The use of single or composite milk samples for the determination of fat

1968 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. O'Keeffe
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Testing Accuracy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Composite Samples

SummarySamples were tested for fat percentage from every consignment of herd bulk milk from 10 herds over a period of 12 months. The mean monthly within-herd variance was 0·043. Also, triplicate samples were taken from 8 herd bulk supplies for 8 days and tested in duplicate and an analysis of variance was applied to the within-herd fat percentage in order to find the contribution sampling, testing and biological variances. It is shown that when dealing with tanker-collected milk where composite samples are not used the testing accuracy is secondary to frequency of sampling. By combining the variances in the formulae given, the accuracy of different systems may be obtained and compared using either single tested or composite samples.

scholarly journals Determination of insecticide Deltamethrin residues in local and imported raw milk samples collected from different animal's species and the effect of processing heat treatment on its content in milk

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
Sara Ahmed Abd Al-Zahra
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
C 30

      A total of 163 milk samples (500 ml each) of cows, ewe, goats, buffaloes, camels were collected randomly at weekly intervals (10 samples/ week) from both Abu-Ghraib and Al-Fudhailiya villages and also for different local retail markets inside the Baghdad province and these samples were including milk of different animal species, milk cans, bulk milk tanks and imported Ultra-high temperature processing milk. Among the total milk samples only 138 milk samples were examined during two climatic periods where the first period was in summer that extended from the beginning of September to the end of October 2015 while the second period was in winter that extended from the beginning of January to the end of February 2016. Besides that, some of the selected positive samples for Deltametrin residues were subjected to one of the commercial heat treatments such as 63°C/30 min., 80°C/5 min. and 100°C/5 min. to evaluate the efficiency of heat exposure on the degradation of Deltametrin residues in milk. The results pointed out that milk samples containing the higher fat percentage exhibited significantly (P<0.05) the highest concentration of Deltametrin in summer (0.08ppm) than in winter (0.008 ppm) seasons. It was clearly obvious that the detectable concentrations of the Deltametrin were higher in buffalo's and ewe milk samples than those found in cows, goats and camels and such results could be attributed to the higher fat content of buffalos and ewes milk than the other animals as well as the lipophilic nature of the Deltamethrin. In other word, increased the fat percentages of milk was being associated with an increased level of Deltametrin residues due to the lipophilic nature of the Deltametrin pesticide. The current results revealed that milk samples that were collected from buffaloes, ewes and cows recorded significantly (P<0.05) the highest Deltametrin residues in summer season where their mean levels that exceeded the accepted MRLs of 0.05 ppm to milk samples of goats and camels that had significantly (P<0.05) the lowest mean levels of Deltametrin residues where their means levels were 0.038 and 0.032 ppm respectively. There was a significant (P<0.05) seasonal variation of the Deltametrin concentrations in milk samples for each animal species where all the milk samples that were collected from buffaloes, ewe, cows, goats and camels had significantly (P<0.05) higher mean levels of Deltametrin residues in summer season than in winter season, milk samples that were collected from milk cans (5, 25 and 50 kg) recorded significantly (P<0.05). The highest Deltametrin residues during the summer season in comparison to 10 tons bulk milk tank samples.

COMPARISONS OF MILKFAT TESTS ON COMMERCIAL MILK SAMPLES DETERMINED BY THE MILKO-TESTER AND BABCOCK METHODS1

1969 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 203-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy E. Ginn ◽  
Vernal S. Packard
Keyword(s):  
Standard Error ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Fresh Milk ◽  
Dairy Plant ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Commercial Milk ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Composite Samples

Milk samples were collected daily from 47 producers shipping manufacturing grade milk in cans to a single dairy plant over a 31-day period. Samples were transported to the laboratory where, 24 hr later, a portion of each sample was composited, and Milko-tester and Babcock milkfat determinations made on the remainder of the sample. At the end of one 15-day and one 16-day composite period, the composite samples were tested using both procedures. The data thus collected was placed on computer cards and analyzed statistically. The Milko-tester calibrated on “fresh” milk was found to average 0.059% lower on composite than on fresh samples. For fresh milk and composite samples, respectively, the standard error of the paired methods was 0.0482 and 0.0370, and the standard error of the difference of the mean was 0.0122 and 0.0262. These values for the 4-day random stratified samples were 0.0444 and 0.0222, respectively. On 1,457 fresh milk samples the average Milko-tester and Babcock results were, respectively, 3.788 and 3.809%; the difference being 0.0211%. The average test on 188 composite samples by the two methods was 3.8192 and 3.7979% respectively, or a difference of 0.0213%

Determination of IgG levels in bovine bulk milk samples from different regions of Spain

2004 ◽  
Vol 220 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Conesa ◽  
M. Lavilla ◽  
L. S�nchez ◽  
M. D. P�rez ◽  
L. Mata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk

scholarly journals Analysis of Fat and Protein Content in Milk Using Laser Polarimetric Scatterometry

