scholarly journals The nexus between education and fertility in six European countries

Genus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Impicciatore ◽  
Francesca Tomatis
Keyword(s):  
Home Economics ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Second Child ◽  
Gender Egalitarianism ◽  
Italian Case ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Many ◽  
Fertility Choices

AbstractGiven the many linkages between education and family behaviour, the expansion of higher education especially among women in recent decades may have important consequences for fertility in Europe. This is a crucial factor in both the New Home Economics (NHE) theory and the Second Demographic Transition (SDT) that predict a negative association between fertility and education. However, more recently, the Gender Revolution (GR) approach has emphasised the role of gender egalitarianism both in society and within households as a boost for fertility. By adopting a comparative perspective on six European countries, this paper reports our research on the effect of education on the fertility choices in light of the foregoing three different theoretical explanations. Using data from the second wave of Generation and Gender surveys (GGS) for Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, and Poland, and the ISTAT survey “Famiglie e Soggetti Sociali” for Italy, we estimated the propensity to have the first and the second child birth on women born between 1940 and 1979 by means of multiprocess hazard models.For the first childbirth, the influence of education on fertility behaviours not only remains important but also tends to increase among younger cohorts. This result matches the NHE and SDT explanation, suggesting a similar evolution towards an erosion of the family. Conversely, for the second childbirth we found marked differences among countries suggesting an East-West polarisation giving support to the GR approach. However, peculiarities for the Italian case linked to a tempo effect emphasize the need to go beyond the West-East dichotomy.

History, Politics, Law

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
The Political ◽  
Global Order ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Many

Historians of political thought and international lawyers have both expanded their interest in the formation of the present global order. History, Politics, Law is the first express encounter between the two disciplines, juxtaposing their perspectives on questions of method and substance. The essays throw light on their approaches to the role of politics and the political in the history of the world beyond the single polity. They discuss the contrast between practice and theory as well as the role of conceptual and contextual analyses in both fields. Specific themes raised for both disciplines include statehood, empires and the role of international institutions, as well as the roles of economics, innovation and gender. The result is a vibrant cross-section of contrasts and parallels between the methods and practices of the two disciplines, demonstrating the many ways in which both can learn from each other.

Women’s Family and Employment Life Courses Across Twentieth-Century Europe: The Role of Policies and Norms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Zagel ◽  
Zachary Van Winkle
Keyword(s):  
Family Policy ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Gender Egalitarianism ◽  
Context Data ◽  
Life Courses ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Work Family ◽  
Twentieth Century Europe ◽  
International Social

Abstract This article examines longitudinal patterns of work–family reconciliation across Europe and whether the influence of defamilizing policies on those patterns is contingent on the normative context. Data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement and sequence analysis are used to reconstruct and analyze women’s family and employment life courses from age fifteen to fifty years, born in the period between 1924 and 1966 from fourteen countries. Historic family policy data and gender attitudes collected in the International Social Survey Programme are included in multinomial regressions. Results suggest that defamilization and gender egalitarianism increase the labor market attachment of women with traditional family life courses independently.

LOW FERTILITY INTENTION IN TEHRAN, IRAN: THE ROLE OF ATTITUDES, NORMS AND PERCEIVED BEHAVIOURAL CONTROL

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Erfani
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Intentions ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Second Child ◽  
Normative Pressure ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
First Child ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Perceived Constraints

SummaryPersistent low fertility rates are an increasing concern for countries with low fertility like Iran. Informed by the Theory of Planned Behaviour, this study examined the immediate factors influencing fertility intentions, using data from the 2012 Tehran Survey of Fertility Intentions. The findings show that more than half of young married adults in Tehran intend to have no more children. The multivariate analysis results indicate that individuals who view childbearing as being detrimental to their personal life, feel less normative pressure to have a/another child, and believe their childbearing decision is not contingent on the presence of economic resources required for childbearing, are more likely to want no (more) children or to be unsure rather than to want a/another child. Attitudes and normative pressure are dominant factors influencing the intention to have a first child, while the intention to have a second child is mainly affected by attitudes and perceived constraints. The policy implications of the results are discussed.

scholarly journals Fathers' Involvement in the Family, Fertility, and Maternal Employment: Evidence From Central and Eastern Europe

Demography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ester Fanelli ◽  
Paola Profeta
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Second Child ◽  
The Family ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Eastern European Countries

Abstract For a sample of Central and Eastern European countries, characterized by historically high female labor force participation and currently low fertility rates, we analyze whether fathers' increased involvement in the family (housework and childcare) has the potential of increasing both fertility and maternal employment. Using two waves of the Generations and Gender Survey, we show that more paternal involvement in the family increases the likelihood that the mother will have a second child and work full-time. Men's fertility and work decisions are instead unrelated to mothers' housework and childcare. We also show that fathers' involvement in housework plays a more important role than involvement in childcare. The role of fathers' involvement in housework is confirmed when we consider women who initially wanted or intended to have a child, whose partner also wanted a child, or who intended to continue working.

scholarly journals What Do Pennsylvania Voters Think about Gender and Women’s Representation?

