrence of such errors by determining the weights of the criteria with the proposed method. f-SWARA was used for this process. The weights of probability, exposure, and severity criteria were obtained as 0.196, 0.285, and 0.518, respectively. Thus, it was determined that severity is an important and effective criterion for calculating the risk score. In the proposed method, after the criterion weights were determined, an analysis of the hazards was conducted with the f-COPRAS method instead of the classical Fine–Kinney method. Contrary to the numerical values used in the classical method, in this method, decision makers use linguistic terms that are more intuitive than numerical values. These linguistic terms were converted into numerical values using this method based on fuzzy logic, and a ranking of hazards was obtained. As a result of the analyses, it was seen that the case study, H7, which had a 0.557 Ni value, was the most dangerous scenario and that H11, which had a 1.000 Ni value, was the least dangerous. In addition, for the same data, analyses were conducted using the fuzzy Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) method, which has been previously used in the literature, and a comparison was made with the f-SC method to demonstrate the validity of the study. The results of the f-VIKOR and classical Fine–Kinney methods were similar to the developed f-SC method. This research provides three contributions: (1) criteria must be weighted to determine risk scores, (2) using intuitive linguistic terms in scoring criteria made the risk analysis method more sensitive and appropriate, and (3) using MCDM methods instead of classical methods for the risk analyses in the OHS field removes uncertainties.

Economic relations in the terminological system

The purpose of the study is to study the peculiarities of terminology based on the analysis of economic relations in the dictionaries of Uzbek linguistics. In order to achieve the purpose of the research, the following tasks are identified: analysis of the literature on the relationship between terms and equonyms, a critical approach to existing theories; highlighting the relationship between terms and equonyms; coverage of equonyms and equonymic relations in Uzbek linguistic terminology. The following methods of scientific analysis were used in the research: linguistic description, system, statistical, contextual analysis methods. The method of linguistic analysis was used in the analysis of the scientific literature on the research topic. The system analysis method was used to illuminate the relationship. Statistical analysis has been widely used in the study of the place of linguistic terms in the Uzbek dictionaries. The results of the research allowed to develop the following scientific and practical conclusions and recommendations: analysis of terms and equonymic relations, helps to organize the terms and interpret the meanings and include them in the general dictionary. In particular, in Uzbek linguistics, issues such as the relationship between equonyms and terms, the peculiarities of linguistic terms are relevant.

"Unity in thinking: transformations of the concept of cooperation in the German cognitive-linguistic continuum"

The work is an attempt to consider the concept of “cooperation” in cognitive-linguistic terms, taking as a syntagmatic basis “thinking”, which contains the motivating feature of the primary basis: the cognitive verb denken [think]. The term “semantic function” is one of the main terms in the work: this function acts as a stimulus for semantic transformation and the formation of a new semantic quality. The aim of the research is to analyze different semantic transformations in: 1. Formation of a derivative prefixed verb mitdenken. 2. Formation of the reflexive verbs sich einigen and sich sammeln. 3. Formation of the construction “adverb and cognitive verb”: miteinanderdenken/ zusammendenken / gemeinsamdenken. 4. Formation of the construction “preposition, pronoun and cognitive verb”: mit anderen erarbeiten. Through the method of componential analysis, the work presents lexemes, morphemes and functional words referring to the same semantic field.

Two essays about E. D. Polivanov’s linguistic activity (to the 130th anniversary of the birth)

The paper analyses two episodes of the Russian and Soviet scientist Evgeny Dmitrievich Polivanov’s versatile activity: his opposition to N. Ya. Marr’s ‘science of language’ and attempts to standardise the nomenclature of the linguistics of the beginning of the XXth century in a dictionary of linguistic terms. The research presents E. D. Polivanov’s arguments made against the erroneous doctrine which dominated Soviet linguistics in the 1930–40s. At that time, N. Ya. Marr’s theory was advanced as the only correct direction of scientific development in national linguistics. E. D. Polivanov’s pioneering work to organise national science resulted in the compilation of a new dictionary of linguistic and literary criticism terms. This book was not published and only came out at the end of the XXth century. The paper analyses the definitions of several terms obtained from the edition. Additionally, it is suggested that in E. D. Polivanov’s dictionary one can see a ‘snapshot’ of the evolution of the national linguistics at the beginning of the XXth century.

A novel linguistic decision-making method based on the voting model for large-scale linguistic decision making

The notable characteristic of large-scale linguistic decision-making problems is that there are so many decision makers who provide linguistic assessments by using fuzzy linguistic representation models. In real-world applications, fuzzy linguistic terms mean different things for different people, and linguistic assessments based on different linguistic representation models may be simultaneous in the same large-scale linguistic decision-making problems. To this end, a novel linguistic decision-making method based on the voting model is proposed in the paper to deal with multi-linguistic assessments provided by decision makers. In large-scale linguistic decision process, evaluation-based voting is defined and multi-linguistic decision matrix is designed to represent multi-linguistic assessments provided by decision makers by using different linguistic representation models, and properties of the decision matrix are analyzed to show that linguistic assessments based on different linguistic representation models can be simultaneously represented. Based on multi-linguistic decision matrix, a new linguistic decision-making framework is developed to deal with large-scale linguistic decision-making problems with multi-linguistic assessments, in which normalization of multi-linguistic decision matrix and trust degrees of linguistic terms are contained, and more important, based on trust degrees of linguistic terms and 2-tuple fuzzy linguistic aggregation operators, an uniform fusion method of multi-linguistic assessments is proposed to aggregate multi-linguistic assessments of large-scale linguistic decision-making problems. Finally, user experiences of shared bikes, which are a large-scale linguistic decision-making problem in real-world applications, are employed to show the new decision-making framework and the uniform fusion method of multi-linguistic assessments, and furthermore, compared with existing linguistic decision-making methods analyzed in the example, it seems that multi-linguistic decision matrix and the uniform fusion method are useful and effective tools to deal with large-scale linguistic decision-making problems with multi-linguistic assessments.