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1028
Author(s):  
Alexey V. Shkirin ◽  
Dmitry N. Ignatenko ◽  
Sergey N. Chirikov ◽  
Nikolai F. Bunkin ◽  
Maxim E. Astashev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Quantitative Content ◽  
Scattering Matrices ◽  
Control Milk ◽  
Dairy Cow Nutrition

Monitoring the composition of milk products is an important factor in the management of dairy farms and industry. Information on the quantitative content of milk components is necessary to control milk quality, as well as to optimize dairy cow nutrition and diagnose their clinical condition. The content of fat and protein is considered the main criterion for determining the market value of milk. Increasing the efficiency of dairy production requires the use of inexpensive and compact devices that are capable of performing multicomponent analysis of milk both directly on the farm and in technological lines. We investigated the possibility of fast simultaneous determination of fat and protein content in milk by laser polarimetric scatterometry. The block-diagonal elements of the scattering matrix were measured for a series of commercially produced milk samples with the indicated fat percentage, which were diluted by volume with water. From the measured scattering matrices, the size distributions of fat droplets and casein aggregates were reconstructed. Using the size histograms, the content of fat and protein and protein-to-fat ratio in the studied milk samples are estimated.

scholarly journals Comparison between Different Prescription Methods for Aerobic Training in Young Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 6420
Author(s):  
Fernando Policarpo ◽  
Pedro Valdivia-Moral ◽  
Maria do Socorro Luna-Cruz ◽  
Alex Véliz-Burgos ◽  
Juan Mansilla-Sepulveda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean

Anaerobic threshold and respiratory compensation are used to determine the intensity of aerobic exercise. This study aims to compare heart rate values relative to the percentages of 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80%, a comparison calculated through the reserve heart rate (HRR) and reserve oxygen consumption (VO2R) equations corresponding to the oxygen consumption obtained by the direct method. The sample was composed of 11 men and 10 women: mean age, 21.4 ± 2.8 years. Volunteers performed a maximal treadmill test in which oxygen uptake was measured using the VO2000® metabolic analyzer. The mean body fat percentage was 15.68 ± 8.02% corresponding to a lean body mass of 54.8 ± 13.0 kg and a maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) of 56.0 ± 8.4 mL/Kg·min−1. The measured intensities (50%, 60%, 70% and 80% of VO2max) presented significant differences (p < 0.05) for each reference value. Mean values calculated by the HRR equation demonstrated a tendency to underestimate the intensities, while the values calculated by the VO2R equation showed a tendency to overestimate the intensities. As the main conclusion, it is pointed out that both methods were effective for determining the intensity of aerobic training. However, they presented significant differences, and the equations should be adjusted to increase precision. Thus, the use of HRR is recommended for the determination of training intensities.

scholarly journals Evaluation of development in indirect determination of milk fat free fatty acids in Czech Republic

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1669-1679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oto Hanuš ◽  
Eva Samková ◽  
Jan Říha ◽  
Marcela Vyletělová Klimešová ◽  
Petr Roubal
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Indirect Determination ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Instrumental Values

Free fatty acids (FFAs) in fat are important indicator of raw milk quality. Result reliability of FFAs is important. Aim was to verify MIR–FT (mid infrared spectroscopy with Fourier’s transformations) method for its calibration to determine FFAs, time stability of MIR–FT FFA calibration and calibration levelling in laboratory networks. Reference (RE) milk samples (1 set = 8) were prepared according to CSN 57 0533 (FFAs in mmol.100g−1 of fat). MIR–FT instruments were: 1 LactoScope FTIR (DE); 2 Bentley FTS (BE); 2 MilkoScan FT 6000 (FO). 3 calibrations of MIR–FT (5) in 3 laboratories were performed. Bulk milk samples came from 4 herds and 2 breeds. These 4 samples were used for calibration in native and modified form. Modification increased FFAs by cca 100%. Calibration set had 8 samples. 1 between calibration interval was checked monthly by proficiency testing (PT). PT set had 10 samples. 5 samples were with native milk and 5 had modified fat content, lower and higher. Maximal value of difference variability for calibration quality validation is x (sd of difference MIR–FT and RE) plus 1.64 multiple of sd (on 95% level), 1.0613 mmol.100g−1. Mean validation correlation coefficient (r) between MIR–FT and RE results was 0.802 ± 0.082 (P < 0.001), from 0.666 to 0.945. Minimal value at calibration is x minus 1.64 multiple of sd (0.668). Correlations between MIR–FT results were higher by 8.4% (0.869 (P < 0.001) > 0.802). Example PT with 10 and 5 milk samples had similar results of r 0.887 and 0.953 (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05). There is possibility to construct a levelling programme for calibrated instruments. Some equation between PT reference and instrumental values could correct MIR–FT results for their better comparability.

