LOW FERTILITY INTENTION IN TEHRAN, IRAN: THE ROLE OF ATTITUDES, NORMS AND PERCEIVED BEHAVIOURAL CONTROL

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Erfani
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Intentions ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Second Child ◽  
Normative Pressure ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
First Child ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Perceived Constraints

SummaryPersistent low fertility rates are an increasing concern for countries with low fertility like Iran. Informed by the Theory of Planned Behaviour, this study examined the immediate factors influencing fertility intentions, using data from the 2012 Tehran Survey of Fertility Intentions. The findings show that more than half of young married adults in Tehran intend to have no more children. The multivariate analysis results indicate that individuals who view childbearing as being detrimental to their personal life, feel less normative pressure to have a/another child, and believe their childbearing decision is not contingent on the presence of economic resources required for childbearing, are more likely to want no (more) children or to be unsure rather than to want a/another child. Attitudes and normative pressure are dominant factors influencing the intention to have a first child, while the intention to have a second child is mainly affected by attitudes and perceived constraints. The policy implications of the results are discussed.

scholarly journals Do Spousal Intimate Relationships Affect Fertility Intentions and Preferences?

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2110160
Author(s):  
Amir Erfani ◽  
Roya Jahanbakhsh
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Relationships ◽  
Mate Selection ◽  
Risk Profile ◽  
Fertility Intentions ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Ideal Number ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

The fertility influence of spousal intimate relationships is unknown. Drawing on the Giddens’s theory of transformation of intimacy, this study proposed a hypothesis that couples supporting egalitarian intimate relationships, with a greater risk profile attached to the relationship, and having less attachments to the external normative pressures shaping marital relations, are more likely to have low-fertility intentions and preferences. Using data from a self-administered pilot survey ( n = 375 prospective grooms and brides) designed by the authors, and employing multivariate regression models, we found that the lower attachment to external social forces in mate selection was associated with the lower ideal number of children, and those with a greater spousal relational egalitarianism and a higher risk profile attached to their relationships preferred lower number of children and were less likely to intend to have children after marriage. The study sheds new light on the determinants of low fertility.

Intergenerational transmission of ethnic identity in mixed native couples in Finland

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-123
Author(s):  
Ognjen Obućina ◽  
Jan Saarela
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Parental Education Level ◽  
Second Child ◽  
Ethnic Affiliation ◽  
First Child ◽  
Strong Positive Association ◽  
Using Data

The aim of this study is to analyse the factors determining the ethnic affiliation of children born to interethnic native couples in Finland, using data from couples with one Finnish-speaking and one Swedish-speaking partner, between 1988 and 2014. In addition to individual characteristics of each partner and contextual factors, we also consider the role of couple characteristics. We look at the affiliation of the first child, as well as the combined affiliation of the first two children, in order to analyse how often children from the same parents are affiliated to different ethnicities. Around 60% of first- and second-born children of interethnic couples born between 1988 and 2014 were affiliated to the Swedish-speaking minority. The affiliation of the second child seldom differs from that of the first. Children of mixed couples with a Swedish mother are more likely to be affiliated to the Swedish-speaking community. Boys are more likely than girls to be affiliated to the father’s community, and vice versa. In line with our expectations based on ethnic awareness, preference for cultural plurality and parental aspirations, the multivariate analysis shows a strong positive association between parental education level and the likelihood of the first child being Swedish speaking. The analysis also indicates that bargaining is not an important strategy when choosing a child’s ethnic identity.

scholarly journals Fathers' Involvement in the Family, Fertility, and Maternal Employment: Evidence From Central and Eastern Europe

Demography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ester Fanelli ◽  
Paola Profeta
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Second Child ◽  
The Family ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Eastern European Countries

Abstract For a sample of Central and Eastern European countries, characterized by historically high female labor force participation and currently low fertility rates, we analyze whether fathers' increased involvement in the family (housework and childcare) has the potential of increasing both fertility and maternal employment. Using two waves of the Generations and Gender Survey, we show that more paternal involvement in the family increases the likelihood that the mother will have a second child and work full-time. Men's fertility and work decisions are instead unrelated to mothers' housework and childcare. We also show that fathers' involvement in housework plays a more important role than involvement in childcare. The role of fathers' involvement in housework is confirmed when we consider women who initially wanted or intended to have a child, whose partner also wanted a child, or who intended to continue working.

