Yield stability of selected forage vetches (Vicia spp.) under rainfed conditions in west Asia

1988 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Abd El Moneim ◽  
P. S. Cocks ◽  
Y. Swedan
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Wide Adaptation ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Seed Yields

SummaryWith the current high prices for livestock, forage legumes are increasingly attractive to farmers in west Asia. There has been very little genetic improvement of the main species, of which three vetches, Vicia saliva (common vetch), V. villosa subsp. dasycarpa (woollypod vetch), and V. narbonensis (Narbon vetch), show promise. As a first step in genetic improvement 23 genotypes of common vetch and one each of woollypod vetch and Narbon vetch were grown at four sites in Syria and one in Lebanon over three seasons. Since local climatic conditions were considered to be of considerable importance, each site in each year was treated as a separate environment, to give 15 environments in all. genotype × environment (G × E) interactions were analysed using linear regression.There was considerable variation in herbage and seed yields within both genotypes and environments, and G × E interactions were highly significant. In the case of herbage yield good environments could be defined as those receiving high rainfall and low incidence of frost. Several genotypes appeared to possess wide adaptation, in terms of both yield and stability. Climate, except for late spring rains, had little effect on seed yield, nor were any of the genotypes widely adapted. However, in the broad sense heritability was much higher for seed than for herbage yield.There is a need to define good and bad environments for seed yield. Based on observations during the study it is likely that good environments for Narbon vetch are those where broomrape (Orobanche crenata) is absent, while root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne artiella) may affect seed yield of common vetch. In view of its high seed yield the possible role of Narbon vetch as a grain legume is briefly discussed.

Lucerne, phalaris, and wallaby grass in short-term pasture phases in two eastern Australian wheatbelt environments. 2. Effect of perennial density and species on subterranean clover populations and the relative success of 3 clover cultivars of different maturity

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Dear ◽  
G. A. Sandral ◽  
J. M. Virgona ◽  
A. D. Swan ◽  
B. A. Orchard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Growing Season Length ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Clover Seed

The effect of the density of 3 perennial species, phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.), wallaby grass (Austrodanthonia richardsonii Kunth), and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), on seed set, regeneration, and the relative competitiveness of 3 cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) was examined in 2 environments in the south-eastern Australian wheatbelt. Seed yields of subterranean clover were inversely related to perennial density at both sites over the first 2 years, the relationship varying with perennial species. Phalaris depressed the seed yield of clover more than lucerne and wallaby grass in the second and third year at equivalent densities. Clover seed yield was positively related to clover herbage yield in late spring at both sites, and inversely related to perennial herbage yield. Clover seed yield displayed an increasing linear relationship with the proportion of light reaching the clover understorey in spring, which in turn was inversely related to perennial density and perennial herbage yield. Clover seedling regeneration in mixed swards in autumn was positively related to the size of the summer seed bank, but negatively related to perennial density. Clover seedling survival following a premature germination at Kamarah was inversely correlated to the density of phalaris and lucerne in the sward. The relative competitiveness of the 3 subterranean clover cultivars varied between sites, with climatic conditions (rainfall and growing-season length) having a greater effect on the relative cultivar performance than companion perennial species or density. The later maturing subterranean clover cv. Goulburn became the dominant cultivar at the wetter site, constituting 72% of the seed bank, but declined to only 3–8% of the seed bank at the drier site. The proportion of the early flowering cultivar Dalkeith in the seed bank increased over time at the drier site and was highest (53%) in plots with the highest perennial density. We concluded that although perennial pasture species will depress clover seed yield and subsequent regeneration, these effects could be minimised by reducing perennial densities and exploiting variations in competitiveness between perennial species as identified in this study. Sowing earlier maturing subterranean clover cultivars would only be an advantage in increasing clover content in low-rainfall environments. The findings suggest that clover seed reserves and regeneration could also be increased by using grazing management to reduce the level of shading of clover by perennials, a factor associated with reduced clover seed yield.

