The cellularity of adipose tissue from pigs of different weights

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Enser ◽  
J. D. Wood ◽  
D. J. Restall ◽  
H. J. H. MacFie
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Large White ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cell Size Distributions ◽  
Number Of Cells

SummaryFat cell diameters were measured at 2-mm intervals throughout the depth of cores of subcutaneous shoulder and mid-back fat from ten Large White pigs. Five of the pigs were examined at 39 kg live weight and five at 70 kg live weight.In the shoulder fat of both groups there was a gradual change in fat cell size from the skin to the musculature. Cells were relatively small beneath the skin and adjacent to the underlying muscle and increased in size towards the junction of the inner and outer fat layers. The major difference between the two groups of pigs was that the cells closest to the skin and in the bulk of the inner layer were larger in the heavier animals whereas the cells at the junction of the two layers and closest to the muscle were similar in size. Such a uniform picture was not observed in the mid-back region where cells from the inner layer were larger than those from the outer layer.Cell size was Normally distributed at each site throughout the tissue. When the cell measurements for all the sites in each layer were combined there was no consistency in the type of distributions obtained although there was a tendency for them to be bimodal.In both layers of the shoulder fat there was a significant increase in the number of cells present in the 70 kg pigs compared with the 39 kg pigs and the new cells contributed considerably to the growth of the tissue between these weights. The observed cell size distributions and the cell size gradients within the tissue suggest that in the inner shoulder layer the new cells arise adjacent to the muscle. In the mid-back there was no significant difference in the number of fat cells present in the two groups of pigs and the growth of the mid-back fat was due to an increase in the size of fat cells already present.

Fat cell size in Pietrain and Large White pigs

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
M. B. Enser ◽  
D. J. Restall
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Large White ◽  
Fat Cell Size ◽  
Rate Of Increase

SUMMARYIn view of the dependence of fat metabolism on the size of fat cells and the lack of information describing the change in fat cell size which occurs during growth in pigs, an examination was made of the size of subcutaneous fat cells in Pietrain and Large White pigs of 30–95 kg live weight. A microscopic procedure was used and fat cell diameter was measured at two levels in the outer layer of shoulder fat and at two levels in the inner layer.In both breeds the rate at which cell diameter increased in size with live weight was greater in the inner layer than the outer layer. At all levels this rate of increase was greater in Pietrains. At the two levels in the inner layer the cells from Pietrains increased in size by 41% and 54% between 30 and 95 kg live weight and the cells from Large Whites increased in size by 23% and 36%. The result was that at 95 kg live weight both breeds had cells of similar size in the inner layer.Therefore in pigs of the same live weight, cell size varies, depending on the site at which the examination is made and the breed of pig. Even at constant cell size, however, the lipogenic capacity of the fat from different levels and different breeds must be different since the cells increase in size at different rates.

The cellularity of backfat in growing pigs and its relationship with carcass composition

1978 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
M. B. Enser ◽  
D. J. Restall
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Fat Cell Size ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Number Of Cells

ABSTRACT1. Using 12 castrated Large White pigs, the way in which the size and number of recognizable fat cells (i.e. > 6·0 μm) increases during growth from 26 to 109 kg live weight, and the relationships between fat cellularity and body fat content were determined.2. Fat biopsy samples were taken at 87, 145 and 188 days of age from the shoulder region. This region grew rapidly in volume but was early maturing since its relative growth during the period of the experiment was low compared with other regions, particularly the mid-back to loin region.3. The growth of fat that occurred during the experiment was due to increases in both the size and number of recognizable cells. There was no indication that the number of cells had become constant even at 188 days of age.4. Subcutaneous or total fat expressed as a percentage of total dissectible tissue weight was related quite closely (r = 0·6 to 0·7, residual s.d. about 8% of mean fat percentage) to average fat cell size measured at 145 and 188 days. The number of cells at these times, defined as the number in a cylinder whose depth was known and whose cross-sectional area was 1 mm2 on day 1, was not significantly correlated with whole body fatness.5. Appetite was strongly linked to the rate of fat deposition and to the weight of fat at 188 days, but not to fat expressed in percentage terms. This was, however, closely related to the corrected food conversion ratio (r = 0·90, residual s.d. 2% of mean total fat percentage).6. Fat thickness measured by ultrasonics before slaughter was no better as a predictor of percentage fat than average fat cell size.

