The nutrition of the bacon pig: V. The minimum level of protein intake consistent with quick growth and satisfactory carcass quality

1940 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Woodman ◽  
R. E. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Protein Treatment

The present investigation is the sequel to an earlier pig-feeding trial in which a diet supplying only half the standard amounts of protein supplement, in the form of a mixture of feeding blood meal, dried separated milk and ex. soya bean meal, was found to give as good results from the standpoints of rate of growth, efficiency of food conversion and carcass leanness and quality, as a diet that contained the full standard allowances.It was considered desirable to repeat this initial exploratory experiment, making use this time of a totally different form of protein supplement, since the question of the biological efficiency of the protein supply might conceivably be of critical importance at the lower levels of protein feeding. In the present trial, therefore, the mixture of the three protein foods was replaced by a single protein food, namely, white fish meal. The standard-protein treatment C supplied 12% of white fish meal up to 90 lb. live-weight, 10% from 90 to 150 lb., whilst from 150 lb. to slaughter at about 200 lb. live-weight, the white fish meal was omitted from the diet, its place being taken by 5% of ex. soya bean meal. The corresponding allowances of protein food in the low-protein treatment B were 5, 4 and 3% respectively. The low-protein treatment A, which was introduced as a link between the previous and the present trials, contained the protein supplement composed of feeding blood meal, dried separated milk and ex. soya bean meal and supplied the same amount of digestible protein as was contained in the low-protein treatment B.

Effects of different protein contents in the rations of growing-fattening pigs

1960 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Braude ◽  
M. Jill Townsend ◽  
G. Harrington ◽  
J. G. Rowell
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Fattening Pigs ◽  
Better Than

1. A co-ordinated trial has been carried out at eighteen centres to study the effects of feeding various quantities of high-protein supplement to growing-fattening pigs. In treatment 1, 10% white fish meal was included from weaning to 150 lb. live weight and 3% soya-bean meal was included from 150 lb. live weight to slaughter (approximately 210 lb.). Treatment 2 was the same as treatment 1 except that only 7% white fish meal was included during the first stage. Treatment 3 was the same as treatment 2 except that the rations were changed at 1001b. live weight instead of 1501b. Treatment 4 was the same as treatment 3 except that highprotein supplement was omitted altogether after 1501b. live weight; thus there were three rations involved in treatment 4—7% white fish meal from weaning to 100 lb. live weight, 3% soya-bean meal from 100 lb. to 150 lb. and no high-protein supplement thereafter.2. Growth rate and feed conversion both differed significantly between treatments. Pigs on treatment 1 grew 5·0% faster than those on treatment 4; the average growth rate for treatments 2 and 3, the difference between which was negligible, was 3·3% higher than for treatment 4. Feed conversion for treatment 1 was 5·4% better than for treatment 4 and the average for treatments 2 and 3 was 3·8% better than for treatment 4.3. Treatment differences were not significant for killing-out percentage, length, quality of fat, proportions of gammon, middle and fore-end of the cured side, thickness of streak, size of eye muscle and amount of fat over it. Some of the fat measurements differed significantly between treatments; differences in fat thickness at the shoulder, middle and rump between treatments 1, 2 and 3 were generally small, but the lowest protein level (treatment 4) resulted in carcasses with about 2% more fat along the back than the average of treatments 1, 2 and 3. These slight differences in back-fat thickness did not result in significant differences in the percentage of pigs in the highest grades.4. An economic appraisal of the results suggested that under the conditions prevailing at the time of the experiment treatment 3 would have resulted in the greatest profit per year, and the greatest profit per pig. This ration was relatively cheap compared with those of treatments 1 and 2 but it did not lead to a seriously impaired performance, as did that of treatment 4, the cheapest ration.

