Responses of Rhodes Grass and Overseeded Legumes to Nitrogen and Potash Fertilizers and to the Availability of Soil Potassium in Israel

1966 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dovrat
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Potassium Starvation ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Equal Split

SummaryResults are reported from experiments with nitrogen and potash fertilizers in irrigated Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana), into which annual winter legumes, e.g. berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) and vetch (Vicia sativa) were overseeded. The experiments were carried out over a three year period on a sandy loam soil at Bet Dagan Experimental Farm, Israel. Ammonium sulphate, applied in equal split rates of up to 384 lb N per acre, linearly increased dry matter yields of Rhodes grass, and the increase of yield proportionally increased the uptake of K by harvest. The K content of the dry matter decreased with increasing nitrogen fertilization to 0·47 per cent which, however, was still found sufficient for maintaining maximum production of Rhodes grass. The yield of annual winter legumes decreased proportionally to the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied during the summer. Acute potassium starvation was observed. An autumn application of potassium chloride restored dry matter production to normal levels. Availability of soil K, expressed in terms of energies of replacement [ΔF(− 1)], decreased proportionally to the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied. When ΔF reached approximately 4,250 cal/mol, overseeded legumes were K-deficient, whereas Rhodes grass at that value was still able to extinct sufficient K from the soil for normal growth.

scholarly journals The influence of defoliation and nitrogen on the regrowth of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth). 1. Dry matter production and tillering.

1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-101
Author(s):  
A. Dovrat ◽  
G.P. Dirven ◽  
B. Dienum
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
N Application ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Chloris Gayana Kunth

In pot experiments Rhodes grass (cv. "Common" and "Katambora") was fertilized with 1.43 and 8.29 meq N/100 g soil over a period of 56 days and was cut every 14 or 28 days. Cutting at 28 days considerably increased total shoot weight. Root weight per pot of low-N plants was 31 and 23% higher than that of high-N plants at 14- and 28-day cutting intervals, respectively. N application generally increased the average number of harvest tillers, but individual tillers regrew a fewer number of times than those receiving low N. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

A comparison of twenty-seven introduced grasses in two dry-tropical environments in northern Queensland

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (77) ◽  
pp. 788 ◽  
Author(s):  
LA Edye
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Fertilizer System

In a grazed sward trial to compare dry matter production from 25 grass accessions fertilized with 250 kg ha-1 urea annually over a period of four years at 'Lansdown', the highest yielding grasses were Cenchrus ciliaris (buffel grass) cvv. Nunbank and Biloela. Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass) accession 16059, Panicum maximum (green panic) cv. Petrie and C. gayana cv. Callide in that order. Several species failed to persist and some accessions of Chloris, Paspalum and Melinis were virtually non-existent by the end of the second season. In another experiment comparing dry matter production under grazing of 23 accessions sown with a standard legume mixture at two sites ('Lansdown' and 'Fanning River') over periods of five and four years respectively, the highest yields were obtained from Urochloa mosambicensis 6559, C. ciliaris cv. Tarewinnabar and accession 18019 at both sites. Urochloa was top yielder in the higher rainfall site at 'Lansdown' and the two buffel grasses were best at the drier site 'Fanning River'. Of the 23 accessions sown, only 12 at 'Lansdown' and only 7 at 'Fanning River' were persisting strongly when the experiment was completed. Grasses common to both experiments at 'Lansdown' were higher in nitrogen when grown with associated legumes than when grown alone and fertilized with urea. Grass nitrogen levels were low enough to reduce intake by cattle of nearly all accessions throughout the growing season under the urea fertilizer system and phosphorus levels in the grass were generally below that considered adequate for animal nutrition in the legume plots; however, the legumes would probably supply sufficient to meet the animal's requirements for at least part of the year. At 'Fanning River' the accessions were generally lower in nitrogen and phosphorus than at 'Lansdown'.

Performance of Southern African Digitaria spp. in southern Queensland

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (67) ◽  
pp. 186 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Strickland
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Chloris Gayana

Dry matter production and quality of 45 Digitaria accessions were measured over the period 1964-70. In three experiments at Samford, south-east Queensland, the accessions were fertilized with either 336 or 672 kg ha-1 of N a year and cut four-weekly. Both total and cool season production was measured. Highest annual yields were produced by D. smutsii (40,000 kg ha-1), D. macroglossa (37,000 kg ha-1) and D. decumbens (30,000 kg ha-1). D. decumbens yielded up to 5000 kg ha-1 dry matter between May and September compared with up to 6800 kg ha-1 from D. pentzii, 6700 kg ha-1 from D. macroglossa and 6400 kg ha-1 from D. smutsii. In two other experiments persistence and production of nine accessions were compared with those of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) on heavy, gilgaied clay soil at Meandarra, Queensland and with Panicum coloratum var. makarikariense on a shallow, self mulching, sedentary black earth at Southbrook, Queensland. D. decumbens showed the greatest potential for persistence and production at Meandarra and one strain of D. smutsii had the greatest yields at Southbrook. Digestibility and mineral content varied little between species and were generally satisfactory for animal production. Digitaria tended to be higher in phosphorus content than P. coloratum and C. gayana.

