Studies on mixtures of maize and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) with particular reference to plant population

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Willey ◽  
D. S. O. Osiru
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Nitrogen Transfer ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
Optimum Proportion ◽  
High Level

SUMMARYTwo experiments are described in which the possible yield benefits of mixing maize and beans were examined under intensive farming conditions. A ‘replacement series’ of pure maize, two-thirds maize/one-third beans, one-third maize/two-thirds beans and pure beans was used at four plant populations. A high level of nitrogen was applied on the maize to eliminate the effects of nitrogen transfer from the beans.Yields of the mixtures were up to 38% higher than could be achieved by growing the crops separately. It is concluded that this occurred because the mixtures achieved a greater utilization of environmental resources; it is suggested that, because of the marked height differences of the two crops, an increased utilization of light was probably a major contributing factor. The need for high populations in mixtures is indicated, partly because the largest yield increases were achieved at high populations and partly because the mixtures required a higher population pressure to produce their maximum yield.The maize was found to have the higher relative competitive ability, and this increased with increase in plant population pressure. It is suggested that this was probably due to the shading effect which the maize had on the beans. The effects of a change in relative competitive abilities, or in relative selling prices, on the optimum proportion of two species in a mixture are also considered.

Studies on mixtures of dwarf sorghum and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) with particular reference to plant population

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. O. Osiru ◽  
R. W. Willey
Keyword(s):  
Plant Population ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Nitrogen Transfer ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
Competitive Species ◽  
Competitive Abilities ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level

SUMMARYAn experiment is described in which the possible yield benefits of mixing dwarf sorghum and beans were examined under intensive farming conditions. A ‘replacement series’ of pure sorghum, two-thirds sorghum/one-third beans, one-third sorghum/twothirds beans and pure beans was used at four plant populations. A high level of nitrogen was applied to the sorghum to eliminate the effects of nitrogen transfer from the beans.Yields of the mixtures were up to 55% higher than could be achieved by growing the crops separately. As with some earlier maize/beans experiments (Willey & Osiru, 1972), it is concluded that these yield increases must have been due to a greater utilization of environmental resources. It is suggested that the main factors which made this possible were probably the different rooting depths of the two crops and their different growth cycles.In agreement with the earlier experiments, mixtures which consisted of two-thirds sorghum/one -third beans gave greatest yield increases at high populations and also had a higher optimum population than the pure stands. However, no such trends were apparent in the mixtures which consisted of one-third sorghum/two-thirds beans.For both species intra-specific competition was greater than inter-specific competition. In contrast to the earlier maize/beans experiments, the relative interspecific competitive abilities of the species changed with change in the initial proportions of species in the mixtures. In the two-thirds sorghum/one-third beans mixtures the sorghum was the more competitive species, whilst in the one-third sorghum/two-thirds beans mixtures the bean was the more competitive species. Also in contrast to the maize/beans experiments, these relative competitive abilities were not affected by change in theoverall plant population pressure.

Yield-density relationships and optimum plant populations in two cultivars of solid-seeded dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in Saskatchewan

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Shirtliffe ◽  
Adrian M. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Seeding Density ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Density Relationship

There is relatively little agronomic information on solid-seeded production of dry bean in western Canada. Recommended seeding density for dry bean can depend on the growth habit of the plant, the yield–density relationship, percent emergence, seed cost and environment. The objective of this study was to determine the yield–density relationships in two determinate bush type cultivars of dry bean and the optimum plant population under solid-seeded production in Saskatchewan. CDC Camino, a late-season pinto bean and CDC Expresso, a medium-season-length black bean were the cultivars evaluated. In most sites, the yield-density relationship of the cultivars was asymptotic and an optimum plant density for maximum yield could not be determined. Camino generally required a lower plant population to reach a given yield than Expresso. Increasing plant population did not affect 1000-seed weight. Higher seeding rate did result in a greater number of seeds produced m-2, with Expresso having a greater increase in seed produced m-2 compared with Camino. Expresso was required to be at higher plant densities than Camino to maximize economic returns. This reflects the differences between cultivars in yield-density relationship and seed cost, as Camino has a heavier 1000-seed weight than Expresso. Saskatchewan bean growers wishing to maximize profit should target plant populations for Expresso and Camino of approximately 50 and 25 plants m-2, respectively. Key words: Saskatchewan, yield components, non-linear regression, seeding rate, narrow rows, solid-seeded

scholarly journals RELATIVE COMPETITIVENESS BETWEEN MAIZE HYBRIDS AND WILD POINSETTIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-309
Author(s):  
LEANDRO GALON ◽  
RICARDO LUIS GABIATTI ◽  
FELIPE JOSÉ MENIN BASSO ◽  
ANDRÉ LUIZ RADÜNZ ◽  
FRANCISCO WILSON REICHERT JÚNIOR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Chlorophyll Index