Thermistor Cryoscopic Determination of the Freezing Point Value of Milk Produced in North America

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-151
Author(s):  
R W Henningson
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Statistical Procedures ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Added Water ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Canadian Provinces

Abstract A survey of the freezing point value of 660 milk samples, known to contain no added water, taken from dairying areas in 22 States and 4 Canadian Provinces was conducted during late spring of 1968. The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and simple linear regression statistical procedures and tested for significant relationships and differences at the 5 and 1% levels. The mean freezing point value for all samples was estimated as —0.5404°C with a standard error of 0.0003°C and a standard deviation of —0.00676°C. Thirty-five (5.3%) of 660 samples yielded freezing point values of —0.530°C or higher; twenty-five (3.8%) yielded a freezing point value of —0.551°C or lower. Significant differences were found among mean freezing point values for States and for breeds.

scholarly journals The Proximate Composition of Fresh and Fermented Milk in Parts of Nasarawa State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Y. Aliyu ◽  
I. O. Abdullahi ◽  
C. M. Z. Whong ◽  
C. E. `Anumiri ◽  
J. D. Bwala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fermented Milk ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Fresh Milk ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
The Mean

This study assessed the proximate composition of fresh and fermented milk in parts of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. A total of 180 samples comprising of fresh milk, bulk milk, nono, and kindirmo were collected over a period of six (6) months (May to October, 2017) from six (6) Local Government Areas (two Local Government Areas from the three Senatorial Zones in the State). Proximate parameters – dry matter (total solids), crude protein, crude fibre, oil, ash and nitrogen-free extract (soluble carbohydrates), were determined using the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The results of the proximate analysis showed that bulk milk samples generally had the most nutritional content than the other sample types in most of the sampled areas. A statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was found between the mean values of dry matter (total solids), oil, and ash contents of bulk milk samples and nono in the sampled areas. The mean dry matter content of bulk milk samples collected from Nasarawa Local Government Area was 9.04±0.01, while that of nono samples collected from this area was 7.28±0.72. Fresh and bulk milk samples collected from Nasarawa, Keffi, Wamba, and Lafia Local Government Areas were found to contain more minerals (ash) compared to kindirmo samples collected and this may be attributed to the loss of some of the minerals during the processing of fresh milk to make kindirmo. The mean value of ash content of fresh milk and kindirmo samples from Nasarawa Local Government Area was 0.72±0.04 and 0.64±0.01, respectively, while the mean value of ash content of fresh milk of fresh milk and kindirmo samples from Keffi Local Government Area was 0.78±0.01 and 0.71±0.02 respectively. The samples were found to contain little or no fibre and this is not surprisingly as milk is not known to be a major source of fibre. Variations in the proximate composition of some fresh milk samples collected from the sampled areas may be attributed to genetic differences within a breed as all the cows from which the samples were collected, were of the same breed (White Fulani). All the samples analysed met the specifications for proximate composition stipulated by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.

Characterization of three commercial ELISA kits for detection of BOHV-1 gE specific antibodies in serum and milk samples and applicability of bulk milk for determination of herd status

2017 ◽  
Vol 245 ◽  
pp. 66-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marylène Tignon ◽  
Miet De Baere ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Hanon ◽  
Annelies Goolaerts ◽  
Jean-Yves Houtain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk

Prevalence and Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Bulk and Composite Milk and Cattle Handlers

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. ADESIYUN ◽  
L. A. WEBB ◽  
H. T. ROMAIN
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin ◽  
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

The prevalence and characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bulk and composite milk and from cattle handlers on dairy farms in Trinidad were determined. S. aureus strains were isolated from all 175 bulk milk samples tested (100%) while 280 of 287 composite milk samples (97.6%) yielded S. aureus. The mean counts of S. aureus in bulk milk ranged from 5.9 × 103 to 1.2 × 105 CFU/ml compared with mean S. aureus counts in composite milk which ranged from 2.4 × 103 to 3.0 × 104 CFU/ml. Of the 105 strains of S. aureus from bulk milk tested, 45 (42.9%) were enterotoxigenic elaborating staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), SEB, SEC, SED, or a combination compared to 69 of 146 strains (47.3%) recovered from composite milk which were enterotoxigenic, but the difference was not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.05; χ2)- Twenty-two of 42 bulk milk samples containing enterotoxigenic S. aureus (52.4%) had counts of the organism which exceeded 104 CFU/ml. For S. aureus strains isolated from cattle handlers, 66 of 146 (45.2%) were enterotoxigenic. Prevalence of resistance to nine antimicrobial agents tested was 18.7% and 12.9% among bulk milk and composite milk isolates, respectively, compared to 49.3% and 69.5% among isolates from human anterior nares and hand swabs, respectively. Resistance to ampicillin and penicillin was highest among both milk (12.2%) and human (53.6%) isolates of S. aureus, and the difference was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.001; χ2) It was concluded that bulk milk containing relatively high counts of enterotoxigenic S. aureus may constitute a health hazard to consumers.

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