scholarly journals Effect of Nitrogen Level on Herbage and Seed Yield of Rhodes Grass (Chloris gayana)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Mulisa Faji Dida ◽  
Alemeyehu Abebe Lemore ◽  
Kedija Ahmed Seid
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Chloris Gayana

Nitrogen is the most important macronutrient for forage and food crop production. Currently, cultivable lands in Ethiopia undergo a deficiency of this element. Thus, this study was conducted to find an appropriate rate of nitrogen (N) fertilizer for the better agronomic performance of Chloris gayana Masaba. The experiment was carried out at Assosa Agricultural Research Center. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications, and the treatments were five levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 23, 46, 69, and 92 kg N/ha). The collected data were analyzed using the general linear model procedure of SAS, and the least significance difference was used for mean separation. Plant height at forage harvesting, dry matter yield, leaf to stem ratio, leaf height, number of leaves per plant, number of tillers, and seed yield were significantly ( p < 0.001 ) influenced by the year of planting while nonsignificantly ( p > 0.05 ) by nitrogen fertilizer rate and interaction of planting year and fertilizer rate. The mean leaf to stem ratio was significantly ( p < 0.001 ) higher in 2017 and 2018 than in the 2019 planting year. However, forage dry matter yield was significantly ( p < 0.001 ) higher in 2019, followed by 2018 and 2017 planting years. Mean seed yield was significantly ( p < 0.001 ) different among the establishment years and the peak seed yield productivity attained during the third year of harvesting (1st = 2nd < 3rd year of harvesting). Generally, all measured agronomic traits were not significantly responsive to the different fertilizer rates, and in the economic point of view, 0 kg of N/ha is recommended.

Osmotic and ionic effects of various electrolytes on the growth of wheat

Soil Research ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pichu Rengasamy
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Osmotic Effect ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Hoagland Nutrient Solution ◽  
Ionic Effects

Pot experiments were conducted using a sandy loam soil and various electrolyte solutions such as NaCl, CaCl2, Na2SO4, and Hoagland nutrient solution containing all macro- and micro-nutrient elements in appropriate proportions, inducing different electrical conductivity (EC) levels of the soil solution during the growth of Krichauff wheat while the water content in the pot soils was maintained at field capacity. The resulting differences in dry matter production after 40 days of growth clearly indicated the continuous operation of osmotic effect as the EC of the soil solution increased from 0.7 to 41.0 dS/m. However, the osmotic effect became dominant and severely restricted plant growth when the soil solution EC increased above a ‘threshold value’, which was 25 dS/m, corresponding to an osmotic pressure of 900 kPa, in this experiment. Below this EC value, particularly at low EC values, ionic effects due to Na+, Ca2+, SO42–, and Cl– were also evident, but it could not be concluded whether these effects were due to toxicity or ion imbalance. The osmotic effect at EC values above the threshold resulted in greatly reduced water uptake from pot soils, the unused water being in the range 89–96% of the field capacity of the soil. Water use efficiency is a major factor in profitable and sustainable dryland agriculture. Both soil management and selection and breeding of salt-tolerant plants should concentrate on ensuring that the threshold EC value for severe osmotic effects is not reached under field conditions.

Ammonia volatilization from surface-applied livestock slurry as affected by slurry composition and slurry infiltration depth

2006 ◽  
Vol 144 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. SOMMER ◽  
L. S. JENSEN ◽  
S. B. CLAUSEN ◽  
H. T. SØGAARD
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Fertilizer Value ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Water Values ◽  
Slurry Composition