ABSTRACT Maize is one of the main cereals cultivated worldwide and wild poinsettia is among the weeds that cause damage in grain production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relative competitive ability of maize hybrids in the presence of a wild poinsettia biotype through experiments in replacement series. In preliminary experiments, it was determined the plant population in which the dry mass becomes constant. For the maize hybrids ‘Agroeste’, ‘Morgan’, ‘Nidera’, and ‘Velox’, as well as the wild poinsettia, the population was 20 individuals vase-1. Subsequently, experiments were carried out in replacement series in different combinations of species that varied the relative proportions (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100%). The analysis of the species' competitiveness was carried out using diagrams applied to the replacement experiments and by the relative competitiveness indexes. The height (PH), chlorophyll index (CI), leaf area (LA), and the shoot dry mass (DM) of the plants were evaluated 50 days after emergence. There was competition between the maize hybrids and the wild poinsettia; both were negatively affected, regardless of the proportion of plants, causing reductions in the species' PH, CI, LA, and DM. The competition between maize and wild poinsettia occurs for the same resources in the environment, and interspecific competition caused greater damage to maize and wild poinsettia than intraspecific competition. In general, it was observed that only the hybrids ‘Nidera’ and ‘Velox’ were more competitive than the wild poinsettia.

scholarly journals Characterization of Wisconsin Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) Resistant to Cloransulam

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey M. Marion ◽  
Vince M. Davis ◽  
David E. Stoltenberg
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Amino Acid Position ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Giant Ragweed ◽  
High Level ◽  
Over Time

A giant ragweed population with putative resistance to cloransulam was identified in a long-term corn–soybean rotation located in southern Wisconsin. The population represented the first potential instance of giant ragweed resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors in the state. Seeds were collected from several plants and pooled for subsequent experiments. Whole-plant dose–response experiments showed a high level of resistance (>500-fold) of the resistant (R) accession to cloransulam compared with a sensitive (S) accession. In vivo ALS bioassays showed that the target enzyme was 10.6- to 13.6-fold less sensitive to cloransulam in R than in S plants. Partial sequence analysis of the ALS gene found a tryptophan-to-leucine substitution at the 574 amino acid position (W574L) in the R phenotype. To better understand the potential fitness costs associated with the target-site substitution, replacement series experiments performed under greenhouse conditions characterized the relative growth, development, and fecundity of the R accession compared with an S accession in the absence of cloransulam. Growth over time did not differ between the R and S accessions for plant height during the vegetative phase (21 to 98 d after planting [DAP]) or for plant leaf area (21 to 80 DAP). At the estimated maximum, proportional shoot dry mass of each accession did not differ from theoretical proportions representing competitive equivalence, indicating no difference in vegetative competitive ability. Fecundity of R plants (430±53 seeds plant−1) did not differ from that of S plants (451±47 seeds plant−1), nor did seed viability (74 to 75% across accessions). This is the first report of equal competitive ability, fecundity, and seed viability between giant ragweed accessions R or S to cloransulam. The results suggest that the cloransulam resistance trait may persist and spread in the giant ragweed field population over time, even in the absence of selection by cloransulam.

scholarly journals Multiple cropping of maize and soya beans under a high level of crop management.

