Seasonal changes in physiological responses and energy expenditure of sheep maintained on semi-arid pasture

1998 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. SHINDE ◽  
S. A. KARIM ◽  
S. K. SANKHYAN ◽  
R. BHATTA
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Fodder Trees ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Grazing Sheep

A study on the energy expenditure of sheep was carried out at the Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, India during August 1995 to July 1996 by conducting two experiments: one on tracheal cannulated rams maintained on stall-feeding in autumn 1995 (Expt 1) followed by year-round grazing on silvipasture (Cenchrus ciliaris pasture interspersed with fodder trees) over three seasons: monsoon, winter and summer, 1995/96 (Expt 2). Physiological responses and energy expenditure measurement of housed and grazing sheep were recorded at 06.00, 14.00 and 22.00 h for 5 consecutive days in each season. Tracheostomized sheep harness with meteorological balloon were used for collection of expired air and measurement of energy expenditure. Rectal temperature (RT) of sheep at 06.00 h was similar in all the seasons except for a significant (P<0·05) lower value in monsoon. The rise of RT from 06.00 to 14.00 h in grazing animals was 1·6 °C, higher than that in housed sheep (0·9 °C). Skin temperature (ST) was least in winter and highest at 14.00 h in the monsoon and autumn seasons. Respiration rate (RR) showed a marked rise at 14.00 h in all the seasons. The heart rate (HR) of grazing sheep was higher, irrespective of season, at 14.00 h. At 06.00 and 22.00 h, the heart rate was higher in winter and summer than in the monsoon season. Overall energy expenditure (EE) was 4·85 MJ/24 h during winter which increased to 5·85 MJ/24 h in summer and 6·70 MJ/24 h in the monsoon. The mean rise in energy expenditure per °C rectal temperature in all the seasons was 338 kJ/kg W0·75. Comparable mean values per 10 °C ambient temperature and 10 °C black globe temperature were 404 and 173. The increase in energy expenditure of grazing compared to housed sheep in monsoon, winter and summer was 78, 15 and 33 % respectively. The mean value was +43%.

Effect of season on thermoregulatory responses and energy expenditure of goats on semi-arid range in India

2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. SHINDE ◽  
RAGHAVENDRA BHATTA ◽  
S. K. SANKHYAN ◽  
D. L. VERMA
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Semi Arid

A study of the physiological responses and energy expenditure of goats was carried out from June 1999 to May 2000 by conducting two experiments: one on bucks maintained on stall feeding in autumn 1999 (Expt 1) followed by year-round grazing on native ranges over three seasons: monsoon, winter and summer (Expt 2). Physiological responses and energy expenditure (EE) measurements of housed and grazing goats were recorded at 06.00 h and 14.00 h for 5 consecutive days in each season. Goats were fixed with a face mask and meteorological balloon for collection of expired air and measurement of EE. Respiration rate (RR) at 06.00 h was similar in all seasons (14 respiration/min) except in the monsoon, where a significantly (P<0.05) higher value (26 respiration/min) was recorded. At 14.00 h, RR was higher in monsoon and summer (81 and 91 respiration/min) than in winter (52 respiration/min). Irrespective of the season, heart rate (HR) was higher at 14.00 h (86 beat/min) than at 06.00 h (64 beat/min). The rise of rectal temperature (RT) from morning (06.00 h) to peak daily temperature (14.00 h) was 0.9 °C in housed goats in autumn and 1.0, 2.1 and 2.0 °C in grazing goats during monsoon, winter and summer, respectively. The mean value was 1.7 °C. Skin temperature (ST) was lowest in winter (30.1 °C) and highest at 14.00 h in summer (40.3 °C). Energy expenditure of goats at 06.00 h was 32.7 W in winter and significantly (P<0.05) increased to 52.0 W in summer and 107.8 W in monsoon. At 14.00 h, EE was 140.2 W in winter and increased to 389.0 W and 391.3 W respectively in monsoon and summer. It is concluded that monsoon and summer are both stressful seasons in semi-arid regions. Animals should be protected from direct solar radiation during the hottest hours of the day to ameliorate the effect of heat stress.

BEHAVIORAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO SPATIAL NOVELTY IN DAIRY COWS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. KONDO ◽  
J. F. HURNIK
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Head Movement ◽  
Agonistic Behavior ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Norepinephrine Concentration ◽  
Spatial Novelty ◽  
The Mean

Thirty-two lactating Holstein cows were used in a study of excitability and agonistic behavior of dairy cattle. When cattle were moved from a familiar stall to an unfamiliar place, heart rate immediately increased on average from 83.2 to 107.8 (P < 0.01). The total distance of head movement in a novel environment varied considerably. The animal with the greatest head movement had a distance 6.6 times larger than the cow with the least head movement. Significant deviation from the mean values of agonistic interactions were found for 28 cows: of these 10 showed tendencies for physical attacks (P < 0.05), 5 for threats (P < 0.05), 6 for displacement of physical attacks (P < 0.05), and 7 showed significant tendencies for avoidance when threatened (P < 0.05). Both the instigator and victim cows that showed a higher proportion of the psychological form of agonistic behavior also tended to show a larger amount of head movement with less variation, lower increase in heart rate, and less change in norepinephrine concentration due to transfer. The results indicate that analyses of head movement patterns may be used for an assessment of excitability of cows. Key words: Cow, behavior, spatial novelty, head movement, excitability, temperament

scholarly journals Monitoring physiological responses and fluid balance of elite female beach handball players during an international tournament

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-91
Author(s):  
Bayram Ceylan ◽  
M.K. Kerem ◽  
S.Ç. Çeyiz ◽  
V.V.G. Gürses ◽  
M.Ş.A. Akgül ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
University Students ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Study Heart Rate

Background and Study Aim. Despite its increasing popularity, beach handball has not been studied in terms of physiological responses. Thus the aim of this study was to demonstrate lactate and heart rate responses as well as urine specific gravity (USG) levels and fluid intakes of female university students who competed at an international beach handball tournament. Material and Methods. Five university students who are also handball players (age: 21±1,2, body weight: 56,6±6,4, height:1,61±0,06 and BMI: 21,7±1,43) voluntarily participated in this study. Heart rate (HR), lactate level (LA) and USG were measured before each and immediately after each competition and fluid intake during competition was monitored. Results: The mean values of lactate accumulation and heart rate before and after the match were 1,4 mmol and 87,3, 5,0 and 123,9, respectively. Athletes were euhydrated before the matches (USGmean=1,018) and only presented dehydration after the second match. Conclusions. Beach handball does not result in strenuous physiological effects according to heart rate and lactate responses. Their fluid intake was not enough to eliminate dehydration. Despite fluid availability during the match they presented dehydration at the second match.

Psychophysiological Responses of Pilots in Hypoxia Training at 7000 and 7500 m

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (10) ◽  
pp. 785-789
Author(s):  
Dongqing Wen ◽  
Lei Tu ◽  
Guiyou Wang ◽  
Zhao Gu ◽  
Weiru Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Psychomotor Performance ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Awareness Training ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
Psychophysiological Responses ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Training Protocol

INTRODUCTION: We compared the physiological responses, psychomotor performances, and hypoxia symptoms between 7000 m and 7500 m (23,000 and 24,600 ft) exposure to develop a safer hypoxia training protocol.METHODS: In altitude chamber, 66 male pilots were exposed to 7000 and 7500 m. Heart rate and arterial oxygen saturation were continuously monitored. Psychomotor performance was assessed using the computational task. The hypoxic symptoms were investigated by a questionnaire.RESULTS: The mean duration time of hypoxia was 323.0 56.5 s at 7000 m and 218.2 63.3 s at 7500 m. The 6-min hypoxia training was completed by 57.6% of the pilots and 6.1% of the pilots at 7000 m and at 7500 m, respectively. There were no significant differences in pilots heart rates and psychomotor performance between the two exposures. The Spo2 response at 7500 m was slightly severer than that at 7000 m. During the 7000 m exposure, pilots experienced almost the same symptoms and similar frequency order as those during the 7500 m exposure.CONCLUSIONS: There were concordant symptoms, psychomotor performance, and very similar physiological responses between 7000 m and 7500 m during hypoxia training. The results indicated that 7000-m hypoxia awareness training might be an alternative to 7500-m hypoxia training with lower DCS risk and longer experience time.Wen D, Tu L, Wang G, Gu Z, Shi W, Liu X. Psychophysiological responses of pilots in hypoxia training at 7000 and 7500 m. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(10):785789.

