scholarly journals The genetics and morphology of two ‘luxoid’ mutants in the house mouse

1964 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Searle
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Group ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Left Kidney ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Mouse Mutants ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Skeletal Defects ◽  
Group Xiii ◽  
Mullerian Ducts ◽  
The Right

1. Dominant hemimelia (Dh) and postaxial hemimelia (px) both belong to the luxoid group of mouse mutants, tending to cause luxation of limb-bones associated with hemimelia and polydactyly or oligodactyly.2. Dh is about 4·8 units from leaden in linkage group XIII, while px is about 2·9 units from the microphthalmia locus in linkage group XI.3. The nature and range of skeletal anomalies found in Dh heterozygotes closely mimic those found in luxate heterozygotes and homozygotes. As in luxate, only the preaxial side of the hind-limb is affected, with (i) polydactyly or oligodactyly (sometimes also syndactyly), (ii) tibial hemimelia, (iii) reduction and fragmentation of the femur, (iv) reduction of the pubis. The more proximal the anomaly the less frequently does it occur; about 4% of Dh/ + mice show no limb anomaly. The defects in Dh homozygotes are similar but usually more extreme, with severe oligodactyly, loss of tibia, fragmentation of femur and reduction of pubis.4. All mice carrying Dh lack the spleen. Stomach size is reduced slightly in Dh/ + and greatly in Dh/Dh mice. In Dh/ + mice, the left kidney is either flattened antero-ventrally or (less frequently) hydropic; the right seems normal. Dh/Dh mice nearly always have severe hydronephrosis, as well as posterior visceral defects similar to those of the ‘uro-recto-caudal syndrome’. They usually die before weaning, but a few survive to maturity and a female has even bred.5. Preliminary developmental studies show that Dh/Dh skeletal defects can be traced back to the precartilaginous stage.6. When homozygous, px affects the postaxial side of the fore-limb and sometimes of the hind-limb also; a large ‘foramen infraspinatum’ is always present in the scapula. There may also be (i) oligodactyly and occasional syndactyly, (ii) ulnar hemimelia, (iii) distal reduction and distortion of the femur. Fore-limbs tend to be more severely affected on the right, but hind-limbs on the left. Extra sesamoid bones occur on the extensor side of digits in all four feet and are associated with extra tendons.7. Both sexes are sterile and show anomalies of the paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts. In the female, the vagina is wholly or partly double and the uterine tubes uncoiled, with an abnormal relationship to the ovary. In the male the paramesonephric duct persists in the adult, while the vas deferens runs into the distal end of the vesicular gland instead of into the urethra. The epidermis of manus and pes shows abnormal dark papillae on the extensor side.8. The mean number of presacral vertebrae is reduced by 0·8 in Dh/ + and 1·6 in Dh/Dh mice. It is also reduced in high-grade postaxial hemimelics.9. The relationships of these two genes to other luxoid mutants are discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of Autologous Platelet Rich Fibrin on the Healing of Experimental Articular Cartilage Defects of the Knee in an Animal Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davoud Kazemi ◽  
Ashraf Fakhrjou ◽  
Vahid Mirzazadeh Dizaji ◽  
Majid Khanzadeh Alishahi
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Cartilage Defects ◽  
Platelet Rich Fibrin ◽  
Cartilage Lesions ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
The Right ◽  
Autologous Platelet

The effect of autologous platelet rich fibrin (PRF), a second generation platelet product, on the healing of experimental articular cartilage lesions was evaluated in an animal model. Full thickness cartilage lesions with a diameter of 6 mm and depth of 5 mm were created in the weight bearing area of femoral condyles of both hind limbs in 12 adult mixed breed dogs. Defects in the left hind limb of each dog were repaired by PRF implantation whereas those in the right hind limb were left empty. The animals were euthanized at 4, 16, and 24 weeks following surgery and the resultant repair tissue was investigated macroscopically and microscopically. The results of macroscopic and histological evaluations indicated that there were significant differences between the PRF treated and untreated defects. In conclusion, the present study indicated that the use of platelet rich fibrin as a source of autologous growth factors leads to improvement in articular cartilage repair.

