scholarly journals SYRIAN CIVIL WAR: A HUMANITARIAN CRISIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
DR. RANI ERUM

The Syrian crisis is one of the most extensive issue of Middle East. The enduring fight among Baathist regime and factions of rebellion groups created a humanitarian dilemma in the country. Since 2011 the people of Syria are in complete despair, every dawn increases the intensity of their misery. The high amount of civilian deaths and destruction of infrastructure turned the country in to complete turmoil. Every day thousands of Syrian entre in Greece and Turkey for refuge and security, many among them died during this process which regularly shows on television screens but regional and internal actors are looking completely disable to do any significant effort to settle the conflicts among opponents of crisis. Therefore, the peace prospects are not very hopeful because the ongoing clashes frequently sabotage every effort between the combatants. This study design to discuss the reasons, consequences and effects of civil war on Syrians and enlightened the direct and indirect role of regional and Western powers in the past seven years.

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-226
Author(s):  
Nur Rahmah

Jakarta as a metropolitan city and the center of Indonesian government in its history can not be separated from the role of the Betawi scholars (ulama). As well as fighting physically in resistance against colonialism, Betawi scholars are also very productive in writing to intellectual work. However, many of these works have not been well documented. Even though the works are the most authentic proof of the intellectual role of scholars in educating the lives of the people. This research seeks to answer questions about what are the works of Betawi scholars and how they are typologies. From the author's search results, there are 160 the intellectual works of   Betawi scholars who lived in the 19th and 20th centuries. The trends of these intellectual works were in the jurisprudence (Fikih). The trend of scholars to choose jurisprudence in writing their writings shows a change in insight and orientation among pesantren or religious education institutions. This change in insight and orientation is based on the awareness of people's needs for practical religious teachings. The works are dominated in the form of khulasah. It shows that some Betawi scholars still believe that the works of scholars in the past as the masterpiece, so the Betawi scholars only able to write summary of those works.The Intelectual works of the Betawi scholars is also written more in Arabic. This phenomenon shows the mastery of the Ulama on the Arabic language. Moreover, many of the Betawi scholars studied in the Middle East, so that the influence of Arabic in the daily lives of the ulamas became very high.Keywords: ulama, Batavia, ulama’s work, 19th-20th century, Jakarta Jakarta sebagai kota metropolitan dan pusat pemerintahan Indonesia dalam sejarahnya tidak lepas dari peran para ulama Betawi. Selain ikut berjuang secara fisik dalam perlawanan melawan kolonial, ulama Betawi juga sangat produktif dalam melahirkan karya intelektual. Namun, karya-karya tersebut belum terdokumentasikan dengan baik. Padahal karya-karya itu merupakan bukti yang paling otentik mengenai peran intelektual ulama dalam mencerdaskan kehidupan umat. Tulisan ini berusaha menjawab per­tanyaan tentang apa saja karya-karya ulama Betawi dan bagaimana karak­teristiknya. Dari hasil penelusuran, terhimpun 160 karya yang merupakan buah karya intelektual 26 ulama Betawi yang hidup di abad ke-19 dan ke-20 M. Kecenderungan karya intelektual tersebut berada pada bidang fikih. Ke­cenderungan ini menunjukkan adanya perubahan wawasan dan orientasi di kalangan pesantren, khususnya ulama penulis, dari tawawuf yang lebih mewarnai pemikiran ulama abad ke-17 dan ke-18 M ke fikih. Perubahan wawasan dan orientasi ini didasari oleh adanya kesadaran tentang kebu­tuhan masyarakat terhadap ajaran agama yang bersifat praktis. Dari segi jenisnya, karya-karya tersebut kebanyakan berupa khulasah atau ringkasan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa saat ini sebagian ulama masih cenderung terkungkung oleh pemikiran bahwa apa yang terdapat dalam kitab-kitab kuning sudah mengcover seluruh kebutuhan informasi keagamaan sehingga menulisnya kembali dalam konteks kekinian menjadi kurang progresif. Karya ulama Betawi juga lebih banyak ditulis dalam bahasa Arab yang merupakan bukti penguasaan mereka terhadap bahasa Arab. Hal ini disebabkan antara lain karena mereka berguru dan belajar kepada ulama di Timur Tengah sehingga bahasa Arab lebih banyak memengaruhi kehidupan mereka sehari-hari. Meskipun demikian, sebagian mereka tetap memiliki karya dalam bahasa Melayu dan Indonesia sebagai upaya memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat lokalnya.Kata Kunci: ulama, Betawi, karya ulama, abad 19-20, Jakarta


