scholarly journals Variability in yield of four grain legume species in a subhumid temperate environment I. Yields and harvest index

2004 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. AYAZ ◽  
B. A. McKENZIE ◽  
G. D. HILL ◽  
D. L. McNEIL
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Optimum Population ◽  
Crop Harvest ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Seed Yields

In 1998/99 and 1999/2000, field trials were conducted to try to explain why grain legume yields and harvest index are more variable than many other crops. Treatments involved varying plant populations and sowing depths and were selected to maximize plant variability. Both yields and harvest index were variable. Total dry matter (TDM) production generally increased as plant population increased up to twice the optimum population. Increases ranged from 80 to 130% with lupins producing the highest yields of 878 and 972 g/m2 of TDM in 1998/99 and 1999/2000 respectively. While plants sown at 10 cm depth produced more TDM than did plants sown at 2 cm, the difference was only 3%. Seed yields followed similar trends to TDM, with maximum yields (mean of 403 g seed/m2) produced at twice the optimum population. Crop harvest index (CHI) was quite variable and ranged from 0·31 to 0·66. Crop HI was lowest (0·43) at the lowest population and increased to 0·55 at twice the optimum plant population. In both seasons, lentil had the highest CHI and lupin the lowest. While CHI was variable there were very close relationships between seed yield and TDM which suggested that maximum seed yield depends on maximizing TDM production. The results also suggest that growers should increase population by a factor of two to obtain maximum seed yields.

Sesame Agronomy in South-east Tanzania. I. Plant Population and Sowing Method

1986 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Taylor ◽  
J. Y. Chambi
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Local Practice ◽  
Optimum Population ◽  
Viable Seeds

SUMMARYField trials are described in which the seed yield response of row-sown sesame to increasing plant population was examined, and in which row-sowing was compared with broadcasting at different seed rates. Maximum yields were obtained at an intended 200 to 250 × 103 plants ha−1 but yields were not greatly affected by a wider range of populations. Broadcasting, the normal local practice, gave yields slightly higher than those from rows 50 cm apart, the un-thinned rate of 800 × 103 viable seeds sown ha−1 yielded as well as treatments thinned to the optimum population, and double this seed rate, unthinned, gave the lowest yields, especially in rows.

Optimum plant population density for chickpea and dry pea in a semiarid environment

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. T. Gan ◽  
P. R. Miller ◽  
B. G. McConkey ◽  
R. P. Zentner ◽  
P. H. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Wheat Stubble ◽  
Plant Population Density ◽  
Field Emergence ◽  
Seed Yields

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an annual grain legume, is being broadly included in cereal-based cropping systems throughout the semiarid Canadian prairies, but information on optimum plant population density (PPD) has not been developed for this region. This study, which was conducted from 1998 to 2000 in southwestern Saskatchewan, determined the effect of PPD on field emergence, seed yield and quality, and harvestability of kabuli and desi chickpea compared with dry pea (Pisum sativum L.). Seed yields of all legumes increased with increasing PPD when the crops were grown on conventional summerfallow. The PPD that produced the highest seed yields ranged from 40 to 45 plants m-2 for kabuli chickpea, from 45 to 50 plants m-2 for desi chickpea, and from 75 to 80 plants m-2 for dry pea. When the legumes were grown on wheat stubble, the PPD that gained optimum seed yield ranged from 35 to 40 plants m-2 for kabuli chickpea, from 40 to 45 plants m-2 for desi chickpea, and from 65 to 70 plants m-2 for dry pea. The proportion of large-sized (>9-mm diameter) seed in the harvested seed was >70% when the kabuli chickpea was grown on summerfallow regardless of PPD, whereas the large-seed proportion decreased with increasing PPD when the crop was grown on wheat stubble. Increases in PPD advanced plant maturity by 1.5 to 3.0 d and increased the height of the lowest pods from the soil surface by 1.4 to 2.0 cm (or 5 to 10%), with desi chickpea receiving the greatest benefits from increased PPD. The percentage of plants established from viable seeds per unit area decreased substantially as PPD increased, with kabuli chickpea emergence decreasing from 90% at PPD = 20 plants m-2 to 72% at PPD = 50 plants m-2, from 81 to 69% for desi type, and from 83 to 59% for dry pea . The reason for the low field emergence with increased PPD is unknown, but methods which lead to improved field emergence represent a great opportunity to increase seed yield and reduce production costs for both chickpea and dry pea in this semiarid region. Key words: seed size, Cicer arietinum, Pisum sativum, seeding rate, summerfallow

scholarly journals Light interception and utilization of four grain legumes sown at different plant populations and depths

2004 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. AYAZ ◽  
B. A. McKENZIE ◽  
D. L. McNEIL ◽  
G. D. HILL
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Radiation Absorption ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Canopy Development