Optimum plant population density for chickpea and dry pea in a semiarid environment

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. T. Gan ◽  
P. R. Miller ◽  
B. G. McConkey ◽  
R. P. Zentner ◽  
P. H. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Wheat Stubble ◽  
Plant Population Density ◽  
Field Emergence ◽  
Seed Yields

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an annual grain legume, is being broadly included in cereal-based cropping systems throughout the semiarid Canadian prairies, but information on optimum plant population density (PPD) has not been developed for this region. This study, which was conducted from 1998 to 2000 in southwestern Saskatchewan, determined the effect of PPD on field emergence, seed yield and quality, and harvestability of kabuli and desi chickpea compared with dry pea (Pisum sativum L.). Seed yields of all legumes increased with increasing PPD when the crops were grown on conventional summerfallow. The PPD that produced the highest seed yields ranged from 40 to 45 plants m-2 for kabuli chickpea, from 45 to 50 plants m-2 for desi chickpea, and from 75 to 80 plants m-2 for dry pea. When the legumes were grown on wheat stubble, the PPD that gained optimum seed yield ranged from 35 to 40 plants m-2 for kabuli chickpea, from 40 to 45 plants m-2 for desi chickpea, and from 65 to 70 plants m-2 for dry pea. The proportion of large-sized (>9-mm diameter) seed in the harvested seed was >70% when the kabuli chickpea was grown on summerfallow regardless of PPD, whereas the large-seed proportion decreased with increasing PPD when the crop was grown on wheat stubble. Increases in PPD advanced plant maturity by 1.5 to 3.0 d and increased the height of the lowest pods from the soil surface by 1.4 to 2.0 cm (or 5 to 10%), with desi chickpea receiving the greatest benefits from increased PPD. The percentage of plants established from viable seeds per unit area decreased substantially as PPD increased, with kabuli chickpea emergence decreasing from 90% at PPD = 20 plants m-2 to 72% at PPD = 50 plants m-2, from 81 to 69% for desi type, and from 83 to 59% for dry pea . The reason for the low field emergence with increased PPD is unknown, but methods which lead to improved field emergence represent a great opportunity to increase seed yield and reduce production costs for both chickpea and dry pea in this semiarid region. Key words: seed size, Cicer arietinum, Pisum sativum, seeding rate, summerfallow

Adaptation and seed yield of cool season grain legumes in Mediterranean environments of south-western Australia

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 375 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. M. Siddique ◽  
S. P. Loss ◽  
K. L. Regan ◽  
R. L. Jettner
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Bitter Vetch ◽  
Seed Yields

A range of cool season grain legume species have shown considerable potential for soils unsuitable for the production of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) at limited sites in the Mediterranean-type environments of south-western Australia. In this study the adaptation of these grain legume species was compared by measuring crop phenology, growth, and yield in field experiments at a total of 36 sites over 3 seasons, with the aim of identifying species with suitable adaptation and seed yield for specific environments. The grain legumes examined appeared to fall into 3 categories: (i) field pea (Pisum sativum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), and narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis L.) clearly had superior seed yield to the other species over a wide number of sites and years across south-western Australia (mean 1.0–2.3 t/ha); (ii) albus lupin (Lupinus albus L.), desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and Lathyrus cicera, L. sativus, and L. ochrus produced seed yields of 1–1.3 t/ha; and (iii) red lentil (Lens culinaris L.), bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia), and kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) generally produced the lowest yields (0.6–1.0 t/ha). There were clear species × environment interactions. At low-yielding sites (<1.4 t/ha), field pea was the highest yielding species, while faba bean often produced the highest seed yields under more favourable conditions at high yielding sites. Lentil, bitter vetch, Lathyrus spp., and desi chickpea showed average response to increasing mean site yield. Soil pH and clay content and rainfall were the environmental factors identified as the most important in determining seed yields. Soil pH and clay content appeared to be especially important in the adaptation of lentil, narbon bean, bitter vetch, and kabuli chickpea, with these species performing best in soils with pH >6.0 and clay contents >15%. Seed yields were positively correlated with dry matter production at maturity across a number of sites (r2 = 0.40, P < 0.01). Future improvements in seed yield of these species are likely to come from management practices that increase dry matter production such as increased plant density and early sowing, and through the development of genotypes with greater tolerance to low winter temperatures, and more rapid phenology, canopy development, and dry matter production than existing commercial cultivars.

scholarly journals Biomass accumulation, phenology and seed yield of Trifolium alexandrinum ecotypes evaluated in Central India

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Tejveer Singh ◽  
Auji Radhakrishna ◽  
Devendra Ram Malaviya ◽  
Seva Nayak Dheeravathu
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Central India ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Genetic Enhancement ◽  
Trifolium Alexandrinum ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Cultivated Populations ◽  
Seed Yields

