The influence of defoliation and nitrogen on the regrowth of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth). 1. Dry matter production and tillering.

In pot experiments Rhodes grass (cv. "Common" and "Katambora") was fertilized with 1.43 and 8.29 meq N/100 g soil over a period of 56 days and was cut every 14 or 28 days. Cutting at 28 days considerably increased total shoot weight. Root weight per pot of low-N plants was 31 and 23% higher than that of high-N plants at 14- and 28-day cutting intervals, respectively. N application generally increased the average number of harvest tillers, but individual tillers regrew a fewer number of times than those receiving low N. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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A comparison of twenty-seven introduced grasses in two dry-tropical environments in northern Queensland

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9750788 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 15 (77) ◽

pp. 788 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

LA Edye

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Rhodes Grass ◽

Nitrogen Levels ◽

Tropical Environments ◽

Matter Production ◽

Chloris Gayana ◽

Fertilizer System

In a grazed sward trial to compare dry matter production from 25 grass accessions fertilized with 250 kg ha-1 urea annually over a period of four years at 'Lansdown', the highest yielding grasses were Cenchrus ciliaris (buffel grass) cvv. Nunbank and Biloela. Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass) accession 16059, Panicum maximum (green panic) cv. Petrie and C. gayana cv. Callide in that order. Several species failed to persist and some accessions of Chloris, Paspalum and Melinis were virtually non-existent by the end of the second season. In another experiment comparing dry matter production under grazing of 23 accessions sown with a standard legume mixture at two sites ('Lansdown' and 'Fanning River') over periods of five and four years respectively, the highest yields were obtained from Urochloa mosambicensis 6559, C. ciliaris cv. Tarewinnabar and accession 18019 at both sites. Urochloa was top yielder in the higher rainfall site at 'Lansdown' and the two buffel grasses were best at the drier site 'Fanning River'. Of the 23 accessions sown, only 12 at 'Lansdown' and only 7 at 'Fanning River' were persisting strongly when the experiment was completed. Grasses common to both experiments at 'Lansdown' were higher in nitrogen when grown with associated legumes than when grown alone and fertilized with urea. Grass nitrogen levels were low enough to reduce intake by cattle of nearly all accessions throughout the growing season under the urea fertilizer system and phosphorus levels in the grass were generally below that considered adequate for animal nutrition in the legume plots; however, the legumes would probably supply sufficient to meet the animal's requirements for at least part of the year. At 'Fanning River' the accessions were generally lower in nitrogen and phosphorus than at 'Lansdown'.

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Performance of Southern African Digitaria spp. in southern Queensland

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9740186 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 14 (67) ◽

pp. 186 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

RW Strickland

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Mineral Content ◽

Phosphorus Content ◽

Clay Soil ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Cool Season ◽

Rhodes Grass ◽

Matter Production ◽

Chloris Gayana

Dry matter production and quality of 45 Digitaria accessions were measured over the period 1964-70. In three experiments at Samford, south-east Queensland, the accessions were fertilized with either 336 or 672 kg ha-1 of N a year and cut four-weekly. Both total and cool season production was measured. Highest annual yields were produced by D. smutsii (40,000 kg ha-1), D. macroglossa (37,000 kg ha-1) and D. decumbens (30,000 kg ha-1). D. decumbens yielded up to 5000 kg ha-1 dry matter between May and September compared with up to 6800 kg ha-1 from D. pentzii, 6700 kg ha-1 from D. macroglossa and 6400 kg ha-1 from D. smutsii. In two other experiments persistence and production of nine accessions were compared with those of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) on heavy, gilgaied clay soil at Meandarra, Queensland and with Panicum coloratum var. makarikariense on a shallow, self mulching, sedentary black earth at Southbrook, Queensland. D. decumbens showed the greatest potential for persistence and production at Meandarra and one strain of D. smutsii had the greatest yields at Southbrook. Digestibility and mineral content varied little between species and were generally satisfactory for animal production. Digitaria tended to be higher in phosphorus content than P. coloratum and C. gayana.