Protein levels in practical diets for bacon pigs

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-236
Author(s):  
C. D. Rickaby
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Farm Scale ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. The performance and profitability of growing-fattening bacon pigs on two diets, A and B, were compared in farm-scale trials at five centres involving a total of 94 pigs. Diet A contained normal amounts of white-fish meal, middlings and barley meal. Diet B was a cheap low-protein diet containing 90–95% barley meal and no wheat offals.2. The average crude protein contents of the diets were: diet A, weaner meal 17·2%, fattener meal 14·1% and diet B 14·8% and 12·1% respectively.3. The pigs on diet A had a daily live-weight gain 1·26 lb. and a food conversion ratio of 3·38 lb.; corresponding figures for the pigs on diet B were 1·22 lb. and 3·49 lb.The food costs of the pigs on diet B were lower by 10s. 10d. per pig; although the grading of these pigs was slightly poorer, the ultimate profit was 7s. 10d. greater per pig than for diet A.4. At a sixth centre, decorticated groundnut meal was used in diet B instead of soya bean meal; this had a marked adverse effect on the performance of the pigs and the profit was 18s. 3d. less per pig than for diet A.

Protein supplementation of silage-based diets for calves

1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Vitamin Supplement ◽  
Total N ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out to examine the effects on the intake and performance of calves of supplementing a diet, based on high-digestibility, well-preserved grass silage, with fish meal. The effects of fish-meal supplementation were examined at each of two amounts of concentrate intake (1·05 and 2·2 kg/day) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Fish meal was offered at a rate of 75 g/kg silage dry-matter (DM) intake. Experiments 1 and 2 involved 36 and 40 castrated male calves, respectively, which were initially 7 weeks old and had a live weight of 70 kg. The treatments were imposed for 20 weeks. The silages used in the two experiments had mean concentrations of 22-8 g nitrogen (N) per kg DM; 524 g protein N per kg total N; 59 g ammonia N per kg total N; 0·4 g butyric acid per kg DM; and 712 g digestible organic matter per kg DM. The concentrate consisted of (g/kg) 800 ground barley, 125 soya bean meal, 50 molasses and 25 mineral and vitamin supplement, respectively, and contained 29 g N per kg DM. Silage DM intakes and live-weight gains for the low and high amounts of concentrate supplementation were 1·93 and 1·46 (s.e. 0·055) kg/day and 0·84 and 1·01 (s.e. 0·013) kg/day respectively. The supplement of fish meal did not affect silage DM intake or animal performance for either concentrate intake. Proportionately, only 0·21 of the difference in live weight at the end of the treatment periods between the two amounts of concentrate intake remained at slaughter at 18 months of age. It is concluded that the optimum growth rate for autumn-born calves during their first winter can be sustained by a diet of high-digestibility grass silage supplemented with a maximum of 1·0 kg cereal-soya bean meal concentrate and that no response in performance was obtained to supplementation of this diet with fish meal.

Efficiency of utilization during pregnancy and lactation in the ewe of the protein reaching the abomasum and truly digested in the small intestine

1989 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. T. Ngongoni ◽  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
R. P. Aitken ◽  
C. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Regression Estimate ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTIn six experiments carried out on individually penned Finn Dorset ewes estimates were made of the quantities of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) reaching the abomasum and truly digested in the small intestine. For experiments 1 and 2 which each involved 33 ewes given a complete diet of milled hay and concentrates supplemented with varying amounts of a good-quality fish meal during late pregnancy, the overall regression estimate for the daily amount of truly digested NAN required for zero N retention (ewe plus conceptus) was 438 mg/kg M0·75 (441 and 434 for experiments 1 and 2 respectively). The coefficients for the efficiency of utilization of increments of truly digested NAN and maternal tissue N for net N accretion in the conceptus were 0·48 (s.e. 0·039) and 0·84 (s.e. 0·127) respectively.In experiment 3, 24 lactating ewes had their diet supplemented with either soya-bean meal or fish meal. There was no effect of protein source on the amounts of NAN reaching the abomasum in ewes fitted with an abomasal cannula or on milk yield and these observations confirmed the unusually high degradability (measured by the polyester bag technique) of the fish-meal protein in the rumen. For experiments 4, 5 and 6 a total of 36 ewes were used to test the efficiency with which the NAN truly digested in the small intestine was used for the synthesis of milk protein. In the absence of data on the possible contribution of body tissue N to milk N the coefficient for the apparent efficiency of utilization of truly digested NAN when the ewes were given a basal diet containing approximately 10 g crude protein per MJ metabolizable energy was 0·63. For those ewes receiving the basal diet supplemented with either soya-bean meal, fish meal or blood meal the coefficients for the efficiency of utilization for the production of milk N of the increments in truly digested NAN supplied by the three protein sources were 0·61, 0·54 and 0·29 respectively. It is suggested that the low coefficient for blood meal may be due to its low content of methionine.

