SECTARIANISM, MINORITIES, AND THE SECULAR STATE IN THE MIDDLE EAST

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 767-778
Author(s):  
Michael Gasper
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Communal Violence ◽  
Sectarian Violence ◽  
Syrian Civil War ◽  
The Us ◽  
Extremist Groups ◽  
Secular State

Over the last few years there has been much scholarly interest in sectarianism and minorities in the Middle East. New scholarship has appeared against the backdrop of communal violence in Iraq triggered by the US-led invasion, the intensifying Saudi–Iranian rivalry, the rise of extremist groups such as ISIS that have made sectarian violence a centerpiece of their ideology, and the ongoing Syrian Civil War.

Refugees’ dehumanization in the Spanish media: A corpus-assisted study within the semantic preference framework

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gema Alcaraz-Mármol ◽  
Jorge Soto-Almela
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Digital Libraries ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Manual Analysis ◽  
Syrian Civil War ◽  
The Media

AbstractThe dehumanization of migrants and refugees in the media has been the object of numerous critical discourse analyses and metaphor-based studies which have primarily dealt with English written news articles. This paper, however, addresses the dehumanizing language which is used to refer to refugees in a 1.8-million-word corpus of Spanish news articles collected from the digital libraries of El Mundo and El País, the two most widely read Spanish newspapers. Our research particularly aims to explore how the dehumanization of the lemma refugiado is constructed through the identification of semantic preferences. It is concerned with synchronic and diachronic aspects, offering results on the evolution of refugees’ dehumanization from 2010 to 2016. The dehumanizing collocates are determined via a corpus-based analysis, followed by a detailed manual analysis conducted in order to label the different collocates of refugiado semantically and classify them into more specific semantic subsets. The results show that the lemma refugiado usually collocates with dehumanizing words that express, by frequency order, quantification, out-of-control phenomenon, objectification, and economic burden. The analysis also demonstrates that the collocates corresponding to these four semantic subsets are unusually frequent in the 2015–16 period, giving rise to seasonal collocates strongly related to the Syrian civil war and other Middle-East armed conflicts.

The Amplification of the Sunni-Shia Divide through Contemporary Communications Technology

2015 ◽  
pp. 214-231
Author(s):  
George A. Stairs
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
International Community ◽  
Communications Technology ◽  
Sectarian Violence ◽  
Syrian Civil War

The Sunni-Shia divide has once more returned to the global popular lexicon. However, this contemporary form of the allegedly age-old schism within Islam in fact differs significantly from historical cases. It has primarily come to the fore again as various actors have invoked it, and the fear it brings, in order to frame the conflicts they currently wage both overtly and covertly in more favourable terms. The purpose of this chapter is to examine this phenomenon, with particular focus on the Syrian Civil War, and the wider regional struggles for hegemony. It will further look at how modern communication technologies have permitted actors to spread their narratives much more effectively than ever before, and how the international community might arrest the exacerbation of this divide, and slow the sectarian violence currently plaguing the region.

scholarly journals SYRIAN CIVIL WAR: A HUMANITARIAN CRISIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
DR. RANI ERUM
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Humanitarian Crisis ◽  
Syrian Crisis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Syrian Civil War ◽  
The People ◽  
Significant Effort

The Syrian crisis is one of the most extensive issue of Middle East. The enduring fight among Baathist regime and factions of rebellion groups created a humanitarian dilemma in the country. Since 2011 the people of Syria are in complete despair, every dawn increases the intensity of their misery. The high amount of civilian deaths and destruction of infrastructure turned the country in to complete turmoil. Every day thousands of Syrian entre in Greece and Turkey for refuge and security, many among them died during this process which regularly shows on television screens but regional and internal actors are looking completely disable to do any significant effort to settle the conflicts among opponents of crisis. Therefore, the peace prospects are not very hopeful because the ongoing clashes frequently sabotage every effort between the combatants. This study design to discuss the reasons, consequences and effects of civil war on Syrians and enlightened the direct and indirect role of regional and Western powers in the past seven years.

scholarly journals Politik Minyak dalam Konflik Suriah

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tia Mariatul Kibtiah
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Syrian Civil War ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Foreign Fighters ◽  
Vital Factor

The dynamics of conflict in Syria has influenced the energy security in the region. United States and Europe both have strategic interests on Syrian for securing the flow of oil and gas from the Middle East to Europe and preserving peace and harmony in the region. This article contends that Syria plays a strategic role in maintaining the stability of oil production from the Middle East. Even though the production of oil in Syria declined drastically from 400,000 barrell per day to 25,000 barrell per day, but most of those products are at the hand of opposition, including the jihadist of ISIS, in the Northern and Southern area of Syria. In addition, the presence of foreign fighters in Syrian civil war have fueled the conflict and affected the stability of the region. Syria needs at least 30 years to recover from current conflict and it needs oil productions as the vital factor. This article is based on interviews conducted in 2012 to 2013 in Jakarta and analysis of documents.

