Education and assortative marriage in Northern and urban Sudan, 1945–79

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abdelrahman
Keyword(s):  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Educational Opportunities ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Age At Marriage ◽  
Assortative Marriage ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Educational Category

SummaryThis study examines the extent of assortative mating for education in Northern Sudan and urban Khartoum. More males than females were found at higher levels of education. Increasingly, people tend to marry persons of equal educational level, but the unequal educational opportunities for males and females have led to the emergence of educational exogamy in which members of different educational levels are more likely to marry from the adjacent educational category than from distant categories. The increasing level of education for both sexes, and especially for females, may in part explain the rising trend in age at marriage.

scholarly journals Wykształcenie par a (bez)dzietność w Polsce

2017 ◽  
pp. 71-96
Author(s):  
Beata Osiewalska
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Low Educated ◽  
Different Levels

Education is one of the most important determinants of fertility. The vast majority of previous research on the effect of educational level on reproductive behavior concerns women, while a couple perspective on fertility, although seems natural, is often omitted. Couples’ fertility might be influenced by individual (absolute) characteristics of both partners as well as by their joint (relative) characteristics. The aim of this study is to analyse childlessness and fertility by couples’ educational profile which is a combination of both partners’ educational levels. Different levels of educational exogamy are considered. Based on the two waves of Polish Generations and Gender Survey (GGS-PL) couples who completed their reproduction as well as those who are still in their reproductive ages are analysed. Among homogamous profiles the level of education negatively influences couples fertility, which means that highly educated have the lowest number of children. However, the level of (definite) childlessness is one of the highest among those who are low educated. Family size of heterogamous unions are similar among older generations, but for younger couples hypogamy limits the number of children as compared to hypergamy. This finding suggest that young couples in which women are more educated than their partners encounter more difficulties in combing work and family than unions in which a man is more educated than a woman.

Cognitive Images and Support for International Economic Agreements with the United States Among Mexican Citizens

2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-148
Author(s):  
Charles L. Davis ◽  
Horace A. Bartilow
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mexican Origin ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Policy Domain ◽  
Economic Stabilization ◽  
Economic Imperialism

AbstractA 1995 survey shows that Mexican citizens depend on their cognitive and affective orientations toward the United States in forming opinions about economic agreements between the two countries. The degree to which respondents utilized general feelings toward the United States rather than images of the United States varies by educational level and across the two agreements that were examined, NAFTA and the Clinton economic stabilization package of 1995. Whether respondents utilized an image of U.S. economic imperialism or of racial discrimination against people of Mexican origin in forming their opinions also depends on the level of education attained and on the policy domain of the agreement. The cognitive processes respondents utilized to form opinions about these economic agreements also differ across educational levels and policy domains. The findings have important implications for the capacity of Mexican elites to mobilize support for agreements with the United States and more generally for U.S.-Mexican relations.

scholarly journals Men and Women’s Education and Illiteracy in Adrar Speech Community

2019 ◽  
pp. 1
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Young Males ◽  
The Social ◽  
Males And Females

In Algeria, education is compulsory for males and females. This foundational decision was taken right after the independence of the country in 1962. Soon after, in 1963, the central government decided the Arabisation of the whole educational levels starting from primary school till university. At the same period, illiteracy-eradication programmes were launched by the Ministry of Education to get rid of this post-colonial scourge. In the administrative department (or Wilaya) of Adrar, former Tuat, young males and females attend Quranic schools (Zawaya) well before any formal education, that is as early as 4-5 years of age. The adult people who are not enrolled in formal classes could sit for non-formal ones. However, actual measurements and statistics reveal that the number of male and female pupils is not balanced: The present research paper aims at describing this phenomenon through statistics provided by the last National Census (2008), Adrar local educational academy, and Adrar Illiteracy-eradication Centre. The methodology consists in interviewing representatives and directors of the aforementioned institutions and surveying their archives and enrollment registers. The overall results show that the boys are more numerous than the girls in formal schools, while the reverse trend is noticed in Illiteracy-eradication classes where women are more present than men. From sociological and sociolinguistic viewpoints, women’s increase of attendance of illiteracy-eradication classes can be interpreted as their attempt at having a certain educational level to overcome societal difficulties, at climbing up the social ladder, and at securing prestigious social positions within the community.