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Responses of Rhodes Grass and Overseeded Legumes to Nitrogen and Potash Fertilizers and to the Availability of Soil Potassium in Israel

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479700021670 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 255-263 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A. Dovrat

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Normal Growth ◽

Rhodes Grass ◽

Matter Production ◽

Potassium Starvation ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Chloris Gayana ◽

Equal Split

SummaryResults are reported from experiments with nitrogen and potash fertilizers in irrigated Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana), into which annual winter legumes, e.g. berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) and vetch (Vicia sativa) were overseeded. The experiments were carried out over a three year period on a sandy loam soil at Bet Dagan Experimental Farm, Israel. Ammonium sulphate, applied in equal split rates of up to 384 lb N per acre, linearly increased dry matter yields of Rhodes grass, and the increase of yield proportionally increased the uptake of K by harvest. The K content of the dry matter decreased with increasing nitrogen fertilization to 0·47 per cent which, however, was still found sufficient for maintaining maximum production of Rhodes grass. The yield of annual winter legumes decreased proportionally to the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied during the summer. Acute potassium starvation was observed. An autumn application of potassium chloride restored dry matter production to normal levels. Availability of soil K, expressed in terms of energies of replacement [ΔF(− 1)], decreased proportionally to the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied. When ΔF reached approximately 4,250 cal/mol, overseeded legumes were K-deficient, whereas Rhodes grass at that value was still able to extinct sufficient K from the soil for normal growth.

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Impact of Drought Adaptive Mechanism on Root and Root Associated Trait of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

International Journal of Plant & Soil Science ◽

10.9734/ijpss/2021/v33i1830579 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 94-101

Author(s):

S. R. Sahana ◽

B. Mohanraju ◽

K. R. Rekha ◽

H. R. Raveendra ◽

C. R. Nagesh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Root Length Density ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Rooting Depth ◽

Root Weight ◽

Wild Type ◽

Root Volume ◽

Matter Production

Roots play a vital role in plants for a wide variety of processes, including nutrient and water uptake, anchoring and mechanical support. Some phenomenal literature supports several root characters which have relevance for stress adaptation. Root characteristics such as root length density, rooting depth and root distribution have been established as constituting factors of drought resistance. Under drought situation, roots can adapt to continued growth while at the same time, sending signals to shoot that exhibit growth an above ground parts of the plant. Development of plants with deep roots may in fact stimulate photosynthetic yields as these are considered to be more controlled by the carbon sinks of plants. In this context a field experiment was conducted during Kharif -2014 in the Department of Crop Physiology, to know the effect and variations in mutants of Rice for root and root associated traits along with growth and productivity besides a few relevant drought adaptive traits. The result revealed that, the root length ranged from 24.46 cm to 38.00 cm with a mean of 32.40 cm, while wild Type recorded 32.33 cm. Similarly, the root volume and root weight recorded 21.67cc to 65cc with a mean 35.51cc and 4 g to as high as 34.30 g with a mean of 17.13g when compared to Wild Type (27.92 cc and 18.49g respectively). The total dry matter production ranged from 16.39 g-1plant to 92.12 g-1plant with a mean of 52.73 g-1 plant while, the Wild type had a total dry matter production of 55.12 g-1plant. Mutants shows significant variations in root length, root volume, root weight and total dry matter production as compared to wild type and also observe the significant variation among the mutant. These mutants with higher growth character associated with root traits are potential mutant lines for further crop improvement programme.

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AN EVALUATION OF THE T-SUM METHOD FOR EFFICIENT TIMING OF SPRING NITROGEN APPLICATIONS ON FORAGE PRODUCTION IN SOUTH COASTAL BRITISH COLUMBIA

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps89-140 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 1179-1192 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

C. G. KOWALENKO ◽

S. FREYMAN ◽

D. L. BATES ◽

N. E. HOLBEK

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

N Recovery ◽

Inorganic N ◽

N Application ◽

Apparent Lack ◽

Matter Production ◽

Coastal British Columbia

Seven field trials were conducted over 3 years (1984–1986) at two locations (Agassiz and Oyster River) in south coastal British Columbia to determine forage response to 100 kg N ha−1 applied at various time intervals in the spring according to the accumulation of average air temperatures above 0 °C from 1 Jan. (T-sum). A T-sum of 200 has been reported to be the optimum time for N application in western Europe and the United Kingdom. Both urea and ammonium nitrate were applied at the Oyster River location, while only ammonium nitrate was applied at Agassiz. First-cut forage dry matter production responded to the timing of N application in a variety of ways in the seven trials, with a decrease in growth as N was applied later in the season in most cases. In one trial, dry matter production was lowest at T-100 and T-150 compared to later times of application. Although there were variations among the trials, overall the highest yields occurred when N was applied at T-200 to T-300. Crop quality (%N or crude protein content), however, tended to increase as N was applied later in the season. Recovery of N in the plant and soil at harvest was relatively uniform for all times of N application and the distribution of extractable inorganic N in the soil profile suggested little N leaching. The dominant form of inorganic N found in the soil was ammonium. The cool soil temperatures and flush of plant and microbial activity probably contributed to the apparent lack of leaching and response of the grass to the N applied at various times early in the growing season. The timing of N application in the spring resulted in varying residual effects, whether N was applied or not after the first cut.Key words: N fertilization, yield, quality, timing, N recovery