Commonwealth ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Niebler ◽  
A. Lanethea Mathews-Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Vote Choice ◽  
Women's Representation ◽  
Electoral Outcomes ◽  
Women’S Representation ◽  
American Elections ◽  
Underrepresentation Of Women ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data

Despite ongoing interest in the role of gender in American elections, highlighted most recently by Hillary Clinton’s historic bid for the presidency in 2016 and the 2018 “Year of the Woman” elections, recent studies have shown that gender alone is not enough to explain voter behavior. This is especially true in an increasingly ideologically polarized landscape in which party and ideology retain significant explanatory power regarding electoral outcomes. The saliency of gender identity and gender issues may also vary across time and context. Moreover, voters may not have full information about the underrepresentation of women or of the consequences of gender imbalances in elective institutions, raising uncertainty about whether women’s representation in politics matters to voters. In this article, using data from a unique exit poll, we examine the extent to which knowledge about women’s representation and perceptions about gender and women’s issues mattered to Pennsylvanians’ vote choice in the 2016 and 2018 elections. We find that neither gender nor party alone can explain men’s and women’s political behavior, but rather that gender and party interact in complex ways. Although party continues to be the best predictor of vote choice, gender matters to how voters understand and explain women’s underrepresentation in politics—a finding that has important implications for furthering gender equality in politics in the future.

The Profile of the Human Resource Management Director

2021 ◽  
pp. 603-630
Author(s):  
Anna Sender ◽  
Bruno Staffelbach ◽  
Wolfgang Mayrhofer
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Human Resource Management ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Culture Industry ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Human Resource Professional ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data

The role of the human resource management (HRM) function has significantly evolved since the 1980s. Specifically, the HRM function has become more strategic, with the most senior human resource professional (the HRM director) often being an integral member of the top management team. The profile and competencies of the HRM director, however, are crucial in shaping the strategic role of HRM in organizations. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the role of contextual factors related to both external environment (e.g., national culture, industry) and internal environment (e.g., ownership, the role of the HR function, performance, employee turnover) for the profile of the HRM director. Using data from the Cranfield Network on International Human Resource Management study, the chapter demonstrates that significant differences in the profile of an HRM director in terms of education, experience, and gender exist across contexts. This study contributes to the HRM literature by empirically exploring the differences in the profile of the human resource director across contexts and elucidating reasons for these differences.

scholarly journals Association between psychosomatic health symptoms and common mental illness in Ghanaian adolescents: Age and gender as potential moderators

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1376-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin N Glozah ◽  
David J Pevalin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Psychosomatic Symptoms ◽  
School Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data

Little is known about the role of age and gender in the association between psychosomatic symptoms and common mental illness in Ghanaian adolescents. This cross-sectional study examined age and gender as moderators between psychosomatic symptoms and common mental illness using data from a school-based survey ( N = 770). Males reported higher psychosomatic symptoms and common mental illness, while younger adolescents reported higher common mental illness only. Psychosomatic symptoms were positively associated with common mental illness, but age and gender did not moderate this association. Interventions aimed at reducing the prevalence rate in psychosomatic symptoms are crucial in decreasing common mental illness in Ghanaian adolescents.

Co-residence between Adult Children and their Elderly Parents in England and Wales

1992 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Grundy ◽  
Anne Harrop
Keyword(s):  
Adult Children ◽  
Community Care ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Elderly Parents ◽  
Elderly Parent ◽  
Informal Carers ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
General Household Survey

ABSTRACTCo-residence between adult children aged 35 or more and their elderly parent(s) or parent(s)-in-law has been investigated using data from the Office of the Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) Longitudinal Survey and the 1985 General Household Survey supplement on informal carers. Overall 4 per cent of adults lived with a parent or parent-in-law but this proportion varied considerably with age, marital status and gender. Socio-economic differentials in co-residence were also found. These suggested that where the child is the provider of support to an elderly parent co-residence may be associated with socio-economic advantage. Differentials in co-residence rates and differences between co-residence data from the Longitudinal Study (LS) and data on co-resident carers from the General Household Survey (GHS) also point to the important role of elderly people as providers of support to adult children. In conclusion, the implications of these data for policies of community care are considered.

scholarly journals Trends in thinness prevalence among adolescents in ten European countries and the USA (1998–2006): a cross-sectional survey

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 2207-2215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Lazzeri ◽  
Stefania Rossi ◽  
Colette Kelly ◽  
Carine Vereecken ◽  
Namanjeet Ahluwalia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Adjusted Logistic Regression ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the prevalence of ‘graded thinness’ in children aged 11, 13 and 15 years in eleven developed countries and to identify trends in the prevalence of ‘thinness’ (BMI < 17 kg/m2 at age 18 years) by age and gender.DesignCross-sectional study using data collected through self-reported questionnaires.SettingData were taken from the 1997/1998, 2001/2002 and 2005/2006 surveys of the Health Behaviours in School-aged Children (HBSC) Study.SubjectsChildren and adolescents from ten European countries and the USA (n 158 000).ResultsPrevalence of grades 1, 2 and 3 of thinness was higher among 11-year-old students compared with the 13- and 15-year-olds in all countries. A higher prevalence of thinness was observed in girls than in boys. Since 1998 the prevalence of thinness decreased steadily in Czech boys and girls, while it increased for French girls. In the total European sample of females, thinness decreased from 1998 to 2006 (χ2 for trend, P < 0·01). Age-adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that Czech boys and girls, and Flemish and American girls were less likely to be thin in 2006 than in 1998; while a noteworthy increment, even if borderline significant, was observed for French girls with a 41 % increase in the likelihood to be thin.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that thinness is an important overlooked phenomenon with wide variation in prevalence and trends across developed countries. It deserves further longitudinal studies in a multinational context that could increase the understanding of the factors associated with thinness and contribute to developing preventive and nutritional programmes targeted at controlling obesity and chronic diseases, while monitoring thinness.

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