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
W.C. Beets
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Mixed Cropping ◽  
Multiple Cropping ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
High Level ◽  
Seed Yields

Intercropping maize with soyabeans in 6 different spatial arrangements reduced the grain/seed yields/unit area of both crops. Maize alone with optimal plant populations produced the maximum yield of grain and energy, whereas associations of maize and soyabeans produced maximum total fat, protein and methionine yields. Associations used the land more intensively and land equivalent ratios of all intercropping systems were higher than of monocultures of maize and soyabeans. Different ways of evaluating mixed cropping trials are discussed. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Spacing and harvest date experiments with Maris Peer potatoes

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Seed Tuber ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Tuber Initiation ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Acceptable Quality ◽  
Small Seed

SUMMARYIn two experiments with potatoes the effects of plant population (from 13 to 59 stems/m2 in 1969 and 18–111 stems/m2 in 1970) and harvest date (from mid-June till late August/early September) on the yields of tubers and particularly those of canningsize (2–4 cm) were studied in the cv. Maris Peer.Yields of canning-sized tubers increased linearly with increases in the number of mainstems over the range 13–64 stems/m2. The response was similar for harvests made at different stages of growth except for the period of 2–3 weeks after tuber initiation when the effect of plant population on yields was small. For crops grown at low plant populations yields of canning-sized tubers rose to a maximum early in the season and then declined with further growth of the crop. Progressive increases in plant population resulted in maximum yields at progressively later stages in the growth of the crop. The period over which it would have been possible to harvest crops having an acceptable quality and each giving their maximum yield was 4–6 weeks in 1969 and 3–4 weeks in 1970.There was no effect of seed tuber size per se on total tuber yields or yields of tubers in size grades. In both years at least twice the weight of large (over 66 g) as opposed to small seed (22 and 27 g) was required to establish the same stem population/m2. The production and use of small seed suitable for canning potato production is discussed.

scholarly journals Plant Population Affects Pumpkin Yield Components

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent E. Cushman ◽  
Thomas E. Horgan ◽  
David H. Nagel ◽  
Patrick D. Gerard
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Wholesale Market ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Quadratic Relationship

Pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo, C. moshata) were grown in northern Mississippi during 2000 and 2001 for the purpose of more narrowly defining plant population recommendations for commercial production in the humid southeastern United States. Four plant populations were examined for `Aspen': 908, 1361, 2045, and 3068 plants/acre (2244, 3363, 5053, and 7581 plants/ha, respectively) and for `Howden Biggie': 605, 908, 1361, and 2045 plants/acre (1495, 2244, 3363, 5053 plants/ha, respectively). Plant populations were adjusted by varying in-row spacing while holding between-row spacing constant at 8 ft (2.4 m). Plant population significantly affected yield of `Aspen' and `Howden Biggie'. Linear and quadratic terms were significant for `Aspen', with maximum yield (ton/acre and fruit/acre) for the quadratic relationship occurring at about 2045 plants/acre. In contrast, yield of `Howden Biggie' decreased significantly (ton/acre) and nonsignificantly (fruit/acre) in a linear relationship as plant population increased from 605 to 2045 plants/acre. Plant population significantly affected fruit weight and size. As plant population increased, weight and size decreased slightly but significantly in a linear relationship for `Aspen' (lb/fruit and inch3/fruit) and `Howden Biggie' (lb/fruit). The quadratic relationship for `Howden Biggie' (inch3/fruit) was significant and the minimum value occurred at about 1361 plants/acre. Plant population significantly affected pumpkin yield components associated with plant productivity. As plant population increased, number and weight of fruit per plant decreased sharply in a quadratic relationship for `Aspen' (lb/ plant and fruit/plant) and `Howden Biggie' (lb/plant). The linear relationship for `Howden Biggie' (fruit/ plant) also decreased significantly. At the highest plant populations for `Howden Biggie', 40% of the plants did not produce marketable pumpkins. In conclusion, recommendations of optimum plant populations for a semi-vining cultivar such as `Aspen' should be centered on about 2045 plants/acre. Published recommendations from Kentucky appear sound, advocating plant populations within the range of 1360 to 2720 plants/acre (3361 to 6721 plants/ha). For a vining cultivar such as `Howden Biggie', recommendations can be as low as 605 plants/acre. Published recommendations from Kentucky and Georgia, along with those published in the Vegetable Crop Guidelines for the Southeastern U.S., advocate plant populations for vining cultivars of approximately 725 to 1465 plants/acre (1790–3620 plants/ha). Our results with `Howden Biggie', a cultivar that produces larger pumpkins than most other vining cultivars grown for the wholesale market, indicate that producers of vining cultivars should use plant populations from the lowest values of these recommendations or use even lower values. Our results also indicate that growers can control size and weight of pumpkins by varying plant population, with increasing populations resulting in a slight decrease of size and weight.