scholarly journals The nexus between education and fertility in six European countries

Genus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Impicciatore ◽  
Francesca Tomatis
Keyword(s):  
Home Economics ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Second Child ◽  
Gender Egalitarianism ◽  
Italian Case ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Many ◽  
Fertility Choices

AbstractGiven the many linkages between education and family behaviour, the expansion of higher education especially among women in recent decades may have important consequences for fertility in Europe. This is a crucial factor in both the New Home Economics (NHE) theory and the Second Demographic Transition (SDT) that predict a negative association between fertility and education. However, more recently, the Gender Revolution (GR) approach has emphasised the role of gender egalitarianism both in society and within households as a boost for fertility. By adopting a comparative perspective on six European countries, this paper reports our research on the effect of education on the fertility choices in light of the foregoing three different theoretical explanations. Using data from the second wave of Generation and Gender surveys (GGS) for Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, and Poland, and the ISTAT survey “Famiglie e Soggetti Sociali” for Italy, we estimated the propensity to have the first and the second child birth on women born between 1940 and 1979 by means of multiprocess hazard models.For the first childbirth, the influence of education on fertility behaviours not only remains important but also tends to increase among younger cohorts. This result matches the NHE and SDT explanation, suggesting a similar evolution towards an erosion of the family. Conversely, for the second childbirth we found marked differences among countries suggesting an East-West polarisation giving support to the GR approach. However, peculiarities for the Italian case linked to a tempo effect emphasize the need to go beyond the West-East dichotomy.

scholarly journals Investigating the motivations and constraints of Chinese peer-to-peer accommodation hosts

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
ShiNa Li ◽  
Lawrence Hoc Nang Fong ◽  
Carol Xiaoyue Zhang ◽  
Mengxin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Perceived Constraints ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Intention To Continue ◽  
Moderating Role

Purpose This paper aims to identify peer-to-peer accommodation hosts’ perceived motivations and constraints, to examine the prediction of the motivation and constraint factors on hosts’ intention to continue business based on hosts’ attitudes and to explore the moderating role of the business scale. Design/methodology/approach A scale for hosts’ perceived motivators and constraints was developed. Mixed methods were used to develop and analyse a conceptual framework for demonstrating how constraints and motivations influence hosts’ behavioural intentions. Findings from interviews with hosts interpretatively supported the survey results. Findings Chinese hosts’ perceived constraints and motivators are identified and explained. The survey results indicate that constraints lower intention to continue one’s business and motivators heightens it. Motivators have a higher effect on attitudes and intentions than constraints do. The business scale was confirmed as a moderator in the constraint–attitude link but not in the motivator–attitude relationship. Practical implications This paper offers policy implications for governments, online platforms and hosts in terms of establishing incentives and solving problems so that Chinese hosts can sustainably operate their businesses. Originality/value This paper identifies constraints and motivators and develops a measurement scale for both simultaneously, which provides a holistic explanation of hosts’ attitude and behavioural intention. It also reveals the moderating role of the business scale. In investigating the thoughts of existing hosts operating on global and local platforms in China, this paper complements the literature, which mainly focuses on the Western context and a single global platform.

Relationship between survival status of first child and subsequent child death

1996 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Rahman ◽  
M. Kabir ◽  
R. Amin
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Child Death ◽  
Birth Spacing ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Rural Bangladesh ◽  
Survival Status ◽  
First Child ◽  
Using Data

SummaryThis paper examines the association between infant mortality of the first born and subsequent children using data from rural Bangladesh collected during the period 1971–82. It shows that birth spacing and age of mother at the time of the second birth are important predictors of the survival status of the first child. The findings are discussed in terms of policy implications.

scholarly journals Fertility Intentions and Their Realization in Couples: How the Division of Household Chores Matters

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (13) ◽  
pp. 1860-1882
Author(s):  
Bernhard Riederer ◽  
Isabella Buber-Ennser ◽  
Zuzanna Brzozowska
Keyword(s):  
Relationship Satisfaction ◽  
Fertility Intentions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Family Work ◽  
Household Chores ◽  
Division Of Household Labor ◽  
Childbearing Intentions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data