2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Kaliel

The articles published in our Fall 2016 edition are connected loosely under the themes of public memory and the uses of identity in the past. We are thrilled to present to you three excellent articles in our Fall 2016 edition: The article "Dentro de la Revolución: Mobilizing the Artist in Alfredo Sosa Bravo's Libertad, Cultura, Igualdad (1961)" analyzes Cuban artwork as multi-layered work of propaganda whose conditions of creation, content, and exhibition reinforce a relationship of collaboration between artists and the state-run cultural institutions of post-revolutionary Cuba; moving through fifty years of history “’I Shall Never Forget’: The Civil War in American Historical Memory, 1863-1915" provides a captivating look at the role of reconciliationist and emancipationist intellectuals, politicians, and organizations as they contested and shaped the enduring memory of the Civil War; and finally, the article “Politics as Metis Ethnogenesis in Red River: Instrumental Ethnogenesis in the 1830s and 1840s in Red River” takes the reader through a historical analysis of the development of the Metis identity as a means to further their economic rights. We wholly hope you enjoy our Fall 2016 edition as much as our staff has enjoyed curating it. Editors  Jean Middleton and Emily Kaliel Assistant Editors Magie Aiken and Hannah Rudderham Senior Reviewers Emily Tran Connor Thompson Callum McDonald James Matiko Bronte Wells


2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gema Alcaraz-Mármol ◽  
Jorge Soto-Almela

AbstractThe dehumanization of migrants and refugees in the media has been the object of numerous critical discourse analyses and metaphor-based studies which have primarily dealt with English written news articles. This paper, however, addresses the dehumanizing language which is used to refer to refugees in a 1.8-million-word corpus of Spanish news articles collected from the digital libraries of El Mundo and El País, the two most widely read Spanish newspapers. Our research particularly aims to explore how the dehumanization of the lemma refugiado is constructed through the identification of semantic preferences. It is concerned with synchronic and diachronic aspects, offering results on the evolution of refugees’ dehumanization from 2010 to 2016. The dehumanizing collocates are determined via a corpus-based analysis, followed by a detailed manual analysis conducted in order to label the different collocates of refugiado semantically and classify them into more specific semantic subsets. The results show that the lemma refugiado usually collocates with dehumanizing words that express, by frequency order, quantification, out-of-control phenomenon, objectification, and economic burden. The analysis also demonstrates that the collocates corresponding to these four semantic subsets are unusually frequent in the 2015–16 period, giving rise to seasonal collocates strongly related to the Syrian civil war and other Middle-East armed conflicts.


2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Jamal Subhi Ismail Nafi’

<p>This article is an attempt to explore the inclusion and the use of superstitious elements in Mark Twain’s novel <em>The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</em> (1884) and Shakespeare’s play <em>Macbeth</em> (1611). Superstition involves a deep belief in the magic and the occult, to almost to an extent of obsession, which is contrary to realism. Through the analytical and psychological approaches, this paper tries to shed light on Twain’s and Shakespeare’s use of supernaturalism in their respective stories, and the extent the main characters are influenced by it. A glance at both stories reveals that characters are highly affected by superstitions, more than they are influenced by their religious beliefs, or other social factors and values. The researcher also tries to explore the role played by superstition, represented by fate and the supernatural in determining the course of actions characters undertake in both dramas. The paper concluded that the people who lived in the past were superstitious to an extent of letting magic, omens; signs, etc. affect and determine their lives; actions and future decisions. They determine their destiny and make it very difficult for them to avoid it, alter it or think rationally and independently. And that, man’s actions are not isolated, but closely connected to the various forces operating in the universe.</p>


