scholarly journals Wykształcenie par a (bez)dzietność w Polsce

2017 ◽  
pp. 71-96
Author(s):  
Beata Osiewalska
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Low Educated ◽  
Different Levels

Education is one of the most important determinants of fertility. The vast majority of previous research on the effect of educational level on reproductive behavior concerns women, while a couple perspective on fertility, although seems natural, is often omitted. Couples’ fertility might be influenced by individual (absolute) characteristics of both partners as well as by their joint (relative) characteristics. The aim of this study is to analyse childlessness and fertility by couples’ educational profile which is a combination of both partners’ educational levels. Different levels of educational exogamy are considered. Based on the two waves of Polish Generations and Gender Survey (GGS-PL) couples who completed their reproduction as well as those who are still in their reproductive ages are analysed. Among homogamous profiles the level of education negatively influences couples fertility, which means that highly educated have the lowest number of children. However, the level of (definite) childlessness is one of the highest among those who are low educated. Family size of heterogamous unions are similar among older generations, but for younger couples hypogamy limits the number of children as compared to hypergamy. This finding suggest that young couples in which women are more educated than their partners encounter more difficulties in combing work and family than unions in which a man is more educated than a woman.

scholarly journals Transition or transitions? Analyzing the fertility decline in Brazil in the light of educational levels

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (13) ◽  
pp. 91-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana De Miranda-Ribeiro ◽  
Ricardo Alexandrino Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
Replacement Level ◽  
Model Data ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Fertility Differentials

In Brazil, the reproductive behavior is differentiated according to educational level. The main objective of this article is to analyze fertility differentials by educational level in order to seek characteristics that determine the particular stage of the demographic transition of each educational group. The study will focus on the analysis of fertility level (tfr), parity composition, mean age of childbearing and tempo effect (bf Model). Data come from the Brazilian Demographic Censuses (1980 to 2010). Brazil seems to be completing the (first) demographic transition: fertility is below the replacement level, the mac is starting to increase and the percentage of higher order births is decreasing. Because of the great social inequality, one can identify groups in distinct stages of the transition. Regarding fertility, highly educated women are facing the sdt, while the lesser educated are facing the ftd.

scholarly journals Feelings of hopelessness in stable HIV-positive patients on antiretrovirals

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Y H Moosa ◽  
F Y Jeenah
Keyword(s):  
Employment Status ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Study Population ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Total Scale Score ◽  
Status Level

Aim. The coping skills and styles individuals utilise to deal with the stress of HIV infection greatly influence the psychological impact of this illness and potential consequent feelings of hopelessness. The aim of this study was to describe levels of hopelessness in a group of stable, non-depressed HIV-positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy, and factors associated with hopelessness. Method. Thirty randomly selected non-depressed patients (according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) criteria) were included in this study. Demographic and other data were obtained from all subjects, who also completed the Beck’s Hopelessness Scale (BHS). The 20 true-false items of the BHS (29) measured three major aspects of hopelessness, which was interpreted on the total scale score as follows: ≤3 minimal, and >3 significant. Results. The study population comprised 30 patients with a mean age of 37.9 years (standard error (SE) 1.18) ( range 28 - 51 years). The mean BHS score was 4.03 (SE 0.55), with a range from 0 to 12. There were no statistically significant correlations between BHS scores of the study population and gender, marital status, employment status, level of education, years since the diagnosis of HIV, or number of children (p>0.05). Eighteen subjects (60%) scored 3 or less on the BHS, considered minimal levels of hopelessness. However, 12 (40%) scored more than 3, which is considered significant; of these 23% had scores of 7 or more. There was no statistically significant association between BHS scores and gender, employment status, level of education, number of children or number of years since diagnosis (p>0.05). However, patients who were married or living with partners were statistically more likely to score higher on the hopelessness scale compared with those who were single (p

Clergy Marriages: A Multivariate Model of Marital Adjustment

1992 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent B. Benda ◽  
Frederick A. Diblasio
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Marital Adjustment ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Multivariate Model ◽  
Explanatory Model ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Relevant Factors

This was a study of marital adjustment among clergy who had attended a Presbyterian seminary and their spouses (N= 247). The proposed explanatory model that was tested was composed of earner status (dual or single earner families), role orientation, perceived stress related to work, perceived stress from family, perceived stress from the combination of work and family, and gender. Hierarchical regression procedures revealed that the model explained 15% of the total variance in marital adjustment (control variables explained 2% of this variance). In order of predictiveness, the relevant factors were: (a) perceived stress from work and family, (b) number of children age 5 and younger, (c) perceived stress from family, and (d) earner status. Implications of these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Crow’s index in ethnic and social groups of urban population