Education, fertility and contraception among Hindus and Roman Catholics in Goa

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-358
Author(s):  
T. K. Roy ◽  
G. Rama Rao ◽  
Rajiva Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Community Education ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Religious Background ◽  
Age At Marriage ◽  
Roman Catholics

SummaryDifferences in age at marriage, fertility and contraceptive use are related to religious background, individual educational level and community level education. In general, the effects of community education are weak compared to individual level of education, but differences exist between Hindus and Roman Catholics.

scholarly journals PENGARUH TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN, PELATIHAN, DAN PENGALAMAN MENGAJAR TERHADAP PROFESIONALITAS GURU DI MADRASAH TSANAWIYAH NEGERI KEDIRI 2

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniatul Firdaus
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Teaching Experience ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Education Training

This study examines the influence of educational levels, training and teachingexperiences towards professionalism of teachers at MTs Negeri Kediri 2. Byusing quantitative approach, the study revealed the following results. Firstly, thelevel of education of teachers at MTsN Kediri 2 is high. Secondly, the teachertraining followed by teachers at MTsN Kediri 2 can be classified as moderate.Thirdly, the teaching experience of teachers at MTsN Kediri 2 can also beclassified as moderate. Fourthly, the professionalism of teachers at MTsN Kediri2 can be classified as moderate. Fifthly, the educational level of teachers at MTsNKediri 2 affects the professionalism of teachers by 21.6 %. Sixthly, the teachertraining affects the professionalism of teachers by 21.6 %. Seventhly, the teachingexperience affects the professionalism of teachers by 13.3 %. Finally, the levelof education , training and teaching experience affect the professionalism ofteachers by 34.5 %.Keywords: Level of Education, Training, Teaching Experience, and teacherprofessionalism

scholarly journals The risk of preterm birth in combinations of mental disorder and socioeconomic position among Danish women

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
C K Knudsen ◽  
A M S Christensen ◽  
S Heuckendorff ◽  
K Fonager ◽  
C Overgaard
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Additive Interaction ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Mental Health Conditions ◽  
First Time

Abstract Background Inequality in preterm birth is a public health challenge requiring identification of pregnant women at particularly high risk of preterm birth. Therefore, the aim was to estimate the risk of preterm birth in women with different combinations of mental health conditions and socioeconomic position. Methods Based on Danish registries, we conducted a nationwide cohort study including all first-time mothers giving birth to a singleton liveborn infant in Denmark between 2000 through 2016. We examined the risk of preterm birth (<37 weeks of gestation) in different combinations of mental health conditions (no, minor, and moderate/severe) and educational level (high, intermediate, and low) in three age strata (<25, 25-30, and >30 years). The relative risk of preterm birth was estimated using Poisson regression with a robust error variance. We measured the attributable proportion to assess additive interaction between the effects of exposures. Results Of the 415,523 included first time mothers, 29,069 (7,0%) gave birth preterm. The risk of preterm birth increased in combinations of higher degree of mental health conditions, lower degree of educational level, and increasing age. Women aged>30 years with moderate/severe mental health conditions and low educational level had the highest risk of preterm birth (13.7%). The analysis of additive interaction revealed only a limited additional effect of being exposed to mental health conditions and lower educational levels in each age strata. However, positive additive interaction was found between age>30 year and combinations of mental health conditions and educational level. Conclusions Substantial inequality in preterm birth remains with increasing risk in women with combinations of higher degree of mental health conditions and lower degree of educational level. In the prevention of inequality in preterm birth special attention on women aged>30 years exposed to mental health conditions and lower educational levels is essential

