Shorn and unshorn Awassi sheep II. Pulse rate

1963 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Eyal
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Awassi Sheep ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Vasomotor Activity ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Daily Changes

1. A comparison was made between the pulse rate of shorn and unshorn sheep maintained in the shade and direct sunlight during the various seasons of the year.2. The variability of the pulse rate during the day generally agreed with the daily changes in body temperature and presumed level of metabolism. Fluctuations were greater in unshorn sheep.3. Pulse rate was lower during summer (60–100 for unshorn and 63–100 for shorn sheep) than in winter (90–130 for unshorn and 90–115 for shorn sheep). It tended to increase with a rise in ambient temperature, especially during winter and spring. A lower pulse rate accompanied a rise in environmental temperature, during summer. The slowest pulse rate of 42 per minute was observed during summer in the hot dry area.4. The pulse rate of both groups increased with a rise in rectal temperature, particularly at low ambient temperatures. At comparable rectal temperatures, a higher average pulse rate was observed in shorn sheep during winter and spring. With elevated summer temperatures, equal pulse rates were noted in both groups of equal rectal temperatures. Since the rectal temperatures of the shorn exceeded that of unshorn sheep, in high environmental temperatures, and in the sun, their pulse rate under these conditions was also higher.5. The differences in pulse rate between the two groups appeared to reflect the combined effects of metabolic rate, body temperature and the vasomotor activity, all of which vary with season and environmental temperatures.

Shorn and unshorn Awassi sheep I. Body temperature

1963 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Eyal
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Awassi Sheep ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

1. The rectal temperatures of shorn and unshorn Awassi sheep were measured at various hours of the day and during various seasons of the year in two different locations in Israel.2. An increase in body temperature accompanied an increase in environmental temperature. A steeper temperature increase was noted in shorn sheep kept in the shade. When ambient temperatures were below 30° C. the body temperature of shorn sheep was lower than that of the unshorn sheep by an average of 0·16° C.3. When ambient temperatures were above 30° C. the body temperature of shorn sheep was equal to or higher than that of unshorn ones.4. Upon exposure to direct sunlight, the body temperature of shorn sheep exceeded that of unshorn animals. However, when the animals were transferred to the shade, or after sunset, the shorn sheep cooled at a faster rate. Their body temperature fell below that of the unshorn sheep during the cool hours of the day.5. Wind velocity, both in the shade and in the sun, had a greater effect on shorn than on unshorn sheep.6. A rise in the relative humidity of ambient temperatures above 25° C. caused body temperature to rise, particularly in unshorn animals. The body temperature of shorn sheep exceeded that of unshorn ones when the animals were maintained in a hot and dry environment.7. While the body of the shorn sheep was entirely affected by the macroclimate, the unshorn sheep were greatly influenced by the microclimate existing in the fleece. Fleece temperatures always lagged behind and were rarely equal to environmental temperatures. Since it was postulated that heat tolerance of certain animals was related to their ability to exploit cool hours of the day, it is suggested that in certain ‘tolerance tests’ records should be taken not only during exposure to heat but also during cool hours of the day.

Shorn and unshorn Awassi sheep IV. Skin temperature and changes in temperature and humidity in the fleece and its surface

1963 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Eyal
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Awassi Sheep ◽  
Break Points ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Skin Temperatures

1. A comparison was made between the skin temperature, humidity and temperature within and on the surface of the fleece of unshorn and shorn sheep. This study was conducted during various seasons of the year, at different environmental temperatures, while sheep were maintained in the shade or subjected to direct sunlight.2. Accompanying the rise of ambient temperature (in the shade) from 10 to 43° C. there was an increase in skin temperature from 34 to 40° C. and from 28 to 40° C. of the unshorn and shorn sheep, respectively.3. The relationship between the rise in skin temperature and that of ambient temperature was not linear, but showed a stepwise pattern in which the ‘breaks’ occurred at similar environmental temperatures for both groups, although skin temperatures of shorn sheep were lower than the unshorn.4. The diurnal change in skin temperature of the shorn sheep was similar to that of the ambient temperature. The decrease in skin temperature of unshorn sheep sometimes lagged behind the fall in environmental temperature. The seasonal variations between summer and winter were more significant in shorn than in unshorn sheep.5. Fleece surface temperatures measured at the same ambient temperatures ranged between 13 and42° C. and 16·5–39·5° C. in the unshorn and shorn sheep, respectively. In the break points of the rise in skin temperature, there occurred a drop in temperature gradients between the skin and fleece surface. This probably indicates a rise in thermal conductivity of the fleece at these points.6. The temperature gradient per unit of fleece thickness is inversely related to the depth of fleece and is greater the nearer to the skin.7. With exposure to the sun, skin temperatures of both groups greatly increased and occasionally reached 47° C. Under these conditions the differences between shorn and unshorn groups were not consistent.8. Fleece temperatures of unshorn sheep increased greatly upon exposure to the sun. The maximal temperatures were recorded midway between the fleece surface and skin. These temperatures generally reached 55° C. and sometimes even exceeded 60° C.9. At ambient temperatures of 30–35° C. the vapour pressure close to the skin of unshorn sheep ranged between 35–40 mm. Hg. With shorn sheep, however, the vapour pressure close to the skin was similar to that of the environment. In Yotvata there was a rise in vapour pressure close to the skin when the ambient temperature increased to 40–43° C. This rise in humidity was paralleled by a rise of vapour pressure throughout the wool. It was not linear but rather showed a ‘step-wise’ pattern.10. The vapour pressure in fleece and near the skin of sheep subjected to direct sunlight increased considerably (up to 80 mm. Hg). This rise showed a wave-like curve with various degrees of persistency. Appearance of fluid on the skin of Awassi sheep was observed on several occasions.