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
N. O. Kozak ◽  
L. A. Atramentova
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Reproductive Age Women ◽  
Education Of Women ◽  
History Of ◽  
Statistical Indicators ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Total Selection

Aim. According to the data characterizing reproductive behavior of women, assess an impact of ethnicity and level of education on the intensity of selection in the urbanized multinational population of Kharkiv city. Methods. Data from obstetric history of 532 post-reproductive age women was studied. Results. For indicators of the number of pregnancies with favorable and unfavorable outcomes, universally valid statistical indicators were calculated. Crow’s indexes were calculated as indicators of the intensity of selection. The total selection index for Ukrainians living in Kharkiv equal 0.26, for Russians it is 0.32, and for the group formed from representatives of rare nationalities this index is 0.75. In a group of women with secondary education total selection index is 0.26, in a group with highest education it is 0.35. Conclusions. Ethnicity and level of education of women affects reproductive behavior and determine number of pregnancies and their outcomes. Selection indexes differ in ethnic groups and in groups with different levels of education. Keywords: reproductive characteristics, Kharkiv population, Crow's index, selection, nationality, education.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of superiority and inferiority complexes of Ukrainians

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Lyudmyla Kolisnyk ◽  
Đorđe Čekrlija ◽  
Bogdan Kalagurka
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Life Choices ◽  
Central Concept ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Adlerian Theory ◽  
Inferiority Complex ◽  
And Gender

Introduction: The central concept of the Adlerian theory of personality is the feeling of inferiority, which main function is to activate compensatory processes that make a person want to improve, grow and overcome their perceived weakness (Adler, 1989). The evidence of such processes is the life choices of people in the sphere of education and occupation. Purpose: The main purpose of the present work is to highlight the study results of inferiority and superiority complexes peculiarities of Ukrainians, their relation to the education and occupation choices. Methodology: The study sample included 449 subjects (282 females, 168 male) between 17 and 85 years old (M=32,96, SD = 13.299). Subjects were recruited from the general population by students who participated in the data collection. Participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous. Inferiority and superiority complexes were assessed using Adlerian inferiority (COMPIN) and superiority (SUCOMP) complex shortened scales (Čekrlija et al., 2017); socio-demographic variables such as gender, age, education and occupation were included. Results: Results show that approximately 70% of respondents have an average level of inferiority and superiority complexes. There is no significant correlation between the mentioned complexes and gender, but there is a negative correlation between the inferiority complex and age (r=.187). The younger Ukrainians are the more intensive inferiority complex they have. Occupation correlates negatively with the inferiority complex (r=.-120) and positively with the superiority complex (r=. 119). The more intensive superiority complex is, the higher positions occupy the respondents. Only inferiority complex correlates negatively with a level of education (r=.-160). People with higher education have less intensive inferiority complex. Conclusion: In sum, it is peculiar to Ukrainians to overcome inferiority complex with age. The intensity of their inferiority and superiority complexes doesn’t depend on gender. Ukrainians who occupy the high positions have a lower inferiority complex and higher superiority complex. People with low educational level have inferiority complex propensity

scholarly journals The Effect Of Parenting Training Strategies And Education Levels On Mother's Communication Ability

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5C) ◽  
pp. 1025-1028
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Good Communication ◽  
Training Strategy ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Parenting Training ◽  
Communication Ability ◽  
Training Strategies ◽  
Low Educated

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of parenting training strategies and level of education on mother’s communication ability to children aged 4-5 years. The study used an experimental method with a 2x2 factorial design. The study sample was 34 mothers who had early childhood in DKI Jakarta Non-Formal Early Childhood Education. Parenting strategies for Problem Based Learning (PBL) and Experiential Learning (EL) training were carried out eight times in 90 minutes each meeting for two months. Higher education level that is high school. Low levels of education are the junior and elementary school. The results showed that the communication ability of parenting trainees in PBL strategies were higher than those of EL parenting strategy participants. There was an interaction effect between parenting training strategies and education level on mother’s communication ability. Communication ability of highly educated mothers were better through parenting PBL strategies and communication ability of low-educated mothers are better if they take part in EL parenting training. This study suggests that choice of a parenting training strategy needs to be adjusted to the level of education to produce good communication ability