Bilateral Stifle Osteochondritis Dissecans in a Cat

2005 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Christopher Ralphs
Keyword(s):  
Physical Examination ◽  
Osteochondritis Dissecans ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Femoral Condyle ◽  
Lateral Femoral Condyle ◽  
Similar Lesion ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
The Right

A 9-month-old, castrated male, domestic shorthaired cat was presented for progressive right hind-limb lameness. A diagnosis of osteochondritis dissecans of the lateral femoral condyle was made based on radiographs and physical examination, and was confirmed by right lateral stifle arthrotomy. The cartilage flap was removed, and the underlying bone was curetted. Seven months later, the cat was sound on the right leg but developed a left hind-limb lameness. A similar lesion was found in the left leg and was treated identically. Fourteen months after presentation, the cat was sound on both hind limbs.

scholarly journals Heating produced by therapeutic ultrasound in the presence of a metal plate in the femur of canine cadavers

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 1343-1350 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.O. Andrades ◽  
A. Mazzanti ◽  
D.V. Beckmann ◽  
G. Aiello ◽  
R.O. Chaves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Therapeutic Ultrasound ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Metal Plate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Continuous Mode ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Adjacent Structures ◽  
The Right

The present study aimed to assess the heat generated by a therapeutic ultrasound (TUS) in a metal bone plate and adjacent structures after fixation to the femur of canine cadavers. Ten pairs of hind limbs were used, and they were equally distributed between groups that were subjected to 1- and 3-MHz frequencies, with each frequency testing 1- and 2-W/cm² intensities. The right hind limb was defined as the control group (absence of the metal plate), and the left hind limb was the test group (presence of the metal plate). Therefore, the control groups (CG) were denominated CGI, using TUS with 1-MHz frequency and 1-W/cm² intensity; CGII, using 1-MHz frequency and 2-W/cm² intensity; CGIII, using 3-MHz frequency and 1-W/cm² intensity; and CGIV, using 3-MHz frequency and 2-W/cm² intensity. For each control group, its respective test group (TG) was denominated TGI, TGII, TGIII and TGIV. The TUS was applied to the lateral aspect of the thigh using the continuous mode and a 3.5-cm² transducer in a 6.25-cm² area for 2 minutes. Sensors were coupled to digital thermometers that measured the temperature in different sites before (t0) and after (t1) of the TUS application. The temperatures in t1were higher in all tested groups. The intramuscular temperature was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the groups used to test the 3-MHz frequency in the presence of the metal plate. The therapeutic ultrasound in the continuous mode using frequencies of 1 and 3 MHz and intensities of 1 and 2 W/cm2 for 2 minutes caused heating of the metal plate and adjacent structures after fixation to the femur of canine cadavers.

CASE REPORT: COMBINATION OF ANTITHROMBOTICS AND THROMBOLYTICS TREATMENT IN A CAT WITH DISTAL AORTIC THROMBOEMBOLISM

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (04) ◽  
pp. 209-214
Author(s):  
Wan-Wen Huang ◽  
Chih-Chueh Jen ◽  
Wei-Ming Lee
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Physical Examination ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Dalteparin Sodium ◽  
Aortic Bifurcation ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
The Right

A 14-year-old intact male Chinchilla cat was presented to Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Chung Hsing University due to a sudden weakness of the hind limbs. Coldness was found on both hind limbs. Pulseless on the right hind limb and a weak-pulsed on the left hind limb were revealed by physical examination. Thrombus was detected in aortic bifurcation by ultrasonography. After treating the patient with supportive care, antithrombotics (including Dalteparin sodium, clopidgrel) and thrombolytics (Streptokinase), the thrombus lysed on the next day. Being able to use the affected limbs in the following days, the cat was discharged on the 6th day, although Ischemia-reperfusion injury was still presented. It indicated that thrombolytics may be a choice that is beneficial to some cats with distal aortic thromboembolism.