scholarly journals The influence of environmental temperatures on farrowing rates and litter sizes in South African pig breeding units

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leana Janse van Rensburg ◽  
Brian T. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Temperature Control ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Commercial Breeding ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Farrowing Rate

The reproductive performance of pigs is one of the main determinants of the profit farmers make from pig production. This study was undertaken to describe whether periods of high environmental temperature have an effect on the farrowing rate, litter sizes and number of stillbirths in commercial breeding units in South Africa. Data were collected weekly from four commercial breeding units with good records from December 2010 to August 2012. These data included the number of sows mated, number of sows farrowed and number of piglets born alive, as well as the number of stillbirths. Note was also taken of whether environmental temperature control mechanisms were employed. Temperature data from weather stations within 100 km of the breeding units were obtained from the South African Weather Service. In all breeding units a decrease in farrowing rate following mating during severe average temperatures (> 30 °C) when compared to the farrowing rate following mating during mild average temperatures (< 22 °C) was observed. When mating occurred at higher temperatures, the resultant litter size was marginally decreased in the breeding units that did not employ environmental temperature control, but was unaffected in the breeding units that did. In all four breeding units the trend was for the average number of piglets born alive to increase as the environmental temperature around the time of farrowing increased and the trend in three of the four breeding units was for the percentage of stillbirths per litter to decrease with increased temperature around the time of farrowing. The most significant observation in this study was the trend for farrowing rates to decrease following inseminations during times of high ambient temperatures (> 30 °C). Environmental temperature control did not negate this effect, but the breeding units employing the environmental temperature control did show higher average farrowing rates overall.

scholarly journals Do endotherms have thermal performance curves?

2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (3) ◽  
pp. jeb141309
Author(s):  
Danielle L. Levesque ◽  
Katie E. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Evaporative Heat Loss ◽  
External Temperature ◽  
Performance Curves ◽  
Interspecific Comparisons ◽  
Measure Of Performance ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

ABSTRACTTemperature is an important environmental factor governing the ability of organisms to grow, survive and reproduce. Thermal performance curves (TPCs), with some caveats, are useful for charting the relationship between body temperature and some measure of performance in ectotherms, and provide a standardized set of characteristics for interspecific comparisons. Endotherms, however, have a more complicated relationship with environmental temperature, as endothermy leads to a decoupling of body temperature from external temperature through use of metabolic heat production, large changes in insulation and variable rates of evaporative heat loss. This has impeded our ability to model endothermic performance in relation to environmental temperature as well as to readily compare performance between species. In this Commentary, we compare the strengths and weaknesses of potential TPC analogues (including other useful proxies for linking performance to temperature) in endotherms and suggest several ways forward in the comparative ecophysiology of endotherms. Our goal is to provide a common language with which ecologists and physiologists can evaluate the effects of temperature on performance. Key directions for improving our understanding of endotherm thermoregulatory physiology include a comparative approach to the study of the level and precision of body temperature, measuring performance directly over a range of body temperatures and building comprehensive mechanistic models of endotherm responses to environmental temperatures. We believe the answer to the question posed in the title could be ‘yes’, but only if ‘performance’ is well defined and understood in relation to body temperature variation, and the costs and benefits of endothermy are specifically modelled.

