Sickness: A Stochastic Process

1971 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Process ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Stochastic Processes ◽  
British Government ◽  
Sickness Insurance ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Role Of Principal

The theory surrounding sickness rates has received little attention in the United Kingdom during the past two decades. This may be a consequence of the assumption by the British Government of the role of principal insurer against sickness, and the resulting reduction in numbers of those who otherwise might have turned to the traditional friendly society for sickness insurance. It is unfortunate that the decline in interest in sickness rates should have coincided with the burgeoning of the theory of stochastic processes, for sickness is a stochastic process.

Protecting the emblems in peacetime: The experiences of the British Red Cross Society

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (272) ◽  
pp. 459-464
Author(s):  
Michael A. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
General Health ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Short Article ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom

The special significance of the red cross and red crescent emblems as internationally agreed symbols of protection and neutrality in armed conflict will be diluted if these emblems, or signs closely resembling them, are used randomly or for diffuse purposes in time of peace. In countries like the United Kingdom which for the most part have been spared armed conflict for the past 40 years, the red cross emblem has frequently become closely identified with first aid and with general health or medical care, its primary and unique meaning during armed conflict often being forgotten or unknown. For this reason it is perhaps particularly important for National Societies in such countries to help the authorities monitor unauthorised uses or misuses of the emblems, and the role of National Societies in this respect has been recognised under the 1986 International Statutes of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (Article 3 [2] thereof). In addition, dissemination activities can help to enhance understanding of the purpose of the emblems. This short article will discuss practical aspects of the monitoring role of the British Red Cross Society.

The State of Industrial Ill-Health in the United Kingdom

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Charles Clutterbuck
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
The State ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Safety Committees ◽  
Area Health

Recent health and safety legislation in the United Kingdom comes at a time of economic crisis. The only way of understanding its impact is to look back at the roles of employers, the State, trade unions, workers, and the medical establishment over the past 150 years since the rise of industrial capital. In many ways, issues that were current at the turn of the century—such as the conflict between profits and health, whether to clean up the production process or insulate workers from its hazards, compensation, and employers' liability—are still very much present today, although these issues are often obscured by the notions that there is an identity of interest between management and workers over health and safety and that profits and safety go together. The role of the trade unions in dealing with existing and new hazards of production has historically been ambiguous, yet the need for them to develop an overall policy of prevention has always been obvious. Although they are now part of the governing apparatus, other arms of the State—in particular the civil service—initiate changes in health and safety organization, while trade unions make sure they are enacted. The development of trade-union area health and safety groups represents the most important potential change and may well provide the necessary focus for information and organization to cut through the “concerned” propaganda from management and its safety committees and start the long-awaited cleanup of industry.

Protecting The Interests of Bidders for Public Contracts; The Role of the Common Law

1994 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-139
Author(s):  
Sue Arrowsmith
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Common Law ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Common ◽  
Public Contracts ◽  
Formal Rules

In the United Kingdom there has traditionally been little litigation over the award of public contracts. This is largely due to the absence, in the past, of formal rules regulating contract procedures, which might have founded a basis for legal actions. It is also to some extent a product of the reluctance of contractors to “bite the hand that feeds” and jeopardise their chances of future contracts; this factor may have discouraged contractors from taking advantage of the potentiality of common law doctrines for providing protection for bidders in the tendering process.

Introduction: “A Crime Against Humanity”: Slavery and The Boundaries of Legality, Past and Present

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariela Gross
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Public Engagement ◽  
Legal History ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Caribbean

Nowhere in legal history has the nexus between past and present received more attention in recent years than in the study of slavery. The memory of slavery has become a field of study in itself, and competing histories of slavery have animated contemporary legal and political debates. Today, new histories of capitalism have further illuminated the central role of slavery and the slave trade in building the modern Atlantic world. Across Europe, the United Kingdom, Africa, the Caribbean, and the United States, new memorials, museums, and commemorations of slavery and abolition have brought new kinds of public engagement to the slave past. In the era of Black Lives Matter, understanding the connections between that past and the present day has never seemed more important, and historians are struggling with the question of how to engage the present in a historically nuanced way. One kind of engagement between past and present, among historians, lawyers, and activists, has been to draw connections between slavery in the past and in the present.

scholarly journals The role of British Schools Overseas in promoting and upholding British values: using transmission context in policy analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 147524092110592
Author(s):  
Sarah Pearce
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Policy Analysis ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Central Position ◽  
School Age ◽  
British Government ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Basil Bernstein ◽  
Pedagogic Discourse