No decline in assortative mating for educational level

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Heath ◽  
K. Berg ◽  
L. J. Eaves ◽  
M. H. Solaas ◽  
J. Sundet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Educational Level

scholarly journals Prevalence of low back pain in different educational levels: a systematic review

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 351-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Apolinário de Souza Batista ◽  
Nicholas Henschke ◽  
Vinícius Cunha Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
High Educational Level ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Educational Differences ◽  
High Educational

Abstract Introduction: Non-specific low back pain (LBP) can be understood through the interaction of biopsychosocial factors such as education. Unfortunately, it remains unclear whether education can be considered an important risk and prognostic factor for the occurrence of LBP. Objective: To investigate the association between education and LBP. Methods: The following databases were searched: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, AMED and PsyINFO. Results: Thirteen studies were included in the review. The Prevalence Critical Appraisal Instrument (PCAI) was used to assess risk of bias. Methodological quality scores ranged from 7 to 10 on a scale of 0-10. There was a 23% (95% CI, 13-37) prevalence of LBP (10,582 out of a total of 99,457 cases) in the general sample at the time of assessment. The meta-analysis of studies on the prevalence of LBP in people with low, medium or high educational level found the following results, respectively: 24% (95% CI, 12-43), 27% (95% CI, 9-56), and 18% (95% CI, 5-50). The meta-regression identified heterogeneity among the studies included in the review. This can be explained by educational differences (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Occurrence of LBP varies according to educational level. Individuals with higher educational levels are less often affected by LBP than individuals with medium or low educational levels.

scholarly journals Performance of elderly on the three words-three shapes test: A Brazilian study

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-401
Author(s):  
Cristiane Garcia da Costa Armentano ◽  
Julieta Quayle
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Assessment Of Learning ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Stored Information ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Years Of Schooling

Abstract The three words-three shapes test is a brief bedside technique for assessment of learning and memory using verbal and non-verbal material. To the best of our knowledge, performance of Brazilian elderly on this test has not yet been reported. Objective: To evaluate the performance of normal Brazilian elderly on the three words-three shapes test. Method: A total of 50 adult patients, 25 males and 25 females, with age ranging from 55 to 81 years (66.0±7.10 years), 1 to 8 years of schooling, different economic conditions and living in the São José do Rio Preto municipality, State of São Paulo, were evaluated. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between performance of males and females. Performance on incidental recall was significantly lower than in delayed recall. The performance in the learning phase improved following at least two further presentations of the stimuli. Approximately 50% of the participants did not remember the six stimuli and had to proceed to the recognition stage. The performance in the recognition stage was significantly better than during spontaneous recall. Patients with low educational level (less years of schooling) had poorer performance on the recall of shapes and on the total score of the test. Conclusions: The three words-three shapes test is rapid, efficient and straightforward to apply in the elderly, but low educational level was associated with poorer performance on this test. Normal elderly individuals had greater difficulty in the encoding process and in searching for stored information.

scholarly journals Abandono escolar: repercussões sócio-económicas na região Centro. Algumas reflexões

Finisterra ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (79) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucília Caetano
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Vocational Training ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Retention Rates ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
School Drop Out ◽  
The One ◽  
Positive Evolution ◽  
The Eu

Although the educational level of the population has improved considerably over the last decades, Portugal still lags far behind the other European countries. Premature school drop-out, along with high retention rates, appear to be the main reasons for this. Consequently, Portugal is the EU country with the largest percentage of workers with low educational levels, and the Central Region of Portugal is the one with the least favourable record. Indeed, in spite of the positive evolution egistered among the youngest, it is still disturbing to find that only 27.1% (61.8% in the EU) of the economically active young peoplebetween the ages of 15 and 24 finished their secondary education or pursued vocational training and that 3% did not even finish the first cycle of basic education. This situation inevitably hinders the formation of human capital, prevents the expansion of productivity and curbs the competitiveness of the productive fabric,as well as economic growth.

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