Volatilization of ammonia (NH3) from slurry applied in the field is considered a risk to the environment and reduces the fertilizer value of the slurry. To reduce volatilization a better understanding of the slurry–soil interaction is needed. Therefore, the present study focuses on measuring NH3 volatilization as affected by differences in infiltration. Livestock slurries with different dry matter (DM) composition and viscosity were included in the experiments by using untreated cattle and pig slurry, pig slurry anaerobically digested in a biogas plant and pig slurry anaerobically digested and physically separated. NH3 volatilization was measured using dynamic chambers and related to infiltration of the livestock slurries in the soil by measuring chloride (Cl−) and Total Ammoniacal Nitrogen (TAN=ammonium (NH4+)+NH3) concentrations in soil at different depths from 0·5 to 6·0 cm from the soil surface. The slurries were applied to sandy and sandy-loam soils packed in boxes within the chambers. There were no significant differences in relative volatilization of NH3 from untreated cattle and pig slurries, but anaerobic digestion of pig slurry increased volatilization due to increases in pH. However, physical separation of the digested slurry reduced the volatilization compared with untreated slurry, due to increased infiltration. In general, the volatilization decreased significantly with increased infiltration. The present study shows that NH3 volatilization from applied slurry can be related to infiltration and that infiltration is related to slurry composition (i.e. DM content and particle size distribution) and soil water content. The infiltration of liquid (measured by Cl− infiltration) was affected by soil water potential, therefore, Cl− infiltrated deeper into the sandy loam soil than the sandy soil at similar gravimetric soil water values. Dry matter (DM) and large particles (>1 mm) of the slurry reduced infiltration of liquid. A high proportion of small particles (<0·025 mm) facilitated infiltration of TAN.

The effect of sodium on potassium nutrition and ionic relations in Rhodes grass

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
FW Smith
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Potassium Nutrition ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Chloris Gayana

The effects of sodium on the response of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) to potassium have been studied in pot trials. The amount of potassium required to achieve maximum growth was progressively reduced as the level of sodium application was increased from 0 to 400 mg per pot. The concentration of potassium in the tops of plants growing at 95% of maximum yield was also progressively reduced from 2.7% in plants not fertilized with sodium to 0.5% in plants receiving 400 mg sodium per pot. It is concluded that such interactions between the levels of major elements preclude the use of a 'critical potassium level' for diagnosing potassium deficiency in Rhodes grass. An alternative diagnostic scheme which takes account of interactions between some of the major elements is suggested. This scheme requires that plants would be adequately supplied with potassium if two criteria were met simultaneously: the potassium concentration was above the minimum specifically required (0.5% of the dry matter for Rhodes grass) and the cation-anion balance was above a minimum level characteristic for that particular species (800 m-equiv./kg dry weight for Rhodes grass).

A lysimeter study of the water balance of border-check irrigated perennial pasture

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bethune ◽  
Q. J. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Deep Drainage ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Loam Soil

The dairy industry is a major user of water in northern Victoria and southern New South Wales. Water is typically applied to pasture using the border-check irrigation system. The border-check system is largely gravity driven and thus energy efficient. However, deep drainage can potentially be high because the system allows only limited control over the depth of water applied in each irrigation event. For this reason, heavy soils are regarded as the most suitable for border-check irrigation. This study quantified net deep drainage (deep drainage less capillary rise) under border-check irrigated pasture on a Goulburn clay loam soil. Additionally, the study investigated the extent to which irrigation frequency and watertable conditions influence water use, dry matter production and deep drainage. The water balance and dry matter production were monitored over 2.5 years in a lysimeter facility in northern Victoria. The Goulburn clay loam is representative of the heavier textured soils used for border-check irrigation of pasture in northern Victoria. The average measured net deep drainage was 4 mm/year. This indicates that relatively small levels of net deep drainage can be achieved under well-managed border-check irrigation on a Goulburn clay loam soil. Net deep drainage losses were greatest following winter, when rainfall exceeded pasture water use for an extended period. Increasing the interval between irrigation events resulted in reduced plant water use, infiltration of irrigation water, rainfall runoff and pasture production. However, increasing the interval did not impact on net deep drainage or water use efficiency. Depth of watertable had a relatively minor impact on the water balance.

Assessment of consumer and culinary qualities of jerusalem artichoke

2019 ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Manohina ◽  
Oksana Starovoitova ◽  
Viktor Starovoitov ◽  
Yuri Masyuk ◽  
Yuri Boyko
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Jerusalem Artichoke ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
New Production ◽  
Loam Soil

The article presents the results of evaluation of consumer and culinary qualities. Despite the prescription of the growth of Jerusalem artichoke, there is no doubt that for industrial development is a new production culture. Jerusalem artichoke tubers can be used fresh and boiled. 16 varieties of various target usage with high stable quality of tubers, attractive appearance, the form of a tuber and high marketability are allocated. Under the conditions of cultivation on sandy loam soil of Korenevo dry matter content in tubers of Jerusalem artichoke was 21.4...26,4%, the content of inulin is 11.6...by 18.7%. The most in demand according to all the requirements for consumption of tubers fresh and for culinary purposes were the following classes: Nahodka, Dietichesky, Korenevskiy (hybrid), Nadezhda, Podmoskovny.

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