The Statistical Basis to National Fuel Policy

1969 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. I. K. Forster
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Economic Forecasting ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Fuel Policy

I cannot recall that national fuel policy has ever previously been the subject of a paper to the Institute, though it is becoming quite usual for the Institute to address itself to subjects outside the traditional actuarial fields. Nearly all the Alfred Watson Memorial Lectures, for example, have been on outside subjects and two of these, ‘Some thoughts on economic forecasting’ by Sir Alexander Cairncross (as he is now) and ‘Problems in forecasting in the chemical industry’ by Sir Paul Chambers, have certain links with the subject of this paper.

Studies Concerning the Corrosion Behaviour of the Cast Stainless Steel Used for Chemical Industry

2013 ◽  
Vol 371 ◽  
pp. 338-342
Author(s):  
Gheorghe Simionescu ◽  
Mirela Gheorghian
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Cast Stainless Steel

The current work deals with experimental tests concerning the behaviour of different materials used in chemical industry when are exposed to diverse corrosions environments. During the research work four different metals have been tested, namely T15NiCr180, T15MoNiCr180, W4027 and W4059. The presented work is trying to classify the tested materials function to different chemical environment, different concentration of the environment, different temperature of the environment, and different expose time. Some of the substances which were considered as corrosion environment are: HNO3, H3PO4, NaCl, NH4Cl, C2H5OH, Petrol, NH4NO3, KNO3, K2CO3, Na2CO3, KMnO4, KOH and Ca (OH)2. The concentration of the corrosion solutions varies between 1% and 96%. Tests have been done at room temperature and hot environment of 100°C. Time is playing an important role on evolution of the corrosion. For this reason the samples have been analyzed after 48, 336, 720 and 2160 hours of exposes to chemical agents. To understand the comportment of the subject metals when are used in industry, samples have been tested for longer period of time, respectively 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. After each selected period of time the metallic samples were analyzed and measured to quantify the effect of the environment on the corrosion speed.

6. Synthesis

2016 ◽  
pp. 110-132
Author(s):  
William H. Brock
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Big Science ◽  
Artificial Materials ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Japan And China ◽  
Coal To Oil

‘Synthesis’ considers how the shape and scale of chemistry has been transformed since the start of the 20th century. A series of world wars; a shift from coal to oil as the feedstock for the chemical industry; the introduction of physical instrumentation, quantum mechanics, and electronic theories; the organization of academia and industry to create Big Science as opposed to the more individualized research of previous centuries; a shift from European dominance of the subject to the US and then Russia, Japan, and China; and more women joining the profession have all been important. Underlying these changes was the theme of synthesis of natural chemicals and the creation of artificial materials.

Charles Edward Kenneth Mees, 1882-1960

1961 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 172-197 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Recording Medium ◽  
Sensitive Material ◽  
Scientific World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Young Students ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Silver Compounds

Photography was about sixty years old at the end of the last century. Although it was intended to be used for recording portraits and scenes, the possibility of using it as a recording medium for science was also realized from the start, and through the years it became more and more relied upon as a way of making records for observation and measurement. It was not until towards the end of the century, however, that studies were started on what is now known as ‘the theory of the photographic process,’ which embraces the relationship between the photograph and the thing photographed. Until then the scientific world had shown little interest in the science of photography as distinguished from its practice. The science of photography deals with the physics and chemistry of lightsensitive substances, especially of silver compounds. It is concerned with the nature of the light-sensitive material, the changes occurring when it is exposed to light, the chemical actions involved when a developer is applied to bring out the image, the structure of the developed image, the faithfulness of reproduction of the brightness scale of the original subject, and so on. The first worth-while study of the sensitivity of photographic materials, and the formulation of the rules by which the developed image is related to the original subject, were published by Ferdinand Hurter and V. G. Driffield in 1890. Their investigations, described in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry , rested in oblivion for some time. At the end of the century, however, two young students became interested in the subject, eventually found the Hurter and Driffield paper, realized its significance, and very substantially broadened its subject matter.

III Autobiographical Memoir of Joseph Jewell, 1763–1846

1964 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 113-161
Author(s):  
Arthur Walter Slater
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Fine Chemicals ◽  
Fine Chemical ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The City

Joseph Jewell (1763–1846), the subject of the autobiographical memoir which follows, was one of the pioneers of the fine chemical industry in England. Starting his career in practical chemistry as porter at a well-known pharmacy in the City, this remarkable man was soon placed in charge of the ‘elaboratory’ there, spent many years in making chemicals, and eventually, in 1807, became a partner in the firm of Howard, Jewell and Gibson, manufacturers of fine chemicals, whose laboratory was then situated at Stratford, in Essex, about four miles from the City, beyond the River Lea. Here he was actively engaged, as partner and chemical technician, for a further twenty-four years, retiring at the end of 1830. The manuscript of his memoir has been preserved in the archives of the firm, which is now known as Howards of Ilford Limited.