Author(s):  
Halima Kadirova ◽  

This scientific article highlights the place and role of the Karakalpak ethnic culture in the development and preservation of the identity of the people. The authors analyze the culture and life of the modern Karakalpak family, which inherits to the next generation the traditional way of life associated with national holidays and traditions, dastans performed by Karakalpak bakhshi (singers), legends and legends of the past, told by the older generation. The article argues that social changes in the global space contribute to the emergence of certain changes in the content of cultural identity, language, art, spiritual categories, which are elements of the basis of the national identity of each nation and various ethno-regional units, which further strengthens the study of this issue under the influence of the process of globalization.


2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-36
Author(s):  
Ridwan - Mubarok

For every Muslim, the role of civilization is identical to authentic mission as a leader as a leader in this earth, whose role is greater than leading a province or country. The participation of ulama, dai or da'wah movements in the political sphere is his right, but the missionary movement or organization must also be aware of and be aware of people or persons who want to manipulate da'wah as a vehicle for world politics. Da'wah movements or dai must be able to use various life instruments that exist today for the sake of da'wah. Ulama and the da'i who join in the organization movement or da'wah movement, must realize that they are part of the chain of struggle of the people. Now is the time for da'i or ulama to proclaim themselves from the past fetters that castrated the political life of the scholars.Bagi setiap muslim, peran peradaban identik dengan misi otentik sebagai pemimpin sebagai pemimpin dimuka bumi ini, yang perannya lebih besar dibandingkan memimpin sebuah provinsi atau negara. Keikutsertaan para ulama, dai atau gerakan dakwah dalam ranah politik merupakan haknya, akan tetapi gerakan atau organisasi dakwah juga harus menyadari serta mewaspadai terhadap orang atau oknum yang hendak memperalat dakwah sebagai kendaraan politik dunia. Gerakan dakwah ataupun para dai harus dapat menggunakan berbagai instrument kehidupan yang ada saat ini untuk kepentingan dakwah. Ulama maupun para da’i yang bergabung dalam gerakan organisasi atau gerakan dakwah, harus menyadari bahwasanya dirinya merupakan bagian dari mata rantai perjuangan umat. Kini sudah saatnya para da’i ataupun ulama dapat memproklamirkan diri dari belenggu masa lalu yang mengebiri kehidupan politik para ulama, PPP menjadi salah satu alternatif.


2021 ◽  
Vol 120 (830) ◽  
pp. 366-371
Author(s):  
William F. S. Miles

The Druze, despite being a small minority faith group, have long survived in a challenging region, thanks in part to a doctrine of deference to whatever state they live in. In the past few years, however, the three largest Druze populations—in Israel, Lebanon, and Syria—have each faced some of their most difficult challenges yet, from a downgrading of their citizenship status to economic collapse and civil war. An increasingly active diaspora has emerged as an important advocate for Druze interests worldwide.


Author(s):  
John W. Young ◽  
John Kent

This chapter examines the unrest across the Middle East in the 2010s. The first section focuses on the civil war in Syria and the role of so-called Islamic State., examining the causes of the Syrian uprising and the development of protests against President Assad into civil war. It describes the growth of Jihadism, formation of Ahrar al-Sham, and emergence of ISIS, and the subsequent declaration of a Caliphate. The escalation and destructive impact of the conflict is examined in the context of increasing international intervention and the involvement of foreign powers in both exacerbation of the conflict and efforts to restore peace. The second section describes the growing regional importance of Iran alongside the 2015 nuclear deal and tensions with Saudi Arabia. The chapter concludes with the Arab Spring in Tunisia and Egypt, conflict in Yemen, and the downfall of Gaddafi in Libya.


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