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Root and shoot growth, and water and light use efficiency of barley and wheat crops grown on a shallow duplex soil in a mediterranean-type environment

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9920555 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 555 ◽

Cited By ~ 84

Author(s):

PJ Gregory ◽

D Tennant ◽

RK Belford

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Flag Leaf ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Root Weight ◽

Plant Weight ◽

Leaf Emergence ◽

Matter Production ◽

Use Efficiency

Growth, interception of radiation and water use of three genotypes of barley (Beecher, O'Connor and Syrian) and one of wheat (Gutha) were measured on a duplex soil at East Beverley, W.A. All crops received 11 kg P ha-1 with the seed but no nitrogen fertilizer. Growth was initially slow until 69 days after sowing (das) with only small and inconsistent differences between crops. Thereafter, Beecher and O'Connor grew faster than Syrian and Gutha, maintained growth for longer, and at harvest weighed about 7.5 t ha-1 shoot dry matter, while Syrian and Gutha were about 5.0 t ha-1. Total root weight and length of Gutha increased until anthesis but reached their maxima at 83 das in all barley crops. Root weight as a percentage of total plant weight was about 40% during the winter decreasing to about 15% by anthesis. Root distributions of Beecher and O'Connor were similar but different from those of Syrian and Gutha; the former had up to 25% of the total root length at anthesis below 40 cm, but the latter had only about 5%. Dry matter production was linearly related to the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intercepted, although the relations showed a break at about the time of flag leaf emergence, and efficiencies of conversion of PAR to dry matter were higher prior to this than after. Efficiencies for the barley crops were similar (about 2 g total dry weight MJ-1 before flag leaf emergence) and about 20% greater than for Gutha. Despite the large differences in dry matter production between crops, evapotranspiration (ET) was similar. For Beecher and O'Connor, evaporation E was about 40% of seasonal ET but for Syrian and Gutha it was about 50%. Values of water use efficiency (about 30 kg shoot ha-1 mm-1 for Beecher and OIConnor and 20 kg ha-1 mm-1 for Syrian and Gutha) were similar to other cereal crops and the amount of shoot dry matter per unit of water transpired for barley crops grown in W.A., U.K. and Syria was nearly constant; the value of the 'crop specific constant' was 3.0 Pa.

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Effects of defoliation on photosynthesis, dry matter production and yield in Soybean

Bangladesh Journal of Botany ◽

10.3329/bjb.v43i3.21592 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 261-265

Author(s):

Md Tariqul Islam

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Leaf Conductance ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Pot Experiments ◽

Matter Production ◽

Soybean Genotypes ◽

Rate Of Photosynthesis

Two pot experiments were conducted to assess the effect of various degree of defoliation on photosynthesis, dry matter production and yield in soybean. Defoliation significantly increased rate of photosynthesis and transpiration and leaf conductance of the soybean genotypes however, it decreased dry matter production and yield. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v43i3.21592 Bangladesh J. Bot. 43(3): 261-265, 2014 (December)

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Field studies on the growth and development of winter wheat

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600037059 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 97 (3) ◽

pp. 685-697 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

J. S. McLaren

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Linear Relationship ◽

Yield Components ◽

Harvest Index ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Plant Density ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

N Application ◽

Matter Production

SUMMARYThe effects of variety, plant density and time of N application on the yield and yield components of winter wheat were investigated in factorial experiments during 1977–8 and 1978–9, at Sutton Bonington. Armada produced substantially fewer vegetative tillers/m2 but the number of ears/m2, from anthesis onwards, was similar to that of Maris Huntsman. The effects of the time of N application on tiller production and survival differed between the 2 years and may have been related to the amount of residual N in the soil. A linear relationship was found between the number of tillers/m2 which died and the maximum number of tillers/m2.Kador produced a lower grain yield than Armada or Maris Huntsman, owing to a combination of lower ratio of grain D.M. to total above-ground D.M. (harvest index) and lower total dry-matter production. Armada produced a higher grain yield than Maris Huntsman in response to earlier application of N. Grain yield was less variable when final plant densities were greater than 200/m2.Grain yield was not particularly well related to individual yield components but showed a good linear relationship with number of grains/m2. Grain yield was also linearly related to total dry-matter production, with treatment effects on harvest index being relatively small. The results indicate that factors which influenced crop growth during grain site development were relatively more important than the factors affecting subsequent grain filling.

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