POLITICS, PUBLIC FINANCE AND THE BRITISH–IRISH ACT OF UNION OF 1801

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 353-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor McCavery
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Forecasting ◽  
British Prime Minister ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Irish Rebellion

AbstractBEFORE the smoke of the Irish rebellion of 1798 had cleared, the British prime minister William Pitt was convinced of the necessity of a legislative union between Britain and Ireland. He broached the subject seriously with his cabinet colleague, Lord Grenville, on 2 June and by 4 June the joint post master general, Lord Auckland, an expert on Irish commercial affairs, was brought into Pitt's confidence. Pitt told Auckland that he and Grenville had been able to: ‘see daylight in almost everything but what relates to trade and revenue.' The subject of this paper is to discover how matters of trade and revenue were arranged in the Act of Union and to discuss some of the political difficulties which arose from implementing these arrangements. As the evolution of ministers' thinking is documented, the authorship of some points can be precisely identified and the thinking and tacit economic forecasting brought to light. This paper will suggest that the arrangements were intended to be generous to Ireland and contrasts with an Irish nationalist interpretation of the subject articulated in the early decades of the twentieth century. Then the difficulties that politicians experienced in executing policies within the framework laid down by these articles are considered. The whole vice-regal system of government was by no means guaranteed in the immediate post-Union period as it worked against the chancellor of the Irish exchequer in his attempts to manage Irish public finance.

scholarly journals A model for reliability analysis and calculation applied in an example from chemical industry

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148
Author(s):  
Branko Pejovic ◽  
Goran Tadic ◽  
Milovan Jotanovic ◽  
Milorad Tomic ◽  
Vladan Micic
Keyword(s):  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Fault Tree Analysis ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Reliability Design ◽  
Deductive Method ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Alternative Solutions

The subject of the paper is reliability design in polymerization processes that occur in reactors of a chemical industry. The designed model is used to determine the characteristics and indicators of reliability, which enabled the determination of basic factors that result in a poor development of a process. This would reduce the anticipated losses through the ability to control them, as well as enabling the improvement of the quality of production, which is the major goal of the paper. The reliability analysis and calculation uses the deductive method based on designing of a scheme for fault tree analysis of a system based on inductive conclusions. It involves the use standard logical symbols and rules of Boolean algebra and mathematical logic. The paper eventually gives the results of the work in the form of quantitative and qualitative reliability analysis of the observed process, which served to obtain complete information on the probability of top event in the process, as well as objective decision making and alternative solutions.

scholarly journals Causes of cracks of chemical apparatus made of austenitic steel

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Lange ◽  
Piotr Białucki ◽  
Alyona Bashir ◽  
Ewa Harapińska ◽  
Aleksandra Małachowska
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Water Steam ◽  
Anal Ysis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Chemical Composition Analysis ◽  
Penetration Tests

The subject of the research was the installation of a water steam used in the chemical industry. Penetration tests revealed an extensive network of cracks on the surface of steel and welds. Metallographic studies, chemical composition analysis, EDX anal-ysis were performed. Thermal treatment of steel was carried out and microhardness measurements were made. The results of the tests showed that stress corrosion was the main reason for the occurrence of cracks.

Oestrogens and their promiscuous receptors: confronting reality

2001 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Oestrogen Receptors ◽  
Structural Requirement ◽  
Safety Research ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Oxygen Atoms

The binding sites of the oestrogen receptors α and β have a structural requirement for ligands with two oxygen atoms (one of which is phenolic) spaced 11–12 Å apart. They are open to many non-steroidal compounds, such as those from plants and the chemical industry. The importance of this interaction is the subject of current food safety research. This article examines the methods of assessment of oestrogenicity and their relationship to physiological events.

Words

PMLA ◽  
1935 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1320-1327
Author(s):  
Colbert Searles
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Assistant Professor ◽  
The Subject

THE germ of that which follows came into being many years ago in the days of my youth as a university instructor and assistant professor. It was generated by the then quite outspoken attitude of colleagues in the “exact sciences”; the sciences of which the subject-matter can be exactly weighed and measured and the force of its movements mathematically demonstrated. They assured us that the study of languages and literature had little or nothing scientific about it because: “It had no domain of concrete fact in which to work.” Ergo, the scientific spirit was theirs by a stroke of “efficacious grace” as it were. Ours was at best only a kind of “sufficient grace,” pleasant and even necessary to have, but which could, by no means ensure a reception among the elected.

Artificial satellite orbit computations

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 363-371
Author(s):  
P. Sconzo
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Satellite ◽  
Satellite Orbit ◽  
Artificial Satellites ◽  
Orbital Elements ◽  
Differential Correction ◽  
Gravitational Effects ◽  
Short Intervals ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Introductory Discussion ◽  
Orbit Computation

In this paper an orbit computation program for artificial satellites is presented. This program is operational and it has already been used to compute the orbits of several satellites.After an introductory discussion on the subject of artificial satellite orbit computations, the features of this program are thoroughly explained. In order to achieve the representation of the orbital elements over short intervals of time a drag-free perturbation theory coupled with a differential correction procedure is used, while the long range behavior is obtained empirically. The empirical treatment of the non-gravitational effects upon the satellite motion seems to be very satisfactory. Numerical analysis procedures supporting this treatment and experience gained in using our program are also objects of discussion.

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