A Case of Parasitic Twinning or Caudal Duplication in a Dog

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 219-225
Author(s):  
Janet A. Grimes ◽  
Adrien-Maxence Hespel ◽  
Robert C. Cole ◽  
A. Ray Dillon
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Left Kidney ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
Abdominal Ultrasound ◽  
Colonic Diverticulum ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soft Tissue Masses ◽  
The Right ◽  
Caudal Duplication

ABSTRACT A 6 mo old 13.5 kg (29.7 lb) male intact American Staffordshire terrier was evaluated for a history of supernumerary pelvic limbs, with malodorous discharge from a supernumerary penis. Imaging (radiographs, abdominal ultrasound, and computed tomography with excretory urogram) showed a supernumerary pelvis with associated pelvic limbs, no osseous continuity with the primary spinal column, a colonic diverticulum extending to the supernumerary pelvis, an enlarged left kidney with a ureter connecting to a single bladder, right renal aplasia, a single descended testicle in the primary scrotum, an intra-abdominal cryptorchid testicle, and two unidentifiable soft tissue masses. At surgery, a single ileum was present with a primary and accessory cecum and colon and the accessory colon entering the supernumerary pelvis. The accessory cecum and colon, right kidney, two unknown soft tissue masses, and the single descended testicle were removed. The right kidney had a ureter that anastomosed with the accessory colon at its entry into the supernumerary pelvis. The supernumerary pelvis and hind limbs were not removed. Five months after surgery, the dog was reported to be doing well clinically. Caudal duplication is extremely rare in veterinary medicine. The appearance of supernumerary external structures may indicate internal connections as well.

scholarly journals Pygomelia and True Hermaphroditism in a Nine Week Old Large White Piglet Case Report

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
T. A. Ajadi ◽  
M. O. Olaniyi
Keyword(s):  
Left Kidney ◽  
Exploratory Laparotomy ◽  
Pelvic Bone ◽  
Atypical Epithelium ◽  
Large White ◽  
True Hermaphroditism ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Supernumerary Limbs ◽  
The Right ◽  
Normal Architecture

Abstract A nine weeks old female Large White piglet which was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, with a complaint of extra limbs was diagnosed with pygomelia and concurrent true hermaphroditism based on gross morphologic features, radiography, exploratory laparotomy and histopathology of the malformed organs. The piglet had two well-developed extra hind limbs consisting of the femur, tibia, fibula and the phalanges. Radiographically, the accessory limbs were attached to the ischium through a rudimentary pelvic bone. The supernumerary limbs were smaller than the normal appendages, but contained equal digits. The anal orifice was observed cranial to the right supernumerary limb. Caudal to the left supernumerary limb a rudimentary penis was observed. Two oval shaped fibrous masses were palpated in the inguinal canal of the piglet. In addition, there was a transparent tubular tract measuring 24 cm in length which contained serous fluid. The right kidney was rudimentary measuring 2.10 cm, while the left kidney appeared hypertrophied measuring 6.10 cm. The histology of the left kidney showed dysplastic areas of undifferentiated mesenchymal stroma in the cortex and medulla with the presence of groups of immature glomeruli in the cortex. The tubules in the medulla were scanty in number and had atypical epithelium. The adrenal glands had normal architecture with ectopic adrenal tissue in the adrenal capsule, while the ovaries and uterus were normal. It was concluded that the complex anomalies in the piglet might be as a result of a complex mode of inheritance.

scholarly journals Clinical and pathological aspects of multicentric hemangiosarcoma in a Pinscher dog

2013 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.D.C. Martins ◽  
B.B.J. Torres ◽  
A.A.M. Rodriguez ◽  
C.O. Gamba ◽  
G.D. Cassali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Pathological Fracture ◽  
The Other ◽  
Proliferation Index ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vascular Structures ◽  
The Right

A 3-year-old female Pinscher dog was presented with a history of lameness and pain in hind limbs for one week which acutely progressed to non-ambulatory paraparesis. The dog had been apathetic and anorexic during the six days prior to presentation. The neurological findings were compatible with upper motor neuron signs to the left hind limb due to a spinal cord compressive mass on the twelfth thoracic vertebral body. On the other hand, signs of lower motor neurons to the right hind limb were due to a mass with a pathological fracture in the right proximal femur, compressing the sciatic nerve. A histopathological analysis of all organs revealedthe proliferation of endothelial cells showingin filtrative growth and organization into vascular structures with a solid pattern. In addition, immunohistochemycal analysis revealed low proliferation index and citoplasmatic positivity for CD-31, confirming the vascular nature of the neoplasm. Clinical, histopathological and immunophenotipical findings were consistent with hemangiosarcoma.