Berseem or Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) comprises 3 ecotypes, Miskawi, Fahli and Saidi, with Miskawi being the most widely cultivated. The narrow genetic base coupled with low availability and utilization of genetic resources is hindering genetic improvement of Berseem in India. Exploitation of new and diverse sources of variation is essential for the genetic enhancement of the cultivated genepool of Berseem. In the present study 7 populations of the 3 T. alexandrinum ecotypes were evaluated over 2 years to analyze the patterns of biomass accumulation, phenology, nutritional value and seed yield. Results indicate that Fahli and Saidi populations accumulated higher biomass per unit area than the tested populations of Miskawi and were earlier maturing. While crude protein (CP) concentration in forage was higher for Miskawi, Fahli and Saidi ecotypes contained more than 17% CP at 50% flowering. Further, seed yields of Fahli and Saidi populations were significantly higher than those of Miskawi. It is possible that genetic improvement of cultivated populations of Miskawi could be achieved by incorporating genes for dry matter yield and seed yield from the populations of Fahli and Saidi ecotypes.

Narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis L.): a promising grain legume for low rainfall areas of south-western Australia

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
KHM Siddique ◽  
SP Loss ◽  
D Enneking
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Vicia Narbonensis ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
Seed Yields

The phenology, growth, seed yield and yield components of a number of introduced narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis L.) accessions and F9 breeding lines were compared with faba bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fiord) or field pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Dundale) at 3 sites in 2 seasons. All narbon bean accessions had slow development, for example all accessions reached 50% flowering 9-35 days later than faba bean or field pea depending on the accession, site and season. Dry matter production near flowering ranged from 1.0 to 2.3 tlha and the growth of the best accessions was comparable with faba bean. In general, the accession ATC 60114 collected in the Beka'a Valley, Lebanon, produced the greatest seed yield across the sites and seasons (on average 1.52 t/ha). In 1993, the best narbon bean accession produced seed yields that ranged from 59% of the faba bean seed yield at the wettest site to 121% at the driest site. In the following year, one of the driest in decades, 6 accessions produced seed yields of more than 1.0 t/ha, similar to field pea. Seed yield was negatively correlated with days to flowering, podding and maturity, suggesting that yield could be improved by selecting for more rapid development. Most accessions retained the majority of their leaves at maturity, but showed some degree of pod shattering and a moderate level of lodging at maturity. Genotypic variation in all these characters was evident. Further selection and breeding, together with appropriate agronomic packages will improve the adaptation of narbon bean to mediterranean-type environments of southern Australia. However, the adoption of narbon bean in Australian agriculture will depend on its marketability and acceptance by the stockfeed industry, and its on-farm utility.

Resistance and associated yield losses from rust (Uromyces trifolii-repentis Liro) in midseason cultivars of Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum L. and var. yanninicum Katzn. et Morley

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Barbetti ◽  
PGH Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Seed Yields

A field study was conducted to quantify the effect of rust on the herbage production and seed yield of 4 new midseason cultivars of Trifolium subterraneum (Denmark, Gosse, Goulburn, Leura) and to compare their performance with 8 current commercial cultivars. Leura, Gosse, and Goulburn were all resistant to rust, with Leura most resistant. Denmark was not resistant to rust, but was much less susceptible than Green Range and marginally less susceptible than Mt Barker. By the end of the season, rust had reduced herbage yield in Green Range, Junee, Karridale, and Seaton Park (32, 23, 22, 18%, respectively) but did not affect any new cultivar. Rust reduced the seed yields of all cultivars except Goulburn, Larisa, and Leura. Seed yields of Green Range, Woogenellup, Mt Barker, Seaton Park, Denmark, Esperance, Karridale, Gosse, and Junee were reduced by 75, 70, 58, 55, 49, 47, 40, 40, and 38%, respectively. Rust also reduced the size of seed in all cultivars except Goulburn.

scholarly journals Variability in yield of four grain legume species in a subhumid temperate environment I. Yields and harvest index

2004 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. AYAZ ◽  
B. A. McKENZIE ◽  
G. D. HILL ◽  
D. L. McNEIL
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Optimum Population ◽  
Crop Harvest ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Seed Yields

In 1998/99 and 1999/2000, field trials were conducted to try to explain why grain legume yields and harvest index are more variable than many other crops. Treatments involved varying plant populations and sowing depths and were selected to maximize plant variability. Both yields and harvest index were variable. Total dry matter (TDM) production generally increased as plant population increased up to twice the optimum population. Increases ranged from 80 to 130% with lupins producing the highest yields of 878 and 972 g/m2 of TDM in 1998/99 and 1999/2000 respectively. While plants sown at 10 cm depth produced more TDM than did plants sown at 2 cm, the difference was only 3%. Seed yields followed similar trends to TDM, with maximum yields (mean of 403 g seed/m2) produced at twice the optimum population. Crop harvest index (CHI) was quite variable and ranged from 0·31 to 0·66. Crop HI was lowest (0·43) at the lowest population and increased to 0·55 at twice the optimum plant population. In both seasons, lentil had the highest CHI and lupin the lowest. While CHI was variable there were very close relationships between seed yield and TDM which suggested that maximum seed yield depends on maximizing TDM production. The results also suggest that growers should increase population by a factor of two to obtain maximum seed yields.