Education and assortative marriage in Northern and urban Sudan, 1945–79

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abdelrahman
Keyword(s):  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Educational Opportunities ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Age At Marriage ◽  
Assortative Marriage ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Educational Category

SummaryThis study examines the extent of assortative mating for education in Northern Sudan and urban Khartoum. More males than females were found at higher levels of education. Increasingly, people tend to marry persons of equal educational level, but the unequal educational opportunities for males and females have led to the emergence of educational exogamy in which members of different educational levels are more likely to marry from the adjacent educational category than from distant categories. The increasing level of education for both sexes, and especially for females, may in part explain the rising trend in age at marriage.

Cognitive Images and Support for International Economic Agreements with the United States Among Mexican Citizens

2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-148
Author(s):  
Charles L. Davis ◽  
Horace A. Bartilow
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mexican Origin ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Policy Domain ◽  
Economic Stabilization ◽  
Economic Imperialism

AbstractA 1995 survey shows that Mexican citizens depend on their cognitive and affective orientations toward the United States in forming opinions about economic agreements between the two countries. The degree to which respondents utilized general feelings toward the United States rather than images of the United States varies by educational level and across the two agreements that were examined, NAFTA and the Clinton economic stabilization package of 1995. Whether respondents utilized an image of U.S. economic imperialism or of racial discrimination against people of Mexican origin in forming their opinions also depends on the level of education attained and on the policy domain of the agreement. The cognitive processes respondents utilized to form opinions about these economic agreements also differ across educational levels and policy domains. The findings have important implications for the capacity of Mexican elites to mobilize support for agreements with the United States and more generally for U.S.-Mexican relations.

scholarly journals Population-Based Seroprevalence of Malaria in Hormozgan Province, Southeastern Iran: A Low Transmission Area

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Gholam Reza Hatam ◽  
Fatemeh Nejati ◽  
Tahereh Mohammadzadeh ◽  
Reza Shahriari Rad ◽  
Bahador Sarkari
Keyword(s):  
Population Based ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Low Transmission ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Transmission Area ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Bandar Abbas ◽  
Low Educated

The seroepidemiological condition of malaria in three main districts of Hormozgan Province, a low transmission area in southeast of Iran, was investigated. Methods. Sera samples (803) were collected from healthy volunteers from the three main districts (Bandar Lengeh in the west, Bandar Abbas in the center, and Bandar Jask in the east) of Hormozgan Province. A questionnaire was used to record the sociodemographic features of the participants during sample collecting. An in-house ELISA test, using crude antigens obtained from cell culture of Plasmodium falciparum, was adapted and used to detect anti-malaria antibodies in the sera. Results. The overall seroprevalence of malaria was 8.7% (70 out of 803 samples). A significant correlation was found between seropositivity and place of residence, where the highest rate of seropositivity was seen in Bandar Lengeh (west of the province). The highest seroprevalence of malaria (13.2%) was seen in the age group of 11–20 years and also in low educated individuals. Correlation between seropositivity and gender, age, and educational levels of the participants was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion. Findings of this study indicate that the rate of seropositivity to malaria in this area is not high and this might be linked to the success of malaria control programs during the last decades in the region.

Relationship between Teachers’ Attitudes about Principals’ Communicational Jobs toward School Size, Level of Teachers’ Education, Workload and Gender

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Željko Burcar
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
School Size ◽  
Verbal Communication ◽  
Experienced Teachers ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
The Republic ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Teachers Attitudes

The aim of this research is to examine teachers’ attitudes about principals’ communicational job. Secondary aim is to examine whether number of shifts, number of students, teachers’ level of education and teachers daily and weekly workload predict teachers attitudes about principals’ communicational jobs principals perform. Sample consists of school teachers (N=80) that covered ISCED 1, 2 and 3, educational level from the Republic of Croatia. Sample is intentional and occasional, and present experienced teachers suitable for this type of research. The scale constructed for this research has been extracted from the scale for principals’ role estimation constructed by Burcar (2010). Findings show existence of principals’ communicational jobs in the schools as informing, reporting and verbal communication. Gender differences in the scale exist and in the subscale for verbal communication as well. In the prognosis toward principals’ communicational jobs the level of teachers’ education has statistically significant but negative predictive value.

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