The effect of source of nitrogen and level of its supplementation on the performance of growing-fattening bulls

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Levy ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
V. Samuel ◽  
I. Bruckental
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Stage 1

ABSTRACTTwo feeding trails were made and in both all the diets given contained about 11 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per kg dry matter (DM).In trial 1, diets containing three concentrations of crude protein (CP) were given to a total of 84 Friesian bulls in each of three stages of growth. They were, in stage 1 (150 to 250 kg live weight) 130, 145 and 160 g CP per kg dietary DM; in stage 2 (250 to 350 kg live weight) 110, 130 and 145 g CP per kg dietary DM; in stage 3 (350 kg to slaughter) 95, 110 and 130 g CP per kg dietary DM. In stages 2 and 3, the source of supplementary nitrogen at each CP concentration was either soya-bean meal or non-protein nitrogen (NPN) giving six combinations of concentration and source of dietary CP. Live-weight gains in stage 1 were 1·52, 1·60 and 1·58 kg/day respectively (P > 0·05). In the stages involving both concentrations and source of nitrogen (soya-bean meal in parentheses), the mean daily live-weight gains were (1·40), 1·38, (1·32), 1·34 (1·34) and 1·31 kg for stage 2 (F > 0·05) and (1·14), 1·14, (1.24), 1·16, (1·06) and 1·08 kg for stage 3 (P < 0·05), for the diets of 130, 145 and 160 g CP per kg diet respectively.Trial 2 consisted of six stages of growth, the first five of 45 days duration and the sixth of varying length up to a predicted slaughter weight, and seven dietary treatments. Treatment 1 was a negative control (NC) with a dietary CP concentration of 90 g/kg DM. For the other six treatments two concentrations of dietary CP were given; 120 g/kg and 140 g/kg in stages 1 and 2 and 100 g/kg or 120 g/kg in stages 3 to 6. Dietary CP concentration was increased by the addition of NPN, fish meal or soya-bean meal. A total of 98 Friesian bulls were used with an initial average live weight of 185 kg. Daily gain of the NC group in the six stages of the trial was 0·86, 0·97, 101, 1·13, 1·07 and 1·00 kg for stages 1 to 6 respectively. From the results it was concluded that feeding NPN is not efficient at live weights lower than 250 kg and that there is no advantage to feeding fish meal over soya-bean meal in diets of medium energy concentration at live weights heavier than 250 kg.

A comparison of soya-bean meal, fish meal and maize gluten feed as protein sources for calves offered grass silage ad libitum