With their central position in society as facilitators of information, schools and teachers play a key role in the articulation and embedding of government-driven policy targeted at school-age children; under the British government, this key role extends beyond the borders, to British Schools Overseas. In the last decade, this has been especially prevalent in the dissemination of anti-terrorism rhetoric and policy, created to prevent the radicalisation of students; most recently, this has involved the inclusion of ‘fundamental British values’ (FBV) in policy and curriculum. Using the work of Basil Bernstein and, in particular, the model of transmission context which sits within his theories on pedagogic discourse, this paper analyses the discourse embedded in multiple FBV policies. Through a focus on classification and framing of the discourses embedded in the policies, this paper highlights the transmission of power in these policies, with a focus on language used to convey this power; and conveys an understanding of the positioning, role and ‘responsibilisation’ of British schools, located outside of the United Kingdom, as central to FBV education as well as the solution to terrorism in Britain.

scholarly journals Commentaries: Amendment and Patriation

1969 ◽  
pp. 369
Author(s):  
Peter W. Hogg ◽  
W.R. Lederman
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Supreme Court Of Canada ◽  
British Government ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Supreme Court

In the following commentaries, Peter W. Hogg and W. R. Lederman discuss different aspects of Geoffrey Marshall's presentation on amendment and patriation. Professor Hogg's topic is more specifically the role of the United Kingdom Parliament, while Pro fessor Lederman comments upon the positions of the Supreme Court of Canada and the British Government and Parliament.

scholarly journals A Tale of Two Cities: Whole of Life Prison Sentences in Strasbourg and Westminster

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-299
Author(s):  
Mark Pettigrew
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The Political ◽  
British Government ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
The Past ◽  
European Court ◽  
Legal Principle ◽  
Two Cities

The recent decision of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in Hutchinson v United Kingdom (2015) is the latest twist in the political legal struggle between Westminster and Strasbourg. Whilst the British government has made several successions to the ECtHR regarding the role of the executive in the imprisonment of lifers, the thorny issue of the whole of life tariff, and prospect of prisoner release under that tariff, has been an ongoing debate. Whilst the ECtHR appeared to directly challenge domestic policy in the preceding decision in Vinter and Others v United Kingdom this latest decision, the seeming retreat from Vinter, by the Fourth Section of the court, appears to be more of a response to hard line domestic politics than a continuation of holistic legal principle which the ECtHR has outwardly supported in the past.

Do the Opinions Expressed by the Conseil D'Etat in its Capacity as Legal Adviser to the Government Influence Policy?

2000 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 672-679
Author(s):  
Nicole Questiaux
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Government Influence ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Legal Adviser ◽  
The Government ◽  
Legal Difficulties ◽  
Constitutional Changes ◽  
Judicial Role

My title for this article reflects a very proper question for a foreign audience which has become more familiar than in the past with the dual (consultative and judicial) role of the French Conseil d'etat. For many years, interest in Britain focused on the judicial function of the Conseil. More recently, attention has shifted to the activities of the “sections administratives”, which involve the screening and the drafting of all the proposed legislation and the essential part of subordinate regulations prepared by government. I have the feeling this interest is probably fuelled by the recent constitutional changes in the United Kingdom, and the need to prevent legal difficulties cropping up between different and new political bodies.

The Future of Administrative Justice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Adler
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Future ◽  
Administrative Review ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Administrative Justice

This chapter considers the future of administrative justice. Using the United Kingdom as a case study, it argues that the rise and fall of administrative justice can be likened to the swing of a pendulum. It considers first-instance decision-making, the role of outsourcing, the expanding role of administrative review and its implications for administrative justice, the decline of tribunals and the rise of ombudsmen, the effectiveness of oversight arrangements, and the impact of digitalisation. It concludes that the future of administrative justice in the United Kingdom is unlikely to involve a replay of anything that has been encountered in the past.

scholarly journals THE GRADUAL CURTAILMENT OF THE ROYAL PREROGATIVE

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noel Cox
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
The Political ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Natural Person

In the United Kingdom and those countries that recognise Elizabeth II as their Queen,1 there are to be found certain fundamental constitutional principles. One of these is that much of the legal basis of executive power derives from the Crown,2 though this has, in the past, often been downplayed for political and other reasons. Indeed, in the Commonwealth as a whole, political independence has often been equated with the reduction of the role of the Crown to a position of subservience to the political executive.3 What remains important is the position of the Crown as an organising principle of government (the framework upon which the structure of government is built4), as a source of legitimacy, and as a symbol for permanent government. Executive power, therefore, remains based on the royal prerogative, and the „third source‟ of authority (the legal powers of the legal natural person, as the Crown is a corporation aggregate), as well as upon statute law.

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