scholarly journals Milk fatty acid profile related to energy balance in dairy cows

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Gross ◽  
Hendrika A van Dorland ◽  
Rupert M Bruckmaier ◽  
Frieder J Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Energy Status

Milk fatty acid (FA) profile is a dynamic pattern influenced by lactational stage, energy balance and dietary composition. In the first part of this study, effects of the energy balance during the proceeding lactation [weeks 1–21 post partum (pp)] on milk FA profile of 30 dairy cows were evaluated under a constant feeding regimen. In the second part, effects of a negative energy balance (NEB) induced by feed restriction on milk FA profile were studied in 40 multiparous dairy cows (20 feed-restricted and 20 control). Feed restriction (energy balance of −63 MJ NEL/d, restriction of 49 % of energy requirements) lasted 3 weeks starting at around 100 days in milk. Milk FA profile changed markedly from week 1 pp up to week 12 pp and remained unchanged thereafter. The proportion of saturated FA (predominantly 10:0, 12:0, 14:0 and 16:0) increased from week 1 pp up to week 12 pp, whereas monounsaturated FA, predominantly the proportion of 18:1,9c decreased as NEB in early lactation became less severe. During the induced NEB, milk FA profile showed a similarly directed pattern as during the NEB in early lactation, although changes were less marked for most FA. Milk FA composition changed rapidly within one week after initiation of feed restriction and tended to adjust to the initial composition despite maintenance of a high NEB. C18:1,9c was increased significantly during the induced NEB indicating mobilization of a considerable amount of adipose tissue. Besides 18:1,9c, changes in saturated FA, monounsaturated FA, de-novo synthesized and preformed FA (sum of FA >C16) reflected energy status in dairy cows and indicated the NEB in early lactation as well as the induced NEB by feed restriction.

1154 Feed restriction-induced negative energy balance alters the fatty acid profiles of adipose tissue and milk fat of dairy cows

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (suppl_5) ◽  
pp. 553-554
Author(s):  
S. E. Schmidt ◽  
K. M. Thelen ◽  
C. L. Preseault ◽  
G. A. Contreras ◽  
A. L. Lock
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles

scholarly journals Milk fatty acid composition as an indicator of energy status in Holstein dairy cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lana Vranković ◽  
Jasna Aladrović ◽  
Daria Octenjak ◽  
Dušanka Bijelić ◽  
Luka Cvetnić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Fa Composition ◽  
Sampling Intervals

Abstract. Transition dairy cows often enter a stage of negative energy balance during which the utilization of energy reserves is reflected in the milk fatty acid (FA) composition. In this study, metabolic status was evaluated by measuring milk FA, ruminal short-chain FA (RSCFA), and serum biochemical parameters in Holstein cows. Samples (milk, rumen contents, and blood) were collected around days 30 (early) and 150 (middle) of lactation, and rumen contents and blood samples were collected 30 days before calving (dry). Fatty acids were extracted and FA composition was determined. Glucose, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB), and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were determined in serum samples. Lower percentages of saturated FA in milk and higher percentages of monounsaturated FA, polyunsaturated FA, and C18:1n-9 were observed in early lactation compared to mid-lactation. In rumen higher concentrations of propionic acid were determined at mid-lactation compared to early lactation. Acetic and butyric acid concentrations showed no significant differences between sampling intervals. In serum higher glucose concentrations were observed during the dry period and mid-lactation than during early lactation. Lower BHB and higher NEFA concentrations were noted during early lactation compared to mid-lactation and the dry period. Total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and triacylglycerols showed no significant differences between sampling intervals. The results of the present study suggest that determination of milk FA is a potential indicator of energy status in dairy cows.

scholarly journals Effects of a Dietary L-Carnitine Supplementation on Performance, Energy Metabolism and Recovery from Calving in Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Meyer ◽  
Susanne Ursula Daniels ◽  
Sandra Grindler ◽  
Johanna Tröscher-Mußotter ◽  
Mohamadtaher Alaedin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Carnitine Supplementation ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
The Impact