scholarly journals Variable-rate in corn sowing for maximizing grain yield

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eder Eujácio da Silva ◽  
Fábio Henrique Rojo Baio ◽  
Daniel Fernando Kolling ◽  
Renato Schneider Júnior ◽  
Alex Rogers Aguiar Zanin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Seeding Density ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Soil Attributes

AbstractSowing density is one of the most influential factors affecting corn yield. Here, we tested the hypothesis that, according to soil attributes, maximum corn productivity can be attained by varying the seed population. Specifically, our objectives were to identify the soil attributes that affect grain yield, in order to generate a model to define the optimum sowing rate as a function of the attributes identified, and determine which vegetative growth indices can be used to predict yield most accurately. The experiment was conducted in Chapadão do Céu-GO in 2018 and 2019 at two different locations. Corn was sown as the second crop after the soybean harvest. The hybrids used were AG 8700 PRO3 and FS 401 PW, which have similar characteristics and an average 135-day cropping cycle. Tested sowing rates were 50, 55, 60, and 65 thousand seeds ha−1. Soil attributes evaluated included pH, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, organic matter, clay content, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation. Additionally, we measured the correlation between the different vegetative growth indices and yield. Linear correlations were obtained through Pearson’s correlation network, followed by path analysis for the selection of cause and effect variables, which formed the decision trees to estimate yield and seeding density. Magnesium and apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) were the most important soil attributes for determining sowing density. Thus, the plant population should be 56,000 plants ha−1 to attain maximum yield at ECa values > 7.44 mS m−1. In addition, the plant population should be 64,800 plants ha−1 at values < 7.44 mS m−1 when magnesium levels are greater than 0.13 g kg−1, and 57,210 plants ha−1 when magnesium content is lower. Trial validation showed that the decision tree effectively predicted optimum plant population under the local experimental conditions, where yield did not significantly differ among populations.

Effects of Plant Population on Sole-crop Cassava in Sierra Leone

1978 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Godfrey-Sam-Aggrey
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Sole Crop ◽  
Yield And Yield Components

SUMMARYEffects of plant population on mean yield and yield components of 2-year sole cassava crops were studied on Njala upland soils of Sierra Leone in two experiments. Increasing plant population of multi-shoot Cocoa cassava over 7000/ha decreased all the parameters studied except top/root weight ratio, which increased. The observed effects were attributed to competition for environmental resources, since area of land/plant unit decreased as plant population increased. The relations between plant populations and yields of fresh root and cortex dry matter were asymptotic, indicating that the respective yields were products of the vegetative phase of cropping.

A PROSPECTS OF THE SUPER-INTENSIVE UNSUPPORTED GARDENS ESTABLISHMENT OF COLUMNAR APPLE TREE VARIETIES

1970 ◽  
pp. 45-48
Author(s):  
S. А. Korneeva ◽  
Е. N. Sedov ◽  
T. V. Янчук
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
High Level ◽  
Dwarf Rootstocks

Columnar apple cultivars are optimally suited to lay apple tree plantings using intensive technology, which provides for super-dense placement of trees. The article considers a variant of growing columnar apple cultivars on inserts of dwarf rootstocks 3-17-38 and 62-396. The use of dwarf rootstocks 3-17-38 and 62-396 as intercalar inserts in the cultivation of columnar apple cultivars, along with good anchoring of plants, provides high precocity, productivity and economic efficiency of planting. All the costs of laying the orchard and annual works on agrotechnical care of the trees were paid off in the fourth year after planting.The economic and biological features of the columnar cultivars provided not only a quick return of the investments, but also a high level of profitability. The profitability of the studied columnar planting for the 6th year after planting (2020) on average for all cultivars was 106.0 % on the insert of the dwarf rootstock 62-396 and 104.7 % on the insert 3-17-38. The profit received on average for the plantings amounted to 2 378 661 rubles per ha. In the group of the studied cultivars, there is a difference in economic efficiency. The lowest level of productivity and profitability was in the Vostorg cultivar: on average, on two inserts, the yield in 2020 was 27.3 t/ha and the profitability was 66.6%. The Girlyanda cultivar was characterized by the maximum yield and profitability: 88.0 t/ha and 115.8%, respectively.

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