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Gluten Feed

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out to evaluate extracted soya-bean meal, fish meal and maize gluten feed as protein supplements for calves offered grass silage ad libitum. The five treatments used in experiment 1 consisted of 1·4 kg per head daily of concentrate dry matter (DM) consisting of (g/kg) 50 molasses and 25 minerals and vitamins plus (1) 925 barley (B), (2) 700 B and 225 extracted soya-bean meal (SBM), (3) 785 B and 140 fish meal (FM), (4) 925 maize gluten feed (MGF) and (5) 2·25 kg DM per head daily of concentrate (1). Those used in experiment 2 consisted of 1·4 kg per head daily of concentrate DM consisting of (g/kg) (1) 1000 B, (2) 800 B and 200 SBM, (3) 860 B and 140 FM, (4) 1000 MGF and (5) 2·25 kg DM per head daily of B. In each experiment the diets were offered to 70 calves which were initially 131 and 130 kg live weight, for periods of 14 and 13 weeks in experiments 1 and 2 respectively. The silages contained 155 and 154 g crude protein (CP) per kg DM; 45 and 77 g ammonia-nitrogen per kg total nitrogen and 698 and 726 g digestible organic matter per kg DM in experiments 1 and 2. Concentrates 1 and 5 contained 104 to 110 g CP per kg DM and concentrates 2, 3 and 4 contained 195 to 204 g CP per kg DM in both experiments. For diets 1 to 5 respectively silage DM intakes were 2·31,2·50,2·53,2·59 and 1 -61 (s.e. 0·097) kg/day; live-weight gains were 0·84,0·98,1 -01, 0·88 and 0·95 (s.e. 0·032) kg/day in experiment 1 and 2·38, 2·53, 2·54, 2·82 and 1·77 (s.e. 0·045) kg/day and 0·90,1·04,1·03,1·05 and 0·99 (s.e. 0·038) kg/day for experiment 2. It is concluded that the use of soya-bean meal rather than fish meal did not affect silage intake or animal performance. Replacing mixtures of barley and soya-bean meal or barley and fish meal with an equal quantity of isonitrogenous maize gluten feed did not affect animal performance in one experiment but significantly reduced it in the other experiment.

Digestion and live-weight gain by beef cattle consuming bermudagrass supplemented with grain or different high-protein foodstuffs

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Goetsch ◽  
L. A. Forster ◽  
G. E. Murphy ◽  
E. W. Grant ◽  
D. L. Galloway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Total N ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were made to determine the effects on digestion characteristics and live-weight (LW) gain of cattle consuming bermudagrass of supplementing with ground maize, soya-bean meal or a maizegluten— blood meal mix alone or maize plus the protein supplements. Experiment 1 was a Latin-square design with 14-day periods using six beef cows fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulas (490 kg). Cows were given bermudagrass hay at 12·7 g/kg LW alone (control, C) or with 2·4 g/kg LW of ground maize (M), 0·98 g/kg LW of soya-bean meal (S), 0·53 g/kg LW of maize-gluten plus 0·17 g/kg (dry matter basis) of blood meal (GB), M plus S (M + S) or M plus GB (M + GB). Nitrogen (N) intake was 106, 123, 143, 148, 166 and 166 g/day; total N at the duodenum was 101, 124, 117, 126, 140 and 161 (s.e. 5·91) g/day; and post-ruminal N disappearance was 61, 77, 72, 84, 87 and 110 (s.e. 5·6) g/day for C, M, S, GB, M + S and M + GB, respectively. In experiment 2, 96 crossbred beef heifers (203 kg LW) implanted with 200 mg testosterone and 20 mg oestradiol benzoate were allotted to 12 groups by LW (two groups per treatment). Heifers grazed bermudagrass paddocks for 84 days in two 42-day periods and supplement treatments were those in experiment 1. A period × treatment interaction in LW gain was noted (P< 0·05). LW gain was 0·78, 0·81, 0·79, 0·76, 0·70 and 0·95 kg in period 1 and 0·46, 0·51, 0·56, 0·53, 0·64 and 0·61 kg in period 2 for C, M, S, GB, M + S and M + GB, respectively (s.e. 0·049). In conclusion, duodenal flow and post-ruminal disappearance of N were similar for the protein sources when offered singularly, but when given with maize values were greater for the mix of protein meals high in ruminal undegradable protein as compared with soya-bean meal. LW gain by heifer calves grazing bermudagrass was increased only by supplementation with ground maize plus the protein meal mix of low ruminal degradability.