Canopy development, radiation absorption and its utilization for yield was studied in four grain legume species Cicer arietinum, Lens culinaris, Lupinus angustifolius and Pisum sativum. The grain legumes were grown at different plant populations and sowing depths over two seasons in Canterbury, New Zealand. The green area index (GAI), intercepted radiation, radiation use efficiency (RUE) and total intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) increased significantly (P<0·001) with increased plant population. Narrow-leafed lupin produced the highest maximum biomass (878 and 972 g/m2, averaged over all populations during 1998/99 and 1999/2000, respectively) and intercepted more radiation (600 and 714 MJ/m2, averaged over all populations during 1998/99 and 1999/2000, respectively) than the other three legumes. In all four species, in both trials, the highest plant populations reached their peak GAI about 7–10 days earlier than legumes sown at low populations. Cumulative intercepted PAR was strongly associated with seed yield and crop harvest index (CHI).The RUE increased (from 1·10 to 1·46 and from 1·04 to 1·34 g/MJ during 1998/99 and 1999/2000, respectively) as plant population increased and was highest in the highest yielding species (e.g. 146 and 1·36 g/MJ for narrow-leafed lupin in both experiments). The larger leaf canopies produced at the higher plant populations reduced the extinction coefficient (k).The results suggest that in the subhumid temperate environment of Canterbury, grain legume species should be selected for the development of a large GAI. This should maximize PAR interception, DM production and, consequently, seed yield.

Yield stability of selected forage vetches (Vicia spp.) under rainfed conditions in west Asia

1988 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Abd El Moneim ◽  
P. S. Cocks ◽  
Y. Swedan
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Wide Adaptation ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Seed Yields

SummaryWith the current high prices for livestock, forage legumes are increasingly attractive to farmers in west Asia. There has been very little genetic improvement of the main species, of which three vetches, Vicia saliva (common vetch), V. villosa subsp. dasycarpa (woollypod vetch), and V. narbonensis (Narbon vetch), show promise. As a first step in genetic improvement 23 genotypes of common vetch and one each of woollypod vetch and Narbon vetch were grown at four sites in Syria and one in Lebanon over three seasons. Since local climatic conditions were considered to be of considerable importance, each site in each year was treated as a separate environment, to give 15 environments in all. genotype × environment (G × E) interactions were analysed using linear regression.There was considerable variation in herbage and seed yields within both genotypes and environments, and G × E interactions were highly significant. In the case of herbage yield good environments could be defined as those receiving high rainfall and low incidence of frost. Several genotypes appeared to possess wide adaptation, in terms of both yield and stability. Climate, except for late spring rains, had little effect on seed yield, nor were any of the genotypes widely adapted. However, in the broad sense heritability was much higher for seed than for herbage yield.There is a need to define good and bad environments for seed yield. Based on observations during the study it is likely that good environments for Narbon vetch are those where broomrape (Orobanche crenata) is absent, while root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne artiella) may affect seed yield of common vetch. In view of its high seed yield the possible role of Narbon vetch as a grain legume is briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Variability in yield of four grain legume species in a subhumid temperate environment. II. Yield components

2004 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. AYAZ ◽  
B. A. McKENZIE ◽  
G. D. HILL ◽  
D. L. McNEIL
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Sowing Depth ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Criteria For Selection ◽  
Number Of Branches

The effects of plant population (one-tenth of the optimum to four times the optimum populations in 1998/99 and 10–400 plants/m2 in 1999/2000) and sowing depth (2, 5 and 10 cm) on yield and yield components of four grain-legumes (Cicer arietinum, Lens culinaris, Lupinus angustifolius and Pisum sativum) were studied. Seed yields were strongly positively correlated with the number of pods and seeds/m2 in both years in all species. The mean seed weight and number of branches/plant were inversely related to plant population. There was a nearly six-fold reduction in the number of branches/plant as plant population increased, which was due to restricted branching, and not to branch senescence. Generally, the variation in yield components was species dependent. However, for all species the number of pods/m2 and seeds/m2 could be used as primary criteria for selection in a breeding programme.

Adaptation and seed yield of cool season grain legumes in Mediterranean environments of south-western Australia

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 375 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. M. Siddique ◽  
S. P. Loss ◽  
K. L. Regan ◽  
R. L. Jettner
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Bitter Vetch ◽  
Seed Yields

A range of cool season grain legume species have shown considerable potential for soils unsuitable for the production of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) at limited sites in the Mediterranean-type environments of south-western Australia. In this study the adaptation of these grain legume species was compared by measuring crop phenology, growth, and yield in field experiments at a total of 36 sites over 3 seasons, with the aim of identifying species with suitable adaptation and seed yield for specific environments. The grain legumes examined appeared to fall into 3 categories: (i) field pea (Pisum sativum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), and narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis L.) clearly had superior seed yield to the other species over a wide number of sites and years across south-western Australia (mean 1.0–2.3 t/ha); (ii) albus lupin (Lupinus albus L.), desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and Lathyrus cicera, L. sativus, and L. ochrus produced seed yields of 1–1.3 t/ha; and (iii) red lentil (Lens culinaris L.), bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia), and kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) generally produced the lowest yields (0.6–1.0 t/ha). There were clear species × environment interactions. At low-yielding sites (<1.4 t/ha), field pea was the highest yielding species, while faba bean often produced the highest seed yields under more favourable conditions at high yielding sites. Lentil, bitter vetch, Lathyrus spp., and desi chickpea showed average response to increasing mean site yield. Soil pH and clay content and rainfall were the environmental factors identified as the most important in determining seed yields. Soil pH and clay content appeared to be especially important in the adaptation of lentil, narbon bean, bitter vetch, and kabuli chickpea, with these species performing best in soils with pH >6.0 and clay contents >15%. Seed yields were positively correlated with dry matter production at maturity across a number of sites (r2 = 0.40, P < 0.01). Future improvements in seed yield of these species are likely to come from management practices that increase dry matter production such as increased plant density and early sowing, and through the development of genotypes with greater tolerance to low winter temperatures, and more rapid phenology, canopy development, and dry matter production than existing commercial cultivars.