Response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties to time of sowing in Mediterranean-type environments of south-western Australia

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Regan ◽  
K. H. M. Siddique ◽  
N. J. Brandon ◽  
M. Seymour ◽  
S. P. Loss
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Seed Yields

Chickpea has become an important grain legume crop in Australia over the last decade. New varieties with improved seed yield and quality are being developed in Australia with varied phenological and agronomic traits. This study examined the optimum time of sowing of several desi chickpea varieties (Dooen, T1587, Sona and Tyson) varying in phenology over a range of dryland Mediterranean-type environments in south-western Australia. Chickpea showed good adaptation, particularly in the northern grain belt of Western Australia where growing conditions are warmer than southern areas. Seed yields varied widely depending on the time of sowing, location and seasonal conditions. Mean seed yields greater than 1000 kg/ha and up to 2000 kg/ha were achieved, but in some cases seed yields were less than 800 kg/ha. In the northern region, seed yield was almost doubled by sowing in early-May (1625 kg/ha) compared with late-June (754 kg/ha). In contrast to this, seed yields were generally lower in the southern regions and greater from late-June sowings (865 kg/ha) compared to earlier mid-May sowings (610 kg/ha). Seed yields were not clearly increased by altering sowing time to match the phenology of the variety to the growing season rainfall and temperatures, except at the early sowing times (April and early-May) where Tyson out-yielded all other varieties. This is most likely due to the lack of photoperiod-responsive, long-duration varieties to match early sowing and low temperatures limiting vegetative and reproductive growth in all varieties, especially in southern areas. However, it is likely that early flowering varieties will show greater adaptation and yield performance in short growing seasons, while later flowering varieties will be better suited to longer growing seasons. The study found that there were significant differences in the optimum sowing time between northern, central and southern sites, based on differences in mean daily temperatures and length of the growing season. Generally, the greatest seed yields were produced by sowing between mid to late June at southern sites, and early May at central and northern sites.

A comparison of seed yields of winter grain legumes in Western Australia

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 915 ◽  
Author(s):  
KHM Siddique ◽  
GH Walton ◽  
M Seymour
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Narrow Leaf ◽  
Seed Yields

Field trials were conducted in 2 seasons at 13 sites on neutral to alkaline soils in Western Australia, to compare the growth and seed yield of 6 winter grain legume species: field pea (Pisum sativum L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik), narrow leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), albus lupin (L. albus). In a dry year (1991), overall site mean seed yield was highest for field pea (1.35 t/ha), then faba bean (1.22 t/ha) and narrow leaf lupin (0.85 t/ha). Chickpea, lentil line ILL5728, and albus lupin produced an average seed yield of 0.64 t/ha. Rainfall in 1992 was above average and seed yields of all species except field pea were higher than in 1991. Heavy rainfall in winter and spring caused transient waterlogging at several sites, affecting growth and seed yield of most species. Faba bean responded positively to the increase in rainfall and produced exceptional seed yields of >4 t/ha at 3 sites. Mean seed yield was highest for faba bean, at 2.87 t/ha, then narrow leaf lupin (1.19 t/ha), chickpea (1.1 t/ha), and field pea (1.0 t/ha). Field pea performed poorly at several sites due to its susceptibility to transient waterlogging and black spot disease (caused by Mycosphaerella pinoides). Albus lupin and lentil line ILL5728 produced similar seed yields (0.78 t/ha). Lentil cvv. Laird (1991) and Kye (1992) had low seed yields due to poor adaptation. Seed yield differences between species at various locations were not simply related to any soil chemical parameters or to depth to clay. On a calcareous soil of pH(CaC12) 8 at Dongara, the growth of narrow leaf lupin was severely affected and the crop failed. Days to flowering varied between species; faba bean was earliest to flower (76 days), then field pea. Faba bean and field pea (particularly in 1991) generally produced the most dry matter, both early and at final harvest. The relationship between seed yield and rainfall was complicated by transient waterlogging and fungal disease (e.g. black spot in field pea) at many sites. Seed yield was significantly positively related to final dry matter production but not to harvest index.

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