Water content of rat adipose tissue and isolated adipocytes in relation to cell size

1976 ◽  
Vol 231 (5) ◽  
pp. 1568-1572 ◽  
Author(s):  
M DiGirolamo ◽  
JL Owens
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Intracellular Water ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Adipose Mass

Epididymal adipose tissue composition and adipocyte water content were studied in male rats during growth and development of spontaneous obesity. The data show that a highly significant positive correlation exists between fat-cell volume and intracellular water space (IWS) (r=.967, P less than .001). Intracellular water, expressed as picoliters per fat cell, varied from 1.5-2 in small fat cells (mean vol, 30-50 pl) to 9-10 in large cells (800-1,000 pl). When expressed as percent of fat-cell volume, IWS varied from 5-7% in the small fat cells to 1-1.3% in the large ones. Total adipose tissue water continued to increase with increasing adipose mass. Similarly, total adipocyte water increased with enlarging cell size and tissue mass. The contribution of total adipocyte water (as contrasted to that of nonadipocyte water) to total tissue water, however, was found to be limited (less than 23%) and to decline progressively with adipose mass expansion.

Biological and chemical features of Poltava Meat breed pigs bacon depending on genotype

2021 ◽  
pp. 74-80
Author(s):  
N. Garskaya ◽  
L. Peretyatko
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fatty Degeneration ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Meat Content ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Selection For

The research goal is to carry out comprehensive studies to define the biological and chemical characteristics of the young Poltava Meat Breed boars’ bacon for further work with existing genotypes and creating new ones.Materials and methods. The research was carried out on bacon samples taken from Poltava Meat Breed boars of different genotypes during the «control slaughter» at the age of reaching the live weight of 100 kg. Purebred Poltava Meat Breed boars were divided into two groups according to the principle of paired analogs: the group I (control) contained animals of «clean» breeding lines (16 heads), and the group II (experimental) contained animals with 12,5% of the Finnish Landrace blood (14 heads). The thickness of the bacon, its morphological structure and its chemical features were studied. All the results obtained were then processed by statistical methods.Results. It was found that Poltava Meat Breed boars, regardless of the genotype, had bacon thickness values below the Poltava Meat Breed target standard after reaching the live weight of 100 kg, with very low variability of the indicator (1,05–1,69%). However, there was no significant difference between the groups. During the morphological study of the samples, qualitative differences in the bacon of animals from different groups were noted. In the first group, the subcutaneous tissue (bacon) is subject to more pronounced destructive changes due to the intensified process of fatty degeneration. The fat cells of animals with Finnish Landrace blood were slightly smaller, but no significant difference between the area of fat cells in boars of different genotypes was found. The variability of morphological parameters in both groups was average (23,91% and 16,23%). The infusion of Finnish Landrace blood to the Poltava Meat Breed boars led to a change in the chemical composition of bacon, such as: an increase in the amount of moisture by 8,58% (p≤0,01), protein by 3,62% (p≤0,01), a decrease in the amount of fat by 9,25% (p≤0,01), to a decrease in the saponification number by 8,36% (p≤0,01) and the iodine number by 10,48% (p≤0,01).Conclusion. The bacon of Poltava Meat Breed boars is characterized by biological and chemical features due to both species and genotype. The established features of the bacon of Poltava Meat Breed boars indicate a significant decrease in its quality in the case of Finnish Landrace blood infusion. Intensive selection for meat content of Poltava Meat Breed pigs leads to a significant decrease in the thickness of the bacon and excessive selection pressure.

scholarly journals EFFICIENCY OF INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION IN BREEDING SOWS