Effects of centrally and systemically administered indomethacin on body temperature in exercising rats

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (1) ◽  
pp. R230-R234 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tanaka ◽  
M. Yanase-Fujiwara ◽  
K. Kanosue
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Prostaglandin Synthesis ◽  
The Body ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Vasomotor Activity ◽  
Skin Blood Vessels ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
And Control

Subcutaneous and intracerebroventricular (icv) injections of indomethacin were used to test whether prostaglandin synthesis is essential for the exercise-induced increase in a rat's body temperature. At an air temperature of 24 degrees C, male Wistar rats ran on a treadmill at 10-15 m/min 20 min after 300-micrograms icv injection or 60 min after 15-mg/kg sc injection of indomethacin or of control vehicle. The rectal temperature (Tre) of control rats in 17 control experiments increased by 1.0 degree C during exercise, whereas the Tre of the rats pretreated with intracerebroventricular indomethacin increased by only 0.4 degrees C. Threshold Tre for tail vasodilation was significantly lower in rats pretreated with indomethacin than the control rats (38.4 +/- 0.1 vs. 38.9 +/- 0.1 degrees C), but O2 uptake did not differ between indomethacin-pretreated and control rats. Subcutaneous injection of indomethacin did not affect the body temperature, tail vasomotor activity, or O2 uptake of exercising rats. Intracerebroventricular indomethacin did not affect Tre or tail vasomotor activity of rats resting at ambient temperatures of 24 and 28 degrees C. Present results suggest that prostaglandin synthesis is required for the vasoconstrictive effect of exercise on skin blood vessels and thus for the exercise-induced elevation of body temperature.

Thermoregulation during the summer season in the Goode’s horned lizard Phrynosoma goodei (Iguania: Phrynosomatidae) in Sonoran Desert

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Alejandro Lara-Resendiz ◽  
Tereza Jezkova ◽  
Philip C. Rosen ◽  
Fausto Roberto Méndez-de La Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Sonoran Desert ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Thermal Constraints ◽  
Preferred Body Temperature ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Operative Temperatures

Reptiles in desert environments depend on habitat thermal quality to regulate their body temperature and perform biological activities. Understanding thermoregulation with respect to habitat thermal quality is critical for accurate predictions of species responses to climate change. We evaluated thermoregulation in Goode’s horned lizard, Phrynosoma goodei, and measured habitat thermal quality at the Reserva de la Biosfera El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar, Sonora, Mexico, during the hottest season of the year. We found that field-active body temperature averaged 38.1 ± 0.38°C, preferred body temperature in laboratory averaged 34.9 ± 0.18°C and preferred body temperature range was 32.5-37.3°C. Operative temperature (i.e. environmental temperature available to the lizards) averaged 43.0 ± 0.07°C, with maximum temperature being near 70°C, and 62.9% of operative temperatures were above preferred body temperature range of P. goodei. Microhabitat thermal quality occupied by the lizards was high in the morning (7:00-10:30) and afternoon (5:50-dusk). We found that despite strong thermal constraints P. goodei was highly accurate and efficient in regulating its body temperature and that it presented a bimodal thermoregulatory pattern, being active in the mornings and in the evenings in order to avoid high mid-day environmental temperatures. Despite its thermoregulatory ability, P. goodei may be vulnerable to climate warming.

EFFECTS OF THE TEMPERATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE DRINKING WATER ON THE BODY TEMPERATURE AND WATER CONSUMPTION OF SHEEP

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Bailey ◽  
R. Hironaka ◽  
S. B Slen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissues ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Reduced Water

Temperatures in the rumen, rectum, and subcutaneous tissues of four sheep receiving [Formula: see text] pounds of alfalfa hay per day were recorded at environmental temperatures of 15 °C. and −12 °C. The temperature of the drinking water was 20 °C. when the environmental temperature was 15 °C. and variously 0°, 10°, 20°, and 30 °C. during four different periods when the environmental temperature was −12 °C. At both environmental temperatures, the temperature in the rumen was higher than that in the rectum which, in turn, was higher than that in the subcutaneous tissues. The consumption of feed caused a transient increase in the temperature in the rumen and rectum while the consumption of water caused a transient decrease in the temperature in the rumen. A reduction in environmental temperature from 15 °C. to −12 °C. caused decreases in the temperatures in the rumen, rectum, and subcutaneous tissues, and reduced water intake from about 1600 to about 800 milliliters/day. At an environmental temperature of −12 °C., the temperature of the drinking water did not influence the amount of water consumed. It did, however, have an effect on body temperature because the average temperature in the rectum was slightly higher when the drinking water was 0 °C. than when it was 30 °C.

scholarly journals STATUS FISIOLOGIS TERNAK SAPI BALI (Bos sondaicus) BETINA YANG DIPELIHARA PADA LAHAN GAMBUT (Physiological Status of Bali Cattle (Bos sondaicus)Maintained on Peatlands)

AgriPeat ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (02) ◽  
pp. 94-101
Author(s):  
Admin Journal
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Work Group ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Normal Threshold ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Bali Cattle ◽  
Very High ◽  
Average Body