Dairy cows are metabolically challenged during the transition period. Furthermore, the process of parturition represents an energy-consuming process. The degree of negative energy balance and recovery from calving also depends on the efficiency of mitochondrial energy generation. At this point, L-carnitine plays an important role for the transfer of fatty acids to the site of their mitochondrial utilisation. A control (n = 30) and an L-carnitine group (n = 29, 25 g rumen-protected L-carnitine per cow and day) were created and blood samples were taken from day 42 ante partum (ap) until day 110 post-partum (pp) to clarify the impact of L-carnitine supplementation on dairy cows, especially during the transition period and early puerperium. Blood and clinical parameters were recorded in high resolution from 0.5 h to 72 h pp. L-carnitine-supplemented cows had higher amounts of milk fat in early lactation and higher triacylglyceride concentrations in plasma ap, indicating increased efficiency of fat oxidation. However, neither recovery from calving nor energy balance and lipomobilisation were influenced by L-carnitine.

scholarly journals Glucose and Fatty Acid Metabolism of Dairy Cows in a Total Mixed Ration or Pasture-Based System During Lactation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes García-Roche ◽  
Guillermo Cañibe ◽  
Alberto Casal ◽  
Diego A. Mattiauda ◽  
Mateo Ceriani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Fatty Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Early Lactation

In this study, we explored mechanisms related to glucose and fatty acid metabolism in Holstein–Friesian multiparous dairy cows during lactation under two feeding strategies. From 0 to 180 days postpartum, cows were fed total mixed ration (TMR) ad libitum (non-grazing group, G0) or grazed Festuca arundinacea or Medicago sativa and were supplemented with 5.4 kg DM/d of an energy-protein concentrate (grazing group, G1). From 180 to 250 days postpartum, all cows grazed F. arundinacea and were supplemented with TMR. Plasma samples and liver biopsies were collected at −14, 35, 60, 110, 180, and 250 days in milk (DIM) for metabolite, hormone, gene expression, and western blot analysis. Our results showed increased levels of negative energy balance markers: plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), liver triglyceride and plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) (P < 0.01), triglyceride and β-hydroxybutyrate concentration were especially elevated for G1 cows. Also, hepatic mRNA expression of gluconeogenic enzymes was upregulated during early lactation (P < 0.05). In particular, methymalonyl-CoA mutase expression was increased for G0 cows (P < 0.05) while pyruvate carboxylase (PC) expression was increased for G1 cows (P < 0.05), suggesting differential gluconeogenic precursors for different feeding strategies. Phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase was increased in early lactation vs. late lactation (P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with PC mRNA levels. The positive association of gluconeogenic genes with proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PPARGC1A) hepatic expression supported the importance of this transcription factor in glucose metabolism. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA) mRNA was increased during early lactation (P < 0.05), and was positively associated to PPARGC1A, carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1, and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2) mRNA expression. Alongside, hepatic mRNA expression of FABP was decreased for G1 vs. G0 cows (P < 0.05), possibly linked to impaired fatty acid transport and related to accumulation of liver triglycerides, evidencing G1 cows fail to adapt to the demands of early lactation. In sum, our results showed that metabolic adaptations related to early lactation negative energy balance can be affected by feeding strategy and might be regulated by the metabolic sensors AMPK, SIRT1, and coordinated by transcription factors PPARGC1A and PPARA.

scholarly journals The Capacity of Holstein-Friesian and Simmental Cows to Correct a Negative Energy Balance in Relation to Their Performance Parameters, Course of Lactation, and Selected Milk Components

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1674
Author(s):  
Ilona Strączek ◽  
Krzysztof Młynek ◽  
Agata Danielewicz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Peak Lactation

A significant factor in improving the performance of dairy cows is their physiological ability to correct a negative energy balance (NEB). This study, using Simmental (SIM) and Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows, aimed to assess changes in NEB (non-esterified fatty acid; body condition score; and C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1) and its effect on the metabolic efficiency of the liver (β-hydroxybutyrate and urea). The effects of NEB on daily yield, production at peak lactation and its duration, and changes in selected milk components were assessed during complete lactation. Up to peak lactation, the loss of the body condition score was similar in both breeds. Subsequently, SIM cows more efficiently restored their BCS. HF cows reached peak lactation faster and with a higher milk yield, but they were less able to correct NEB. During lactation, their non-esterified fatty acid, β-hydroxybutyrate, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and urea levels were persistently higher, which may indicate less efficient liver function during NEB. The dynamics of NEB were linked to levels of leptin, which has anorectic effects. Its content was usually higher in HF cows and during intensive lactogenesis. An effective response to NEB may be exploited to improve the production and nutritional properties of milk. In the long term, it may extend dairy cows’ productive life and increase lifetime yield.