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 254-259
Author(s):  
V. O. Melnik ◽  
O. O. Kravchenko ◽  
О. S. Kohut
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Intrauterine Insemination ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Large White ◽  
Large White Breed ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
White Breed ◽  
Breeding Farms

Improving of fertility indicators and reproductive qualities of sows during artificial insemination in farms of different specializations is very topical issue. The introduction of artificial insemination of sows on breeding farms by the spermdoses of optimum volume, by the frozen-thawed and sex sperm requires the introduction of innovative reproductive technologies. The use of economical methods of artificial insemination of sows using a minimum number of sperm in a small volume of spermdose in order to achieve high rates of fertility and prolificacy was proven in numerous experiments of the authors. Significantly reduced spermdose may be sufficient if the sperm enters deep enough into the uterus. Vitality of sperm does not depend on the size of spermdose, but the best place for sperm to survive one oviducts where they keep the fertilizing capacity from 9 to 27 hours. So deep intrauterine insemination of sows improves conditions for sperm survival The aim was to study the feasibility and justification for widespread implementation in to production on breeding farms of intrauterine insemination of sows morder to increase their fertilization and prolificacy and  to save the boar sperm with the highest index of breeding values. Experiments were conducted in terms of selection and genetic center of Agrofirm "Mig-Service-Agro" in Mykolaiv region. In the experiment used 65 sows of live weight of 280-320 kg wiht 2-4 farrowing were. Sows in sexual hunting were showed once daily in the morning using a boar-prober. Artificial insemination was performed twice: the first time - in the afternoon and at 14-16 p.m. The second time – in the morning of the next day at 9-10 am. For artificial insemination of sows were ed using experimental spermodes with volume of 40 ml which contained 1.5 billion of a Active sperm. For the dilution of sperm was used Durasperm - KRUUSE (Denmark) the period of sperm perpetuation is 5-7 days. To enter the were semen used catheters Magaplus S, (Spain) for intrauterine insemination of sows. Analysis shows that the period from weaning to insemination has significant difference comparing sows of large White breed with Landrace breed (p <0.001), with genotype sows F1 (p <0.01) and sows of the Duroc breed (p <0.05). For all selected 65 sows duration of suckling period, was estimated which averaged 32.2 days and the average time from weaning of pigs to their sexual inclination and the first intrauterine insemination 6.8 days that meets the physiological norm. After intrauterine insemination of sows of then 48 farrowed, which wich made for 73.9%. іncluding live 5 emergency farrow  were obtained, representing 10.4% of all amount. Percentage of farrow is considered physiologically normal – 80%, or more of total insemined sows. The very low percentage of farrow 53.3% had of sows F1, and the highest percentage was found by sows of the Duroc breed – 85.7%. Pregnency of sows were received just 17, which made 26.1% and highest percentage – 46.7% was set by sows F1. Analysis of the pregnancy sows shows that on average it is 116.2 days was the longest – 117.1 days was set in Landrace breed sows and the short est 115.5 days in Large White breed, but the difference is not significant. 571 pigs were received, іncluding live 451 head, which is 78.9%. The largest percentage of іncluding live piglets obtained from sows F1 – 82.5%, and the lowest in Landrace breeds – 77.0% and Large White – 77.3%. Exit of all piglets per sow without emergency farrowings is 12.2, іncluding live – 9,8. The highest yield were obtained piglets from sows F1 – 13.1, іncluding live – 10.9, the lowest yield of sows of the Duroc breed – 10.6, іncluding live 9.1, which has significant difference compared with the control (IDPs) and other breeds.  After intrauterine insemination 8 sows showed cyclic deregulation in 20-25 days, ie repeated sexual hunt took place on average 22.3 days. These sows were inseminated by not fractional way, they farrowed and an average litter just 13.1 piglets per sow, іncluding live - 11.3 was obtained. Repeating after intrauterine insemination on 45-48-49 day in the sexual hunt came about three sows for artificial insemination by not fractional method 3 farrowed and was obtained output – 13.3 piglets, іncluding live – 11.7. It should be noted that the best sow Large White breed №12 after intrauterine insemination bore 16 pigs, іncluding live 11, sow of Landrace breed №1556 – 18 pigs, іncluding live 12, Duroc №5888 – 13 pigs, іncluding live 11, sow F1 №167 – 20 pigs, іncluding live 14 pigs. Breeding requires more careful handling with major sows taking into account their breeding value and cost, that’s why we believe that there is no need to risk causing injury genitals with intrauterine insemination if a sufficient number of spermdoses of boars-sires exist.