ABSTRACTThe study aimed to determine the extent of the physiological status of Balinese cattle (Bossondaicus) females maintained on peatlands including environmental temperature, respiratoryfrequency, body temperature, pulse rate, and rumination which is important to know the healthstatus of female Balinese cattle. This study used 10 female Balinese cows with an average bodyweight of 300 kg and age ranged from> 24-36 months, non-pregnant status. Physiological statusmeasurements were carried out in the morning, afternoon and evening. This study uses descriptivemethods and direct observation with data processing in analysis and tabulation. Research has beencarried out at the Joint Work Group of Taruna Taruna, Tanjung Taruna Village, Jabiren RayaDistrict, Pulang Pisau Regency. The research began on January 1, 2018 to February 2, 2018. Theresults showed that the average cage temperature in the morning was 28.0 0C and humidity was79.4%. While during the day the temperature of the cage is 33.8 oC and humidity is 58.7% and inthe afternoon the temperature of the cage is 30.0 0C and 73.6%. The average respiration frequencyof female Balinese cattle in the morning is 21.1 times per minute, while during the day is 24.3times per minute and in the afternoon is 24.5 times per minute. The average body temperature offemale Balinese cattle in the morning is 37.4 0C, during the day is 38.1 0C and in the afternoon is38.2 0C. The average pulse rate of Bali cattle, in the morning is 60.3 times per minute, during theday is 65.2 times per minute while in the afternoon is 63.7 times per minute. The averagerumination in the morning was 55.2 times chewing in 31.9 seconds, during the day the averagerumination was 55.3 times chewed in 31.7 seconds while on the afternoon the average ruminationwas 55, 3 times chew in 31.8 seconds. The physiological status of Bali cattle is respiratoryfrequency, body temperature, and pulse are in normal conditions. The condition of the ambienttemperature exceeds the normal threshold and the rumination in cattle is very high this conditiondoes not cause health problemsKeywords: Bali Cattle, Micro Climate, Physiological Response

Effect of Environmental Temperature on Reaction of Mice to Parathion, an Anticholinesterase Agent

1956 ◽  
Vol 186 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M. Baetjer ◽  
Raymond Smith
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Early Mortality ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Anticholinesterase Agent ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Rate Of Absorption ◽  
Rate Of Recovery ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

Mice were exposed to three environmental temperatures, 60°, 73° and 96°F, for 3 days before and after intraperitoneal injection with an anticholinesterase, parathion. The onset of deaths, rate of dying and rate of recovery were more rapid, the survival time of the fatal cases was shorter, and the mortality was higher at 96° than at 73°F. At 60°F, the onset of deaths was delayed, and the final but not the early mortality exceeded that at 73°F. Somewhat similar, though less significant, differences occurred with intravenous injections. Experiments with different pre- and postinjection temperatures showed that mortality varied directly with pre- and inversely with postinjection temperatures and latent period varied inversely with preinjection temperatures. For comparison, acetylcholine and neostigmine were injected intraperitoneally in mice at these three temperatures. The rate of dying and mortality were only slightly greater at 96° than at 73°F. At 60°F the onset of deaths was delayed, the animals died more slowly and the mortality was significantly lower than at 73°F. The results cannot be attributed to acceleration of chemical reactions with changes in body temperature but appear to be due to variations in rate of absorption and other factors.

Shorn and unshorn Awassi sheep III. Respiration rate

1963 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Eyal
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Awassi Sheep ◽  
Critical Ambient Temperature

1. Respiration rate of shorn and unshorn sheep was compared; animals were maintained in the shade and in direct sunlight during various seasons of the year, and at different hours of the day. The average respiration rate, for all seasons when sheep were maintained in the shade, was 55 and 32 respirations per minute, for the unshorn and shorn sheep, respectively.The diurnal trend of the respiration rate of shorn sheep resembled that of the ambient temperature. There was a delay in the lowering of respiration rate of the unshorn sheep during the evening hours.2. The critical temperature for the increase in respiration of animals maintained in the shade was 22° C. and 26–30° C. for the unshorn and shorn sheep, respectively.When the animals were exposed to the direct sunlight the critical ambient temperature for the increase in respiration rate was 15–18° C. and 18–22° C. for the unshorn and shorn sheep, respectively. The respiration rate of the shorn sheep exceeded that of the unshorn but decreased very steeply when the animals returned to the shade.3. The effect of humidity was noted particularly with ambient temperatures exceeding 27° C. The respiration rate of the unshorn sheep increased and that of the shorn decreased with the rise in the relative humidity. In the sun there was a rise in the respiration rate of both groups with increase in humidity. The rise was steeper in the shorn animals.4. The effect of the wind in reducing respiration rate was particularly noted on shorn sheep and at elevated ambient temperatures.5. With equal rectal temperature, the respiration rate of shorn sheep was lower than that of the unshorn ones. Assumed critical rectal temperature for the rise in respiration rate was lower in the unshorn sheep.6. The differences between the respiration responses of the unshorn and shorn sheep stemmed from the variation in their thermal balance. The latter resulted from the differences in the insulating characteristics of body surface and the differences between the macroclimate and the microclimate existing in the fleece.

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