scholarly journals The Value of MR-DWI and T1 Mapping in Indicating Radiation-Induced Soft Tissue Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeng Wang ◽  
Bowen Xiong ◽  
Nannan Kang ◽  
Xiaoxian Pan ◽  
Caihong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
T1 Mapping ◽  
Adc Value ◽  
Thigh Muscles ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
The Right ◽  
Tgf Β1 ◽  
Masson Staining

ObjectiveTo explore the value of MR-DWI and T1 mapping in predicting radiation-induced soft tissue fibrosis and its correlation with radiation inflammation.Methods① a total of 30 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a control group (Nor group), irradiation group (IR group) and irradiation plus glycyrrhetinic acid group (GA group). The IR group and GA group were treated with 6MV X-rays to irradiate the right hind limbs of mice for 30 Gy in a single shot. MRI examinations were performed before and on the 7th day after irradiation to measure the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value and the longitudinal relaxation time (T1) value of the hind limb muscles of the mice. On the 90th day after irradiation, the hind limb contracture was measured, and the right hind limb muscle was taken for HE staining, masson staining, immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis to detect the expression of a-SMA and Fibronectin. ② The other 30 mice were grouped randomly as above. On the 7th day after irradiation, the right hind limbs of the mice were examined by MRI to measure the ADC value and T1 value of the thigh muscles, and then the right hind thigh muscles were immediately sacrificed to detect IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-a and TGF-β1 expression with ELISA.ResultsOn the 7th day after irradiation, the ADC values ​​of right hind thigh muscles of mice in Nor group, IR group and GA group were (1.35 ± 0.11)*10-3mm2/s, (1.48 ± 0.07) *10-3mm2/s and (1.36 ± 0.13)*10-3mm2/s, respectively, by which the differences between the IR group and Nor group (P=0.008) and that between IR group and GA group (P=0.013) were statistically significant; T1 values ​​were (1369.7 ± 62.7)ms, (1483.7 ± 127.7)ms and (1304.1 ± 82.3)ms, respectively, with which the differences in the T1 value between the IR group and Nor group (P=0.012) and between IR group and GA group (P&lt;0.001) were also statistically significant. On the 90th day after irradiation, the contracture lengths of the right hind limbs of the three groups of mice were (0.00 ± 0.07)cm, (2.08 ± 0.32)cm, and (1.49 ± 0.70) cm, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the IR group compared with the Nor group (P&lt;0.001) and the GA group (P=0.030). The ADC value (r=0.379, P=0.039) and T1 value (r=0.377, P=0.040) of the mice’s hindlimbs on Day 7 after irradiation were correlated with the degree of contracture on Day 90 after irradiation; the ADC value (r=0.496, P=0.036) and T1 value (r=0.52, P=0.027) were positively correlated with the Masson staining results and with the expression of α-SMA and Fibronectin. While the ADC value was positively correlated with IL-6 (r=0.553, P=0.002), there was no obvious correlation with IL-1β, TNF-a and TGF-β1; the T1 value was positively correlated with IL-1β (r=0.419, P=0.021), IL-6 (r=0.535, P=0.002) and TNF-a (r=0.540, P=0.002) but not significantly related to TGF-β1 (r=0.155, P=0.413).ConclusionThe MR-DWI and T1 mapping values on the 7th day after irradiation can reflect the early condition of tissue inflammation after the soft tissue is irradiated, and the values have a certain correlation with the degree of radiofibrosis of the soft tissue in the later period and may be used as an index to predict radiofibrosis.