Physiological and Metabolic Responses to Exercise on Treadmill, Elliptical Trainer, and Stepper: Practical Implications for Training

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Andrew N. Bosch ◽  
Kirsten C. Flanagan ◽  
Maaike M. Eken ◽  
Adrian Withers ◽  
Jana Burger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Fuel Utilization ◽  
Trained Runners ◽  
Practical Implications

Elliptical trainers and steppers are proposed as useful exercise modalities in the rehabilitation of injured runners due to the reduced stress on muscles and joints when compared to running. This study compared the physiological responses to submaximal running (treadmill) with exercise on the elliptical trainer and stepper devices at three submaximal but identical workloads. Authors had 18 trained runners (male/female: N = 9/9, age: mean ± SD = 23 ± 3 years) complete randomized maximal oxygen consumption tests on all three modalities. Submaximal tests of 3 min were performed at 60%, 70%, and 80% of peak workload individually established for each modality. Breath-by-breath oxygen consumption, heart rate, fuel utilization, and energy expenditure were determined. The value of maximal oxygen consumption was not different between treadmill, elliptical, and stepper (49.3 ± 5.3, 48.0 ± 6.6, and 46.7 ± 6.2 ml·min−1·kg−1, respectively). Both physiological measures (oxygen consumption and heart rate) as well as carbohydrate and fat oxidation differed significantly between the different exercise intensities (60%, 70%, and 80%) but did not differ between the treadmill, elliptical trainer, and stepper. Therefore, the elliptical trainer and stepper are suitable substitutes for running during periods when a reduced running load is required, such as during rehabilitation from running-induced injury.

Effect of smoking on cardiovascular autonomic functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 3780-3784
Author(s):  
P.Vani ◽  
◽  
Sharan B Singh M ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Autonomic Function ◽  
T Test ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Autonomic Functions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Function Tests ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Introduction: Cigarette smoking is a prime risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Chronic smoking results in autonomic dysfunction leading to increased cardiovascular risk in smokers. The present study was planned to study the effect of smoking on the Cardiovascular Autonomic Functions among smokers. Materials and Methods: Fifty male subjects who were in the age group of 25 to 45 years. They were grouped into 25 smokers and 25 non-smokers. The participant subjects were selected among the staff members, residents and the patients from the routine OPD in SVIMS. Prior to study, they were informed about the procedure and the purpose of the study tests and written consents were obtained from them. The Cardiovascular Autonomic Function Tests were assessed by using a POLYGRAPH which was available in the department. Results and Conclusion: After applying the ‘t’-test for the difference between the two sample means, it was observed that there was a highly significant difference between the mean values of the BMI(i.e.p<0.01) and the para-sympathetic function tests among the smokers and the non – smokers(i.e.p<0.00). The Resting Heart Rate had significantly increased and the Deep breathing difference, the postural tachycardial index (Response to standing) and the Valsalva Ratio had significantly decreased in the smokers as compared to those in the non – smokers. After applying the ‘t’-test for the difference between the two sample means, it was observed that there was no significant difference between the mean values of the Postural hypotension test (i.e. p>0.05) and that there was a highly significant difference between the mean values of the Sustained handgrip test in the smokers and the non – smokers (i.e. p<0.00). KEY WORDS: Cardiovascular autonomic function tests, Smoking, Resting heart rate.

Physiological and biophysical limits to work in the heat for clothed men and women

1978 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 918-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kamon ◽  
B. Avellini ◽  
J. Krajewski
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Evaporative Heat Transfer ◽  
The One

Heat-acclimated, lightly clothed men and women (four of each) walked on a treadmill at 25% and 43% VO2 max, respectively, (M =194 W.m-2), under seven air temperatures (Ta) ranging from 36 to 52 degrees C. Each experiment involved 1 h of fixed and a 2nd h of progressively increasing ambient vapor pressure (Pa). The relative steady state of rectal temperature (Tre), mean skin temperature (Tsk), and heart rate (HR) reached in the 1st h were forced upward during the 2nd h by the rising Pa. The critical air vapor pressure (Pcrit) was identified by the Tre point of inflection for each Ta. One man did not fully reach steady state, but inflection could be determined for his physiological responses. The mean values of all points of inflection were calculated for Tre, Tsk, and HR. Significant sex difference in HR was found only by excluding the results of the one man. Tre and Tsk showed no significant difference between men and women. The coefficient for evaporative heat transfer (he), which could be derived using the Pcrit for the low Ta range, was 14.5 +/- 2.2 W.m-1 Torr-1.