Regional variation in HDL metabolism in human fat cells: effect of cell size

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (5) ◽  
pp. E654-E659 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Despres ◽  
B. S. Fong ◽  
P. Julien ◽  
J. Jimenez ◽  
A. Angel
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Cellular Uptake ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Adipocyte Size ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Omental Fat

Abdominal obesity is related to reduced plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and both are associated with cardiovascular disease risk. We have observed that plasma membranes from abdominal subcutaneous adipocytes have a greater HDL binding capacity than omental fat cell plasma membranes. The present study examined whether these binding characteristics could be due to differences in fat cell size or cholesterol concentration between the two adipose depots. Abdominal subcutaneous and deep omental fat were obtained from massively obese patients at surgery. Subcutaneous abdominal fat cells were significantly larger and their cellular cholesterol content greater than omental adipocytes. The uptake of HDL by collagenase-isolated fat cells was studied by incubating the cells for 2 h at 37 degrees C with 10 micrograms/ml 125I-HDL2 or 125I-HDL3. In both depots, the cellular uptake of 125I-HDL2 and 125I-HDL3 was specifically inhibited by addition of 25-fold excess unlabeled HDL and a close correlation was observed between the cellular uptake of 125I-HDL2 and 125I-HDL3. In obese patients, the uptake of 125I-HDL was higher in subcutaneous cells than in omental cells [5.85 +/- 0.53 vs. 2.74 +/- 0.30 pmol X 2 h-1. (10(6) cells)-1]. The cellular 125I-HDL uptake was significantly correlated with adipocyte size and fat cell cholesterol content but not with adipocyte cholesterol concentration. These results suggest that the higher HDL uptake observed in subcutaneous cells compared with omental cells in obesity is the result of differences in adipocyte size rather than differences in the cholesterol concentration (cholesterol-to-triglyceride ratio).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Methionine requirement of kittens given amino acid diets containing adequate cystine

1983 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Smalley ◽  
Quinton R. Rogers ◽  
James G. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Fat Cell Size ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

1. The effects of feeding either high-protein (HP) or low-protein (LP) diets between 1.8 and 15 kg live weight (LW) and a low-energy (LE) or high-energy (HE) intake subsequently on the cellularity of muscle and adipose tissue in pigs growing to 75 kg LW were investigated.2. The effects of the nutritional treatments on muscle tissue were assessed from the weight and DNA content of the m. adductor. For adipose tissue the total DNA content and fat cell size of the subcutaneous adipose tissue contained in the left shoulder joint were determined.3. Feeding the LP diets in early life reduced the weight and DNA content of the m. adductor (P < 0.01) and increased fat cell size (P < 0.01) at 15 kg LW.4. Subsequent to 15 kg there was an almost linear increase in muscle DNA with increasing LW, and the difference between pigs from the initial protein treatments progressively diminished and was no longer apparent at 60 kg LW.5. At 30 kg LW, pigs given the LP diets before 15 kg LW contained less DNA in the subcutaneous adipose tissue from the shoulder joint (P < 0.01) and had larger fat cells (P < 0.05) than pigs given the HP diets initially. However, adipose DNA and fat cell size increased with increasing LW and the differences resulting from the initial protein treatments progressively diminished. On the LE and HE treatments subsequent to 15 kg these differences were no longer evident at 45 and 60 kg respectively.6. Pigs given the HE intake subsequent to 15 kg, contained less DNA in muscle tissue (P < 0·05) at 60 and 75 kg LW and had larger fat cells (P < 0·05) at 45, 60 and 75 kg LW, than pigs on the LE treatment.

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