The Need for Policies to Overcome eGov Implementation Challenges

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraheem Alsaeed ◽  
Carl Adams ◽  
Rich Boakes
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Electronic Government ◽  
Implementation Challenges ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Civic Activity ◽  
Syrian Civil War

Electronic Government (hereafter eGov) is a transformative agent upon political and civic activity: it involves the provision and use of information and services by citizens, businesses and governments; and thus has the potential to increase civic efficiency and transparency; to facilitate interaction between public, private and government entities; and ultimately to promote democracy and political stability. Academic literature covering transformational eGov activity in times of geopolitical instability (such as that which Syria is currently facing) is uncommon. We selected thirty-five papers for review, each covering aspects of eGov relevant to the Middle-East Arabic Countries and Syria, for the period between 2000 and 2013. This paper exposes five categories of challenge (Syrian Civil war and Instability, Human, Political, Infrastructure and Organisational) faced by eGov implementations in Middle-East Arabic Countries/Syria and proposes further work to investigate these.

The Amplification of the Sunni-Shia Divide Through Contemporary Communications Technology

2020 ◽  
pp. 467-484
Author(s):  
George A. Stairs
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
International Community ◽  
Communications Technology ◽  
Sectarian Violence ◽  
Syrian Civil War

The Sunni-Shia divide has once more returned to the global popular lexicon. However, this contemporary form of the allegedly age-old schism within Islam in fact differs significantly from historical cases. It has primarily come to the fore again as various actors have invoked it, and the fear it brings, in order to frame the conflicts they currently wage both overtly and covertly in more favourable terms. The purpose of this chapter is to examine this phenomenon, with particular focus on the Syrian Civil War, and the wider regional struggles for hegemony. It will further look at how modern communication technologies have permitted actors to spread their narratives much more effectively than ever before, and how the international community might arrest the exacerbation of this divide, and slow the sectarian violence currently plaguing the region.

No red lines: the question of western military intervention

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Regime Change ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Military Action ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Syrian Civil War ◽  
The Us ◽  
Early Formative ◽  
Formative Years

This chapter analyses the question of western intervention and why no state deployed its military to bring about regime change in Syria. It explores why the Syria conflict attracted so little direct military intervention in its early, formative years, especially by the US. The ‘nonstrike’ of late summer 2013 was something of a watershed in the Syrian civil war. Until that point, some form of military intervention led by the US, modelled on the actions in Libya in 2011, seemed a realistic prospect to many of the key actors and impacted their behaviour. But afterwards, most recognised that US military action against Assad was unlikely. While Obama did eventually authorise direct military action in Syria in September 2014, it was against ISIS, not Assad.

The Need for Policies to Overcome eGov Implementation Challenges

2016 ◽  
pp. 1899-1912
Author(s):  
Abraheem Alsaeed ◽  
Carl Adams ◽  
Rich Boakes
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Electronic Government ◽  
Implementation Challenges ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Civic Activity ◽  
Syrian Civil War

Electronic Government (hereafter eGov) is a transformative agent upon political and civic activity: it involves the provision and use of information and services by citizens, businesses and governments; and thus has the potential to increase civic efficiency and transparency; to facilitate interaction between public, private and government entities; and ultimately to promote democracy and political stability. Academic literature covering transformational eGov activity in times of geopolitical instability (such as that which Syria is currently facing) is uncommon. We selected thirty-five papers for review, each covering aspects of eGov relevant to the Middle-East Arabic Countries and Syria, for the period between 2000 and 2013. This paper exposes five categories of challenge (Syrian Civil war and Instability, Human, Political, Infrastructure and Organisational) faced by eGov implementations in Middle-East Arabic Countries/Syria and proposes further work to investigate these.

Afghan Challenges and their Impact on Reconfiguration of Foreign Military Presence

2015 ◽  
pp. 118-125
Author(s):  
M. Konarovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Military

Against the background of wide range of the “Islamic state” terrorismin the Middle East, the aggravating civil war in Afghanistan does not reduce the threat of destabilization beyond Russia’s southern borders. The Taliban’s terrorism in IRA is recently becoming even more diversified through the infiltration of the IS ideology and militancy to IRA northern enclave. Reshaping of the US and NATO military presence in that country did not help to stabilize the situation that is facing the whole complex of unresolved problems. This reality urged Washington to prolong the military presence till 2017 amid new efforts to strengthen its positions in Central Asia.

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