scholarly journals The effect on protein utilization of feeding different protein supplements via the rumen or via the abomasum in young growing sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 803-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
Elizabeth L. Corse
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Liquid Suspension ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. Sixteen lambs were used to compare two methods of administering various protein supplements to weaned lambs. In one method the protein supplement was mixed with the dry feed, consisting mainly of rolled barley, so that it passed to the rumen. In the second method the supplement was suspended in water which the lambs were trained to suck from a bottle; the suspension then passed directly to the abomasum by way of the oesophageal groove and so escaped rumen fermentation.2. When the protein supplements were given in amounts that provided less than the estimated protein requirement of the animals, giving the liquid suspension led to significantly lower urinary nitrogen excretion (P < 0.001), greater nitrogen retention (P<0.05) and greater live-weight gain (0.05<P<0.1) than giving the feed in the dry form.3. The body-weight gain was greater with white fish meal than with casein (P<0.05) and soya-bean meal (P<0.001), whichever method of feeding was adopted. There was no significant interaction between method of feeding and protein source, but the faecal nitrogen excretion was highest when soya-bean meal was given in liquid suspension.4. From a regression of nitrogen retention on nitrogen intake with lambs receiving the basal ration only, it was calculated that the improvement in retention of the protein supplement effected by giving it in liquid suspension was 31 % for casein, 27 % for fish meal and 24 % for soya-bean meal.

The nutrition of the bacon pig: III. The minimum level of protein intake consistent with quick growth and satisfactory carcass quality (Part I)

1939 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Woodman ◽  
R. E. Evans ◽  
W. G. Turpitt ◽  
E. H. Callow
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Group Feeding ◽  
Protein Treatment

The influence of three feeding treatments of differing protein content on growth and carcass quality in bacon pigs has been investigated by the individual-feeding and group-feeding techniques. The protein supplement, which was used in conjunction with barley meal, weatings and a small allowance of lucerne meal, was composed of a mixture of ex. soya-bean meal, dried separated milk and feeding blood meal. Expressing, on the nitrogen basis, the amount of protein food in terms of its equivalent of white fish meal, the standard-protein treatment B supplied the equivalent of 9% of fish meal up to 90 lb. live weight, 7·6% from 90 to 150 lb. live weight and 3·8% from 150 to 200 lb. live weight. The corresponding figures for the low-protein treatment A were 4·5, 3·8 and 1·9%, and for the high-protein treatment C, 18, 15·2 and 7·6%.Considering the period of feeding up to 200 lb. live weight as a whole, it was found that differences of feeding treatment gave rise to no significant differences in respect of mean rate of live-weight increase and efficiency of food conversion (see Table VI). Only in the earliest stage of the feeding period did the pigs on the low-protein treatment A show a slightly, though significantly, lower rate of live-weight increase and poorer efficiency of food conversion than the pigs on treatments B and C, but such differences had ceased to be manifested by the time the pigs had arrived at 60 lb. live weight, and the slight initial disadvantage experienced by the low-protein pigs was wiped out during the later stages of the feeding period.

Nutrition of the bacon pig: XI. The minimum level of protein intake consistent with quick growth and satisfactory carcass quality (Part IV)

1945 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Woodman ◽  
R. E. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Group Feeding ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Satisfactory Quality

The main object of the present investigation was to test the inference from the results of previous trials that a diet composed substantially of cereal and weatings, with a small percentage of lucerne meal or grass meal, and supplying 7% of white-fish meal up to 90 lb. live weight and no protein supplement at all thereafter, should provide all the protein needed for the maximum rate of growth in bacon pigs and the production of carcasses of satisfactory quality, when fed at the rates shown in the feeding chart in Table 3.Two separate trials were carried out, and both the individual-feeding and group-feeding techniques were employed. In Trial I the control treatment A supplied the standard allowances of high-protein supplement, consisting of 10% of white-fish meal from weaning to 150 lb. live weight, and 5% of extracted soya-bean meal from 150 lb. to slaughter at about 200 lb. The white-fish meal in the rations of the pigs on treatment B was restricted to 7% up to 90 lb. live weight, and from this stage onwards the high-protein supplement was entirely omitted from the diet. The rest of the diet in both treatments consisted of barley meal and weatings, with a small percentage of lucerne meal, care being taken also to safeguard the animals against mineral deficiencies.

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