STUDY OF RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS THE RENAL FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES

2014 ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Van Chuong Nguyen ◽  
Thi Kim Anh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Disease Duration ◽  
Left Kidney ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Right

Background: A Research glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 61 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with renal scanning 99mTc-DTPA glomerular filtration rate at the hospital 175. Objective: (1) To study characteristics of imaging of renal function. (2) Understanding the relationship between GFR with blood sugar, HbA1c, blood pressure and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Descriptive, prospective, cross-sectional study. Clinical examination, Clinical tests and 99mTc-DTPA GFR gamma - camera renography for patients. Result: GFR of the study group was 75,4 ± 22,3 ml/phut/1,73m2, the left kidney was 35,0 ± 13,0 is lower than the right kidney and 39,8 ± 11,9; p <0,01. There is no correlation between GFR with blood glucose and HbA1c, the risk of reduced GFR in hypertensive group associated is OR = 6,5 with p<0,01; albuminuria (+) is OR = 4,2 with p <0,01; and disease duration > 10 years is OR = 3,5 with p <0.01. Conclusion: GFR of the left kidneys is lower than the right kidney; correlation decreased GFR associated with hypertension, albuminuria and disease duration. Keywords: GFR, diabetes, albuminuria

Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head in Dogs - Retrospective Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina Borges Cardoso ◽  
Sheila Canevese Rahal ◽  
Maria Jaqueline Mamprim ◽  
Hugo Salvador Oliveira ◽  
Alessandra Melchert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Head ◽  
Avascular Necrosis ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Radiographic Appearance ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Grade 5 ◽  
Patient Consultation ◽  
The Moment

Background: The avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a development disease caused by ischemic necrosis, which is mainly observed in young dogs. The etiology of the disease remains controversial. The diagnosis requires imaging exams such as MRI and radiographs. Thus, the aim of the current study was to retrospectively assess a population of dogs with avascular necrosis of the femoral head in order to feature the disease, as well as to analyze the radiographic appearance of the lesion at the moment of patient consultation.Materials, Methods & Results: The signalment factors of dogs (breed, gender, age and body mass), the affected hind limb, the radiographic appearance of the lesion, the clinical signs at the moment of patient consultation, the time of occurrence and the type of treatment were evaluated. The disease was radiographically classified according to the previously described items. Forty-three cases of avascular necrosis of the femoral head were identified, 97.67% presented lameness and pain during palpation of the hip joint; and 54.34%, were 1 week to 4 months old. Females represented 58.13% of the sample, and 65.11% of them weighed from 2.6 to 4.9 kg. Based on the radiographic classification, 4.34% were Grade 1; 32.60%, Grade 2; 8.69%, Grade 3; 19.56%, Grade 4; and 34.78%, Grade 5. The femoral head and neck ostectomy was performed in 42 hind limbs (91.30%); 42.85% of the dogs reached total functional recovery and 26.19% required physiotherapy and rehabilitation.Discussion: The present sample was composed of 25 dogs, which were 6-to-11-month old at the moment of patient consultation, but 17 dogs were 12-to-36-month old at this time; only one dog was older than 36 months. It may be associated with the non-recognition of clinical signs by the owners, rather than with the late-onset form of the disease. With respect to the breed, pinscher, Yorkshire, poodle, Lhasa apso, pug were most frequently observed. However, 7 dogs were crossbreed. Such group differed from that of a review involving 188 cases encompassing West Highland white terrier, Cairn terrier and poodle as the most commonly affected breeds. No sex predilection was found in a study comprising 188 cases, but in another study comprising 14 dogs, female predilection was observed. Likewise, the females represented 58.13% of cases in the present study; and 41.86% of the participants were male. The mean body mass of the dogs in the current study was 4.33 kg, which matches the small breed dogs, which are most affected by the disease. Clinical signs of non-weightbearing lameness or an intermittent subtle lameness are common in the avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Lameness of the affected hind limb was observed in 69.76% of the cases in the present study, but 2.32% showed no lameness. Occasionally, the avascular necrosis of the femoral head is bilaterally found in 12% to 16.5% of the cases. Only 3 out of the 43 cases assessed in the present study were bilateral. Since the lesions were more frequent in Grades 2 and 5, there is less chance of success through the conservative treatment. Thus, the femoral head and neck ostectomy was the surgical procedure performed in 42 hind limbs. The procedure is used to provide pain relief and to reduce the signs of lameness. In conclusion, the population assessed in the present study was composed of small size dogs, mean body mass 4.33 kg, no sex predilection, mostly presenting unilateral lesions and higher Grade 2 and Grade 5 radiographic lesion frequency.Keywords: radiographic, joint, canine, hip.

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