scholarly journals Adipose tissue remodeling in late-lactation dairy cows during feed-restriction-induced negative energy balance

2016 ◽  
Vol 99 (12) ◽  
pp. 10009-10021 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Andres Contreras ◽  
Kyan Thelen ◽  
Sarah E. Schmidt ◽  
Clarissa Strieder-Barboza ◽  
Courtney L. Preseault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Tissue Remodeling ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Adipose Tissue Remodeling

The effects of two contrasting grassland-based milk production systems, on the performance and fertility of high genetic merit, autumn calving, dairy cows

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.P. Ferris ◽  
M.A. McCoy ◽  
S.D. Lennox ◽  
D.C. Catney ◽  
F.J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
High Feed ◽  
Feed Value

AbstractThe development of production systems, which allow increased nutrient intakes to be achieved, is a key issue in the management of high genetic merit dairy cows. Consequently, forty high genetic merit autumn calving dairy cows (PTA95fat + protein = 38.2 kg) were managed on either a ‘high forage (HF)’ or ‘high concentrate (HC)’ based system of milk production for the first 305 days of lactation, with the study encompassing both the indoor winter and outdoor summer grazing periods. System HF involved a high feed value silage, a lax grazing regime, and a low concentrate input (842 kg DM), while system HC involved a medium feed value silage, a tighter grazing regime and a higher concentrate input (2456 kg DM). Total milk outputs with each of systems HF and HC were 7854 and 8640 kg respectively (P<0.01), illustrating that high genetic merit cows can perform satisfactorily on very different inputs over a single lactation. However animals on system HF experienced a more extreme and prolonged period of negative energy balance post partum than those on system HC, and completed the winter with a significantly lower condition score. Detailed fertility records were maintained for all animals on the study. Days to first observed heat were 51.2 and 59.3 with systems HF and HC respectively, while the respective conception rates to first service were 26 and 21%. The number of services/conception were 2.22 and 2.50, while the calving interval was 390 and 404 days for systems HF and HC respectively. Despite the greater degree of negative energy balance associated with system HF, none of the fertility measures was significantly affected by system of milk production (P>0.05), although fertility with both systems was poor. There were no obvious reasons for the poor fertility noted in this trial.

INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BLOOD METABOLITES AND AN EVALUATION OF THEIR USE AS CRITERIA OF ENERGY STATUS OF COWS IN EARLY LACTATION

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. ERFLE ◽  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
F. D. SAUER
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Treatment Groups

Correlation and regression coefficients were calculated for blood metabolites, milk components, energy balance and efficiency of energy utilization for a total of 120 cows. The animals were on propylene glycol and glycerol feeding experiments, and correlation coefficients were calculated for combinations of parameters with the objective of assessing the effect of additive and level of additive on the constancy of these relationships. In order to attempt an explanation of the variation in relationships between treatment groups, two groups each comprising 19 animals were chosen, based on blood ketone body levels. These groups provided a comparison between stressed (ketotic) and non-stressed (control) animals. Blood glucose was more highly correlated with acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate than with free fatty acids when calculated for treatment groups. When calculated for the two selected groups, significant correlations (P < 0.01) for glucose vs. acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate and free fatty acids were −0.56, −0.61 and −0.28, respectively, for the ketotic group. No significant correlations (P > 0.05) were found between these parameters in the control group. The correlations between blood glucose, acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate and energy balance were very low. Plasma-free fatty acid levels were more closely associated with energy balance than were the other blood metabolites. When energy balance and free fatty acid correlations were compared for ketotic and control groups, only the control group showed a significant (P < 0.01) coefficient (r = − 0.42). The correlation between mean plasma-free fatty acids and mean body weight change over the experimental period for all animals, with time and treatment effects removed, was significant (r = − 0.54, P < 0.01). The estimated free fatty acid level at zero body weight change was 0.53 μ eq per ml plasma. It is concluded that although free fatty acid levels are more sensitive than glucose as an indicator of energy status of the lactating cow, the excessive variability of this relationship during early lactation drastically limits its usefulness.

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