The influence of plant population on the yield of cotton at Katherine, N.T

1962 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
LJ Phillips ◽  
MJT Norman
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Optimum Population ◽  
Yield Difference ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Combined Data

In 1957-58 and 1958-59, cotton was grown under dryland conditions on Tippera clay loam at Katherine, N.T., at plant populations of 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 thousand plants per acre, under three nitrogen fertilizer treatments and at two dates of planting. In 1960-61, cotton was grown at 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 and 48 thousand plants per acre at one date of planting and at a standard nitrogen fertilizer level. The 1957-58 and 1958-59 results showed that 8, 16, and 32 thousand plants per acre gave a higher yield of seed cotton than 4 and 64 thousand plants per acre, with no interaction between population and nitrogen fertilizers. No significant yield differences were recorded in 1960-61. The combined data indicated an optimum population of 8 to 32 thousand plants per acre, with only a 5 per cent yield difference across the population range. High populations encouraged early boll development.

Influence of plant population on yield and yield components of irrigated sunflower in southern New South Wales

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (100) ◽  
pp. 570 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Thompson ◽  
IG Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Yield And Yield Components

Three experiments conducted in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area of southern New South Wales examined the influence of plant population on the yield and yield components of irrigated sunflowers. Populations ranged from 25,000 plants ha-1 to 140,000 plants ha-1. Furrow irrigation was employed with rows spaced 76 cm apart. In two of the experiments the wide range of plant populations examined had little effect on seed yield. Individual seed weight (g 1000-1) and seed number per head interacted with plant population so that seed yield was only marginally affected. In the remaining experiment, insufficient total dry matter production without improved harvest index prevented the attainment of an acceptable seed yield. There was a consistent trend for harvest index to fall with increasing plant population. Values recorded ranged from 0.36 to 0.23. Plant population had little effect on oil percentage. A plant population of 50,000 plants ha-1 is suggested as a minimum recommendation for irrigated sunflowers in southern New South Wales.

Seed yield of sugar beet as affected by stand density and harvesting date

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rajić ◽  
N. Čačić ◽  
P. Sklenar ◽  
S. Denčić
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Seed Yields

A three-year field trial was conducted to study the effect of plant population and harvesting dates on the yield of cleaned 2.0-6.0 mm seed and the seed yield (g) per plant. The highest seed yield was obtained with a spacing of 50 × 12 cm, or 160,000 plants/ha. A decrease in the plant-to-plant spacing to 9 cm decreased the yield by an average of 70 kg/ha over the three study years. The seed yield decreased to an even greater extent when the plant-to-plant spacing was 16 or 24 cm. The seed yields increased the most between the first and second harvesting dates: 400 kg/ha, or 50 kg/ha a day. On the last harvesting date, the seed yield was as low as 5-8 kg/ha. The yield loss was somewhat higher in the most densely sown treatment. The effect of spacing and harvesting date on seed yield per plant was similar to that on total seed yield.

scholarly journals Nitrogen distribution in four grain legumes

2004 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. AYAZ ◽  
B. A. McKENZIE ◽  
G. D. HILL ◽  
D. L. McNEIL
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Sowing Depth ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Legume Plant

The partitioning of above ground nitrogen (N) in chickpea (Cicer arietinum), lentil (Lens culinaris), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) and pea (Pisum sativum) at crop maturity was investigated. The plants were grown at different plant populations and sowing depths in 1998/99 and 1999/2000 in Canterbury, New Zealand. In all four legumes the N concentration was highest in seed (29–36 mg/g N) followed by senescent leaves. The lowest N concentration was in stems. Lupin had the highest seed N yield at 16·82 and 19·29 g/m2 followed by chickpea at 10·26 and 13·10 g/m2, in 1998/99 and 1999/2000, respectively. Lentil had the lowest N concentrations and yield. The distribution of N to all legume plant parts increased as population increased up to twice the optimum and 400 plants/m2 in 1998/99 and 1999/2000, respectively. Over all plant populations, the nitrogen harvest index (NHI) was stable in each of the four species across the two seasons. However, the NHI changed with changes in plant population and sowing depth. The N accumulation efficiency (EN) was highest in lentil at 0·024 and 0·027 g N/g DM and lowest in chickpea at 0·018 and 0·021 g N/g DM in 1998/99 and 1999/2000, respectively. The NHI and the crop harvest index (CHI) were correlated and both were strongly associated with seed yield. Thus, NHI might be useful as a selection criterion to improve seed yield in grain legumes.

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