Validation of a new algorithm for the short-term variation of the fetal heart rate: an antepartum prospective study

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 599-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Kouskouti ◽  
Hella Jonas ◽  
Kerstin Regner ◽  
Pia Ruisinger ◽  
Julia Knabl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Fetal Heart Rate ◽  
Fetal Heart ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Relevant Reference ◽  
Term Variation ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Aims: Currently one of the most widespread systems for the computerized analysis of the fetal heart rate (FHR) is the Dawes-Redman system, where the short-term variation (STV) of the FHR is measured by dividing each minute into 16 segments (STV16). Technical progress has allowed for the development of a new algorithm, which measures the STV by dividing each minute into 240 segments (STV240), thus approximating the beat-to-beat variation. The STV240 still lacks reference values. Our aim was to develop clinically relevant reference values for the STV240 and compare them to the ones for the STV16. Methods: In a single centre, observational study, a total of 228 cardiotocograms were registered and subsequently analyzed with both algorithms (STV240 and STV16). Results: The 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for both algorithms. The values of the STV240 were significantly lower in comparison to the ones of the STV16. Not only the mean values but also the 95th percentile of the STV240 lay beneath the existent cut-off value for the STV16. Conclusions: Every clinician using the new algorithm must be aware that the normal values for the STV240 lie beneath the, up until now, established cut-off values for the STV16.

A Comparative Study Between Efficacy Of Esmolol And Lignocaine For Attenuating Haemodynamics Response Due To Laryngoscopy And Endotracheal Intubation

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Begum ◽  
P Akter ◽  
MM Hossain ◽  
SMA Alim ◽  
UHS Khatun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Endotracheal Intubation ◽  
Anaesthetic Management ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Mean Blood Pressure ◽  
Rate Pressure Product ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean

Haemodynamic stability is an integral and essential goal of any anaesthetic management plan. Laryngoscopy and intubation can cause striking changes in haemodynamics. Increase in blood pressure and heart rate occurs most commonly from reflex sympathetic and vagal discharge in response to laryngotracheal stimulation, which in turn leads to increased plasma norepinephrine concentration. This study was designed to compare efficacy of esmolol and lignocaine for attenuating haemodynamics response due to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of Esmolol with that of Lignocaine to attenuate the detrimental rise in heart rate and blood pressure during laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. One hundred and twenty adult patients randomized into group-L and group-E, were received lignocaine 1.5 mg/kg and Esmolol 1.5 mg/kg I.V. respectively. Heart rate and blood pressure in each minutes for the 10 minutes after intubation was recorded. Time span around intubation up to 4 minutes has been looked specifically to isolate the effect of the study drugs at the time of intubation. For statistical analysis Student's 't' test was used for comparing means of quantitative data and chi-square test was used for qualitative data. Difference was considered statistically significant if p<0.05. The mean heart rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure, and rate-pressure product before starting anesthesia were similar in group-L (Lignocaine group) and in group-E (Esmolol group) (p>0.05). The mean values of heart rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure, and rate-pressure product at 2, 3 and 4 minutes after intubation were significantly lower in group-E than group-L (p<0.05). In conclusion, esmolol 1.5 mg/kg is superior to lignocaine (1.5 mg/kg) for attenuation of haemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. Key words: Haemodynamics; heart rate; intubation; esmolol; lignocaine DOI: 10.3329/fmcj.v5i1.6810Faridpur Med. Coll. J. 2010;5(1):25-28

Validation of the Hexoskin wearable vest during lying, sitting, standing, and walking activities

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1019-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Villar ◽  
Thomas Beltrame ◽  
Richard L. Hughson
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Relative Magnitude ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Exercise Condition ◽  
The Mean

We tested the validity of the Hexoskin wearable vest to monitor heart rate (HR), breathing rate (BR), tidal volume (VT), minute ventilation, and hip motion intensity (HMI) in comparison with laboratory standard devices during lying, sitting, standing, and walking. Twenty healthy young volunteers participated in this study. First, participants walked 6 min on a treadmill at speeds of 1, 3, and 4.5 km/h followed by increasing treadmill grades until 80% of their predicted maximal heart rate. Second, lying, sitting, and standing tasks were performed (5 min each) followed by 6 min of treadmill walking at 80% of their ventilatory threshold. Analysis of each individual’s mean values under each resting or exercise condition by the 2 measurement systems revealed low coefficient of variation and high intraclass correlation values for HR, BR, and HMI. The Bland–Altman results from HR, BR, and HMI indicated no deviation of the mean value from zero and relatively small variability about the mean. VT and minute ventilation were provided in arbitrary units by the Hexoskin device; however, relative magnitude of change from Hexoskin closely tracked the laboratory standard method. Hexoskin presented low variability, good agreement, and consistency. The Hexoskin wearable vest was a valid and consistent tool to monitor activities typical of daily living such as different body positions (lying, sitting, and standing) and various walking speeds.

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