Most research on Europe indicates that a gender-balanced division of family work tends to increase childbearing probabilities, but empirical results vary substantially. The present article proposes explanations for this observed discrepancy. It develops prior research further by (1) studying short-term fertility intentions and their realization within the subsequent 4 years, (2) analyzing the role of the spouses’ satisfaction with the division for the effects that the division may have on childbearing, (3) proving a mediation by relationship satisfaction, and (4) considering gender as well as parity as moderators. Using data from two waves of the Generations and Gender Survey, we show that the division of work affects childbearing intentions. We find that the effect (a) depends on the spouses’ satisfaction with the division, (b) is partly moderated by relationship satisfaction, and (c) varies by parity. The division of household labor, however, seems of less importance for the realization of childbearing intentions.

The Role of Institutions in the Discourse of Sustainable Development in West African Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
Alhassan Abdulwakeel Karakara ◽  
Evans S. Osabuohien
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
West African ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Method Of Moment ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
World Governance Indicators ◽  
Using Data

There are few studies on the role of institutions in achieving sustainable development that infer that these institutions offer the mechanisms for resource and environmental management. Thus, twelve West African countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo) are covered in the study using data from World Development Indicators and World Governance Indicators. Six main outcome variables are used. These are CO2 emissions per capita, CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production, CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption, CO2 emissions from manufacturing and construction, total greenhouse gas emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent), and CO2 intensity. A two-step generalised method of moment (GMM) found that governance effectiveness and regulatory quality as curtails the rate of CO2 emissions. Policy implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Three Decades of Lowest-low Fertility in Spain, 1991 – 2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Esteve ◽  
Mariona Lozano ◽  
Diederik Boertien ◽  
Ryohei Mogi ◽  
Qi Cui
Keyword(s):  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Fertility Survey ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Proximate Determinant ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Ideal Family ◽  
First Child ◽  
Using Data

There are plenty of theories on low fertility, but few studies have aimed to measure and quantify the relative importance of various obstacles to fertility for explaining differences between desired and actual fertility. We aim to fill this gap by using data from the 2018 Fertility Survey (14,556 women and 2.619 men) for Spain, a country with one of the lowest levels of fertility in the world. Data on ideal family size, intended fertility, and reported reasons for not yet having (more) children allow us to estimate the extent of unrealized fertility as well as the reported relative importance of economic, health, and partnership related reasons for unrealized fertility. Results confirm that observed fertility is clearly below desired fertility in Spain. Material reasons - associated with job insecurity, instability, economic resources - are the main reported reasons why women and men do not have the desired number of children. These reasons are followed by those related to partnership (not having a stable partner), and health (difficulties in conceiving). Estimates based on actual fertility, employment, and partnerships shows that having a stable partner between the ages of 25 and 35 is a proximate determinant of the transition to the first child.

scholarly journals Der Kinderwunsch von Kinderlosen

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-230
Author(s):  
Kerstin Ruckdeschel
Keyword(s):  
Population Policy ◽  
Fertility Intentions ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
German Population ◽  
First Child ◽  
German Länder ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Individual Value

Using data of the German Population Policy Acceptance Study (PPAS) 2003, we analyse fertility intentions of childless individuals and their motives against having a first child. We find individual value orientations as a main cause for differences between childless individuals with fertility intentions and those without. Additionally there are fundamental differences between the new and the old German Länder in what concerns the dimension and the structure of fertility intentions as well as motives against having own children. Zusammenfassung Mit den Daten der deutschen Population Policy Acceptance Study (PPAS) von 2003 wird der Kinderwunsch von Kinderlosen, sowie mögliche Gründe gegen eigene Kinder untersucht. Dabei stellen vor allem individuelle Werthaltungen ein entscheidendes Differenzierungskriterium zwischen Kinderlosen mit und ohne Kinderwunsch dar. Zudem bestehen zwischen den alten und den neuen Bundesländern grundsätzliche Unterschiede, sowohl was das Ausmaß und die Struktur des Kinderwunsches betrifft, als auch die Gründe gegen eine eigene Elternschaft.

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